D 

9 
H45 

186T 




£p: 



HAYDN'S 

DICTIONARY OF DATES 

COMPREHENDING 

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, ANCIENT AND MODERN, 

HE FOUNDATION, LAWS, AND GOVERNMENTS OF COUNTRIES THEIR PROGRESS 

IN ARTS, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN 

ARMS — AND THEIR CIVIL, MILITARY, RELIGIOUS, 
AND PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS. 

With American Supplement and Biographical Index, 
by G. P. PUTNAM, A. M. 



NOW READY. 

The Twelfth Thousand, revised, enlarged, and brought down to the present time — {Aug. 1867.) 
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS: A Manual of Dates connected with the History of 
Every Age and Nation, and the Progress of Society in Knowledge and Arts. Both alphi- 
betieally and synchronistically arranged ; continued to August, 1867. With a colored 
chart. Designed for the the counting-room, for teachers, students, and for universal 
reference. By G. P. Putnam, A.M. In one vol., large 12mo, cloth, $3.50. Half calf, $5. 

Notices of former Editions. 

A more convenient literary labor-saving machine than this excellent compilation can scarcely be found 
in any language. — New York Tribune. 

It has been planned so as to facilitato access to the largest amount of useful information in the smallest 
possible compass —Buffalo Courier. 

The best manual of the kind that has yet appeared in the English language. — Boston Courier. 

An exceedingly valuable book ; well nigh indispensable to a very large portion of the community.— 
New York, Courier and Inquirer. 

Also, — {Sold Separately, .) 

THE AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT TO HAYDN'S DICTIONARY OF 
DATES. Including a Copious Biographical Index. By G. P. Putnam. 8to. $1.50, 



*<■ 



3o5eph 



ono' 



HAYDN'S 



Dictionary of Dates 



RELATING TO ALL AGES AND NATIONS : 



UNIVERSAL REFERENCE. 



Bv BENJAMIN VINCENT, 

A68ISTANT SECRETARY AND KEEPER OP THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN. 



Authorized American Edition, with Supplement relating chiefly to American 
topics, and a Copious Biographical Index, 

By G. P. Putnam, A.M. 




, AfV Of '-. 



■ 



-<>' 



G- NEW YORK : 
G. P. PUTNAM & SON, 66 1 BROADWAY. 
1867. 



A 






Entered, according to aot of Congress, in the year 186T, 

by G. P. PUTNAM, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. 



NOTE TO AMERICAN EDITION. 



This edition comprises the whole of the last English edition of Haydn's 
valuable compilation, edited by Mr. B. Vincent of the British Museum, and 
imported in its original shape,* — with the addition of a Supplement relating 
chiefly to American affairs, and giving dates of recent events in Europe and 
the East. To this is added a Biographical Index, which will probably be 
found sufficiently copious and convenient for ordinary reference. 

Mr. Vincent's edition of Haydn is wonderful for its comprehensiveness and 
accuracy, even on American topics ; and this is a gratifying surprise to those 
who have had occasion to refer to other English works which have attempted 
to give American statistics. Bat the paragraphs which have been added in 
the American Supplement will be found in some cases to be essential to the 
usefulness of the volume as a book of reference in this country. Absolute 
completeness in such a work is, of course, unattainable. The difficulty of 
obtaining accurately the details and dates of recent occurrences can only be 
appreciated by actual trial. But the reader will find in these pages all that 
can be reasonably expected in a single volume so compact and portable as this. 

a. p. p. 

New York, Aug. 24, 1867. 

* By the courtesy of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. 



DICTIONARY OF DATES 
AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 

BY G. P. PUTNAM, A. M. 



ADMINISTRATIONS op the United States, since I860.- 
the death of President Taylor, July 9, 1850— 



-See World's Progress. Od 



Millard Fillmore, of New York (Vice-President), became President. He appointed, soon 

after, the following Cabinet, viz. : 

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of State. 

Thomas Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury. 

Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana, Secretary of War. 

William A. Graham, North Carolina, Secretary of Navy. 

A. H. H. Stepheus, Virginia, Secretary of Interior. 

Nathan K. Hall, New York, Postmaster-General. 

John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, Attorney-General. 

William K. King, Alabama, 

was elected President of the Senate, and became Acting Vice-President of TJ. 8. 

Howell Cobb, Georgia, (continued in office), I at ,„ „ 

Linn Boyd, Kentucky, December, 1851. f Speakers of H. Reps. 

Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, inau^ura.ed March 4, 185i, President. 
Vice-President — vacant, by death of Hon. Wm. R. King, April 18, 1853 — 



William L. Marcy, 
James Guthrie, 
Robert M'Clelland, 
James C. Dobbin, 
Jefferson Davis, 
James Campbell, 
Caleb Cusliing, 
James L. Orr, 

James Buchanan, of 
John C. BRECKiNiiiD 
Lewis Cass, 
John Black, 
Isaac Toncey, 
John B. Floyd, 
Joseph Holt, 
Howell Cobb, 
Philip Thomas, 
John A. Dix, 
Jacob Thompson, 

Joseph Holt, 
Horatio King, 
Jo^n Black, 
E. M. Stanton, 
Nathl. P. Banks, 
Wm. Pennington, 



THE CABINET. 

New York, 

Kentucky, 

Michigan, 

North'Carolina. 

Mississippi, 

Pennsylvania, 

Massachusetts, 

South Carolina, 



Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of Interior. 
Secretary of Navy. 
Secretary of War. 
Postmaster-General. 
Attorney-General. 
Speaker of H. Reps. 



Pennsylvania, inaugurated March 4, 1857, President 
ge, of Kentucky, Vice-President. 
Michigan, 

Appointed Dec. 1860. 



Pennsylvania, 

Connecticut, 

Virginia, 

Kentucky, 

Georgia, 

Maryland, 

New York, 

Mississippi, 

Kentucky, 

Muine, 

Pennsylvania, 

Pennsylvania, 

Massachusetts, 

New Jersey, 



', Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Navy. 



Appointed Jan. 1861. 

Appointed Dec. 1860. 
Appointed Jan. 1861. 



Jan. 1861. 
Dec. 1860. 



1856. 
1869. 



£ Secretary of War. 

> Secretary of Treasury. 

> Secretary of Interior. 



Postmaster-General. 



£ Attorney-General. 
< Speaker of IE Reps. 



Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, inaugurated March 4, 1861, President. 
Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. 



Wm. H. Seward, 



New York, 



Secretary of State. 



DICTIONARY OF DATES. 



[A DM 



Salmon P. Chase, 
Wm. P. Fessenden, 
Hugh McCulloch, 
Simon Cameron, 
Edwin M. Stanton, 
Gideon Welles, 
Caleb B. Smith, 
John P. Usher, 
Montgomery Blair, 
Wm. Dennison, 
Edward Bates, 
James Speed, 
Galusha A. Grow, 
Salmon P. Cliase, 



Ohio, 

Maine, 

Indiana, 

Pennsylvania, 

Pennsylvania, 

Connecticut, 

Indiana, 

Indiana, 

Maryland, 

Ohio, 

Missouri, 

Kentucky, 

Pennsylvania, 

Ohio, 



Appointed July, 1804. 
Appointed March, lSt'5. 

Appointed Jan. 1862. 



Appointed Jan. 1S"3. 

Appointed Sept. 1864. 

Appointed Sept. 1864. 

1861-2. 
Appointed Dec. 1864. 



Secretary of Treasury. 



', Secretary of War. 

Secretary of Navy. 
( Secretaiy of Interior 

( Postmaster-General 

( Attorney-General. 

Speaker H. Reps. 
Chief Justice. 



Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, inaugurated March 4, 1865, President. 
Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-Presidenr. 

[President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington by Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865.] 
Andrew Johnson became President. April 15, 1S65. 
Lafayette S. Poster, of Connecticut, elected President of the Senate. 
[Succeeded by Ben. P. "Wade, of Ohio, 1867.] 



"Wm. H. Seward, 
Hugh. McCulloch, 
Edwin M. Stanton, 
Gideon Welles, 
John P. Usher, 
James Harlan, 
Oiville H. Browning, 
W. Dennison, 
Alex. W. Randall, 
James Speed, 
Henry Stanbexy, 
Schuyler Colfax, 



New York, (con.H71.ued in office), 
Indiana, do 

Pennsylvania, do 

Connecticut, do 

Indiana, do 

Iowa, Appointed March, 1865. 

Illinois, Appointed June, 1866. 

Ohio, (continued in offi(e), 
Wisconsin, Appointed June, 18C6. 
Kentucky, (continued in office), 
Ohio, Appointed June. 1866. 

Indiana, 1863-'65-'67 



Secretary of State. 
Secretary of Treasury. 
Secretary of War. 
Secretary of Navy. 

Secretary of Interior. 



I 

s 

( Postmaster-General. 

i Attorney-General. 
Speaker H. of Reps. 



The salary of each member of the Cabinet was raised in 1S53 from $6,000 to $8,000. 



ADMINISTRATIONS of GREAT BRITAIN. 

[Palmerston dies, Oct. 1865.] 
Earl Rdssell's Ministry — With 
Gladstone Chancellor of the Ex- 
chequer; Lord Cranworth, Lord 
Chancellor ; Earl Granville, &c. 

Dec. 18C5. 



Derby Administration — Earl of 
Derby, First Lord, &c.; D'IsraeJi, 
Chancellor of Exchequer; Lord 
Stanley. Sec. for Foreign Affairs, 
&c. ' June 19, 1866 



ADMIRALTY. There is no separate court of admiralty in the IT. S. By Statute <n 
1789, the District Courts have " cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime 
Jurisdiction." They are also Prize Courts and hear all cases of trespass and civil injuries on 
the Sea. Capital crimes committed at sea are tried by the U. S. Circuit Courts. 

ADVERTISING. The rate of charge of American Dailies is from 5 to 20 cents per line. : 
of weekly papers, up to $2.00. A few monthly and quarterly periodicals charge $2.50 per lin ■. 
The price of one page for advertisements in Harper's Magazine is $250. In 1865, the adver- 
tising receipts of the N. Y. Tribune were above $359,000. By act of July, 1861, advertise- 
ments in American papers are taxed 3 per cent, on gross receipts. Papers of less than 2,00" 
copies circulation are exempt. The duty on advertising in England was abolished in 1S53. 

AGRICULTURE. Agriculture is the most important material interest of the United 
States. It is estimated that seven-eighths of the population are engaged in agricultural 
pursuits or in occupations immediately dependent thereon. In 1860 the number of acres 
in cultivation was 163,000,000, valued at 6,600 million dollars. In the same year the value of 
agricultural implements was $247,000,000. 
Statistics of 1860—1862—1865: 

1860. 1862. 1865. 

Bushels of Wheat, 132.000,000 .. 181,000,000 14S,000,000 

Bushels of Oats 17'2,000,00O 171,000,000 235,000,000 

Bushels of Rye 20,000.000 21.000,000 19,000,000 

Tons of Hay 19,'i00,000 20,000.000 23,000,000 

Pounds of Wool 60,000,000 114,000,000 

Bales of Cotton 4.000,000 1,000,000 

Bushels of Corn 800,000,000 500,000,000 600,000,000 

In the Statistics of 1862 and 1865 the States in rebellion are not included. In 1862 the 
shipment of wheat from the U. S. to Great Britain alone amounted to 29,700,000 bushels. 
Total exports of grain I860 were 77,300,000 bushels. The cereals of the Northern States in 
1865 amounted to 1,228 million bushels, valued at $1,047,000,000. The Southern cotton crop 
for 1866-7 is estimated at 2,000,000 bales. "Department of Agriculture" established May 
15, 1862, at Washington, D. C. Its object, to diffuse information on subjects connected with 
agriculture among the people of the U. S. 



agr] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 8 

AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. The earliest attempt at one was the Abbe Rosier at 
Chambord, France, 1775. In 1844 Mr. Colitian found but nine agricultural schools in exist- 
ence " worth notice." Seven years after (1851), Professor Hitchcock enumerated no less 
than 352 in Europe, of which five were in England, sixty-three in Ireland, and seventy-five 
in France. Among the first in the United States is that at Ovid, Seneca county, New York, 
founded in 1856. The Westchester N. Y. Farm School, founded 1856, was the first private 
institution exclusively agricultural. There are now (1860) agricultural professorships in Vir- 
ginia, Georgia, &c, as well as in Yale College. An annual course of thirty lectures on agri- 
culture established in 1850, at New Haven, by Professor Norton. Michigan Agricultural 
College, established by the legislature in 1850. " By act of July 2, 1862, Congress made pro- 
vision for " donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide 
Colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts." Up to Sept. 1863, 15 States had 
taken advantage of the act, and many colleges introduced Agriculture among the branches 
of their scientific course. Agricultural college at Amherst, Mass., in process of construction 
(1867). 

ALABAMA. One of the United States; most of its territory was included in the origin- 
al patent of Georgia. It was made a part of the Mississippi territory in 1817; admitted into 
the Union as a State in 1820. Population in 1810 was less than 10,000 ; in 1816, 29,683 ; in 
1820, 127,901; in 1830, 308,997; in 1840, 590,756, including 253,532 slaves. Exports of 
the State in 1840 amounted to $12,854,694; imports to $574,651. The governor in 
bis message, November, 1851, recommends a discriminating tax on all articles from 
those States that continue slave agitation. Population in 1850: white, 426,515; free 
colored, 2,250. Total free, 428,765 ; slaves, 342,894. In 1855 : white, 464,456 ; free col- 
ored, 2,466; slaves, 374,784. Population, 1860: white, 520,444; slaves, 435,473. The 
slaves have increased more rapidly than the whites. Ordinance passed "seceding" from 
the United States January 7,1861. During the war the State was untouched by the national 
army until March, 1865, when Gen. Wilson with 17,000 cavalry penetrated its most produc- 
tive region. In June, 1865, L. E. Parsons was appointed Provisional Governor, The State 
sent 120,000 men to the war, and lost 35,000. Estimated loss in wealth, $500,000,000. 
Present debt (1865) is $3,400,000. 

ALBANY, N. Y, Population in 1850, 50,700; in 1860, 62,367; in 1865, 62,613. It 
became the capital of the State in 1807. The most important article of commerce is lumber ; 
in 1863, $7,000,000 worth was received there. Its Law Library, the best in the country, 
contains 70,000 volumes. 

ALE AND BEER, U. S. By act of Congress, July 13, 1862, a tax of $1.00 is levied on 
every barrel of ale and beer manufactured and sold. 

ALIENS, U. S. In 1850 there were 2,210,800 in the United States. In 1866, 233,408 
arrived. Of these, 106,000 came from Germany ; 68,000 from Ireland ; 36,000 from 
England. Aliens now pay income tax. (Act of Congress, July, 1666.) See Emigration. 

ALMANACS (American) :— 



Franklin's " Poor Richard's Almanac" (Phil. 1732) 
was the first of any note in the U. S. 

"The American Nautical Almanac " was establish- 
ed in 1849 and superintended by Capt. Davis, 
U. S.N. It has few equals in scientific accuracy. 

The "American Almanac" of Boston was discon- 
tinued in 1857 [?] after being published 29 years. 



The "National Almanac " (valuable and compre- 
hensive), published by Childs of Phila., appeared 
only 1863 and 1864. 

At the present time (1S67) no general almanac of 
any special value is published in the U. S. 

The " Family Christian Almanac" of the Tract 
Society has a wide circulation. 



AMBASSADORS. The U. S. has never sent any person of the rank of ambassador in the 
diplomatic sense, but is represented by ministers plenipotentiary. (Kent). In 1867 the U. S. 
had her ministers at the courts of Austria, Brazil, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Mexico, 
Peru, Prussia, Russia, Spain. To the smaller states, "ministers resident" are sent, 22 in all 
Number of consuls from U. S. to foreign countries in 1862, 272. Some of these are known 
as agents simply. 10 are stationed in England and 10 in France. The highest salaries are 
given to the consuls at London and Liverpool, $7,500 each. Number of foreign consuls in U 
S. in 1863, 356. 

AMERICA. See United States. 

AMERICAN FLAG. Previous to 1776, the colors used by the American army exhibited 
ft snake with thirteen rattles, in a crimson ground interlaced with white. On the 14th June, 
1777, Congress resolved, "that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes alter- 
nately red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars, white, on a blue field — representing 
'anew constellation.'" 



6 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ana 



ANESTHETICS. Substances to alleviate pain :— 

Carbonic acid gaa, recommended by Dr. Hick- and a controversy on the respective claims 

man 1828 was continued for several years 

Chloroform or its use discovered nearly at the 
same time by Dr. G. Guthrie, Sacketts Har- 
bor, N. Y., M. Soubeiran in France, and Prof. 
Liebig in Germany 1S31 

Use of ether to relieve pain first effected at the 
instance of Dr. VV. T. G. Morton at the Mass. 
Hospital (Jet. 16, 1846 

Patent for it secured by Dr. Morton 

Nov. 12, 1846 

Dr. Chs. T. Jackson appeared as claimant of 
the discovery, Jan. 2, 1S47 



Bill introduced in U.S. Senate to purchase Dr. 
Morton's patent for $100,000 Aug. 28, 1852 

Claim of the widow of Dr. Horace Wells, of 
Hartford, Conn., that he originated the use 
of ether previous to Morton. ('I hese various 
claims fully discussed in Morton's Statements 
of Evidence, 1853, and Littell's Living Age, 
vols. 16 & 17.) 

Use of chloroform first proposed for same pur- 
pose as sulphuric ether, by Dr. Simpson of 
.Edinburgh 1817 



Iii 1863 Dr. Colton (dentist) of N. Y. used nitrous oxide. No ill effects followed in the 
3,000 cases he had up to 1865. (See this subject in Appleton's Cyclopasdia, 1864.) 

ANIMALS, Society to Prevent Cruelty to. A society, chartered by the State of N. Y. 
in 1866, chiefly through the exertions of Mr. Henry Bergh, who became its Secretary in 1866. 
Its object is to prevent cruel treatment to animals, by bringing offenders to trial. Laws 
prohibiting cruelty to beasts and also " game fighting," passed April, 1866. The Pennsyl- 
vania Legislature incorporated a similar society in the Spring of 1867. 

ANNUITIES. An annuity is a sum of money allowed to a person yearly during his life. 
Governments borrow money and grant annuities in return. The U. S. gives pensions as 
annuities for services rendered. They are granted generally by incorporated companies. In 
Louisiana the " contract of annuity is that by which one party delivers to another a sum of 
money, and agrees not to reclaim it so long as the receiver pays the rent agreed upon." 
(Civil* Code.) 

ANTIETAM, Battle of. Antietam Creek is in the western part of Maryland, and flows 
into the Potomac. Great battle fought there (Sept. 17, 1862) between the army of the Union, 
under Gen. McClellan and the Confederate army under Gen. Lee. It was commenced on 
the right by Gen. Hooker ; next to him in line were Sumner, Mansfield, Porter, Burnside, in 
all 87,000 men. Opposed to these were the corps of Longstreet, Jackson, and the Hills — 
70,000 strong. The fight raged fiercely all day. Burnside at length carried abridge across 
the creek and stormed the heights beyond. At .night the advantage was with the national 
army, and Lee retreated across the Potomac. Entire loss in McClellan's army 12,469 ; in 
Lee's, 13,533, with 13 guns, 39 colors and 6,000 prisoners, captured by the Union army. 
General Mansfield, U. S. A., was killed. Two Confederate generals killed, 8 wounded; 1 
Union general killed, 6 wounded. 

APPEALS. In the U. S. nearly all courts can hear appeals from those next inferior. 
The highest courts of the States are courts of appeal only. The Supreme Court of the U. S. 
sits on appeal from Circuit and Territorial Courts, and also from the highest State Courts, 
whenever the question turns upon the validity of a treaty or law or authority of the U. S. 
(Statute of 1789.) 

APPLES. The Romans knew of 22 varieties of apples, according to Pliny. Ray reckons 
78 kinds in his day, in England (1688). In the U. S. 200 varieties exist. Apple-trees of 
finest quality last 80 years. Some reach the age of 200 years. Throughout the U. S. the 
following appear to be the favorites : For summer apples, the Ea.rly Harvest, Sivect Bouyli and 
Red Astrakhan ; for autumn, the Fall Pippin, Porter and Gravenstein ; for winter, the Bald- 
win aud Rhode Island Greening. The demand for the fruit is greatly in advance of the 
supply, and in London the Americau apple commands fabulous prices. In 1860, the yield of 
orchard fruit, amounted to $19,000,000, the greater part of which was derived from the 
apple product. In 1865, the orchards in the State of New York yielded 16,275,505 bushels 
of apples. 

APPRENTICES. In the U. S. apprenticeship is not so common as in England. The 
American apprentice rarely pays a fee to the master. In some Eastern States, farmers take 
them to learn husbandry, clothe them, and, when they leave, present them with a sum of 
money. Whole number in the U. S. in 1860 was about 55,000. There is a Library in 
Mechanics Hall, N. Y. City, containing 16,000 volumes, for youthful apprentices. For laws 
respecting them, see Kent's Commentaries. Number of apprentices in N. Y. State, in 
1865, 1,361. 

AQUEDUCT. The greatest of modern or perhaps of any time is the Croton aqueduct, 
which supplies the City of New York with water from Croton lake, 40 miles distant. It was 
commenced 1S37 ; its completion was publicly celebrated in 1842 ; its cost was $10,375,000. 
It is carried across the Harlem river on a bridge 100 feet high. Chief engineer John B. 



AQC ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 1 

Jervis ; contractor for the bridge, Geo. Law. 'The aqueduct which supplies Boston from 
lake Cochituate, 23^ miles, was commenced in 1846; its completion celebrated Oct. 20, 
1848 ; cost v $5, 370,818. That which supplies the city of Brooklyn, L. I., was finished 1858 ; 
engineer J. P. Kirkwood ; cost $640,828. Jersey City, N. J., is supplied by an aqueduct 8 
miles long from the Passaic river at Belleville ; W. S. Whitwell, chief engineer. It was 
completed in 1856 and cost $640,000. Washington, D. C, is furnished with water from the 
Potomac by an aqueduct 15 miles long, commenced in the administration of Pres. Pierce. 
The water was first admitted into it Dec. 5, 1863, at which time the cost amounted to 
$2,900,000 ; Capt. M. C. Meigs (U. S. A.) chief engineer. This aqueduct discharges 
67,596,400 gallons in 24 hours, or nearly 3 times as much as the Croton aqueduct. 

AQUARIUM, or Aquavivarium. Mr. C. E. Hammett, Jr., of Newport, R. I., published 
1859 his observations and experiments with Aquaria, which were very remarkable. Aquaria 
have been introduced into several public museums in the U. S., and they are also largely 
cultivated in private houses. In 1860 there was but one regular establishment for their 
manufacture in the U. S. Annual value of products $5,500. 

ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. See Northwest Passage, and Franklin's Expeditions. Lieut 
Hartstein with the Arctic and Release leaves Brooklyn May 31, 1855, and finds Dr. Kane at 
Lieveley, Greenland, Sept. 13, 1855 ; and returns to New York with him Oct. 11, 1855. 
Steamer Fox, Capt. McClintock, sails from Aberdeen (sent by Lady Franklin), in search of 
remains of Franklin's Expedition, July 10, 1857. Capt. McClintock returns, bringing relics 
and remains of Franklin's Expedition, and ascertaining his fate, 1859. Mr. C. F. Hall sailed 
from New London, Conn., in ship George Henry, May 29, 1860. Returned Sept. 13, 1862. 
He went again with strong hopes of finding some of Franklin's men. Discovered the fate of 
four who died from cold and starvation, June, 1864. Dr. Hayes sailed from Boston in 
schooner United States, and returned in fifteen months. Valuable surveys and experiments 
made by him, July 10, I860, Capt. Parker Snow sailed from England in schooner Intrepid, 
in search of Franklin's companions, June, 1861. Expedition from Sweden blockaded by 
ice and unable to accomplish its objects, May 9, 1861. 

ARIZONA, known as the Gadsden purchase, a territory of 30,000 square miles, purchased 
from Mexico by the U. S. for $10,000,000 in 1855. It had in 1856 about 5,000 inhabitants, 
chiefly Mexicans. By act of Congress, Feb. 24, 1863, the territory was organized and part 
of New Mexico added to it, the whole containing 131,000 square miles. The capital is 
Prescott. The first Governor appointed, in 1863, was R. C. McCormick. Population in 
1866, white, about 8,000. 

ARKANSAS, one of the United States, was a part of the Louisiana purchase. It was 
made a separate territory in 1819, and was admitted into the Union in 1836. Population in 
1830, 30,388 ; in 1840, 97,574, including 19,935 slaves. Population in 1860, 435,450, of whom 
111,115 were slaves. The State " seceded " from the Union May 6th, 1861. Being unaided 
during the war by the Confederate Government, she manufactured her own war material. 
At the close of the rebellion I. Murphy was appointed provisional Governor (1865). Many 
of the plantations have been divided up for sale, and land can be bought at $1 to $5.00 per 
acre (1866). 

ARMY OF THE U. S. Including Volunteers. The following list is official : 

Date. Regulars. Volunteers. Present/or duty. Aggregate, 

July, 1861 14,108 169,480 1S3,5S8 286,751 

Jan. 1,1862 19,871 507,333 527,204 175,917 

Jan. 1,1863 19,169 679,633 698,802 918 191 

Jan. 1,1864. 17,237 594,013 611,250 .... 860,737 

Jan. 1,1865. 14,661 606,263 620,924 959,460 

May 1,1865 797,807 .... 1,034,064 

From May 1, 1865, to Jan. 20, 1866, 918,722 volunteers were mustered out of service. 
Entire number of colored troops during the war, 178,975. By act of Congress, July, 1866, 
the regular army comprises 45 regiments of infantry, 10 of cavalry, 5 of artillery : 2 regi- 
ments of cavalry and 4 of infantry are colored troops. Total number of regulars in service, 
Jan. 1867, 54,300. The higher officers are : 1 General, 1 Lieut.-General, 5 Major-Generals, 
and 10 Brigadier-Generals. During 1861-5 the Pay Department disbursed $1,029,239,000 
among the troops. The loss of life in the Northern armies during the war was 280,751, of 
whom 5,221 officers and 90,886 men were killed or died of wounds, and 2,321 officers and 
182,329 men died of disease. See Enlistment. 

The following is a list of ordnance and ordnance stores furnished to the army during 
1861-65 : 

Cannon— number 7 892 

Artillery carriages— number 11 787 



8 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [art 

Artillery projectiles (shot and shell)— number 6,335,595 

Grape and canister shot — pounds 6,539,999 

Field artillery ammunition— rounds 2,862,177 

Small-arms, muskets, rifles, carbines, and pistols 3,477,655 

Swords, sabres, and lances 544,475 

Infantry accoutrements — complete sets. . . 2,146,175 

Cavalry accoutrements — complete bets 216,371 

Horse equipments — sets 539,544 

Two-horse artillery harness— sets 28,164 

Horse blankets— number 732,526 

Cartridges for small arms — number 1,022,176,474 

Percussion caps for small arms — number 1,220,555 435 

Cannon-primers 10,281,305 

Fuses for shell 4.226,377 

Gunpowder — pounds 26,440,054 

Nitre— pounds 6,395,1 52 

Lead in pigs and bullets — pounds 90,416,295 

This only includes what was consumed in the army, and not what was used by the navy. 

ARTISTS' FUND SOCIETY, N. Y. In Nov. 1865, sixty pictures were contributed to it by 
members, which sold for $7,500. The object of this society is to assist indigent and disabled 
artists. Established in 1859, and has an exhibition and sale, annually. 

ARTS, Fine. The progress in the fine arts has been very marked in the U. S. since 1850. 
The National Academy of Design founded 1828 ; its new building, the first in the United 
States wholly designed for such a purpose, was completed and dedicated 1864. The amount 
annually expended in the U. S. for works of art, has increased ten-fold in as many years. 
In 1864, 30 collections of pictures in N. Y. sold for $500,000. The Academy 
of Fine Arts, in Philadelphia, had on exhibition in April, 1865, a collection of over 800 
pictures and sculptures. A handsome building for the Yale School of Fine Arts was com- 
pleted at New Haven in 1866, the gift of Mr. Street. The first exhibition was opened with 
much distinction July, 1867. Over 70 paintings and 13 sculptures were sent to the Paris Ex- 
position (1867) by the American Committee ; see Paintings ; Tuckerman's Book of the Artista. 

ART-UNION. For distributing works of art by lot. The first was in Germany, founded 
at Munich in 1823; followed by those of Berlin (1828), Dresden, Leipzic, Bremen, Dusseldorf, 
Frankfort, Vienna, etc. "Roman Catholic Art-Unions" were started in 1851. London Art- 
Union founded 1837 ; its receipts increased in nineteen years from $500 to $90,000 per ami. 
The first in the U. S., the American Art-Union (originally the Apollo Association) was found- 
ed at N. Y. in 1839. It continued thirteen years, purchasing and distributing works to the 
amount of $453,853. It was closed in 1851 as being forbidden by the State laws against 
lotteries. 

ASSAY OFFICE, U. S. The one established in N. Y. City, in 1854, assayed more than 
80,000,000, of gold, in the seven years prior to 1866. The following table, taken from the 
official returns In the Treasury Department, shows the collections on bullion and the amount 
of bullion assayed in each State and Territory of the United States during the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1866 : 

States and Territories. Collections on Bullion. Bullion Assayed. 

California $294,121 $49,020,250 

Colorado 1,219 219,860 

Idaho 3,210 535,105 

Missouri 4 815 

Nevada 91,635 15,272,246 

NewJersey 82 13,688 

New York. 43,774 7,295.803 

Oregon 28,711 4,785,221 

Pennsylvania 24,265 4,044,218 

Ehodelsland 13 2,211 

Utah 361 60218 

"Washington 837 139,533 

Totai $488,377 .'.'.'.'.'.'.". $S1,389,541 

The foregoing compilation does not include the coinage of the United States Mint, at San 
Francisco, which amounted to $20,000,000. 

ASTRONOMY. Astronomy received little attention in the U. S. prior to 1843. At 
that time, a large comet suddenly appearing, public interest in the science was awakened. 
Profs. Bond and Pierce, of Cambridge, Mass., Capt Davis, U. S. N., Prof. Hubbard, Naval 
Academy, Profs. Olmstead and Loomis, of Yale, Prof. 0. M. Mitchell, of Cincinnati, and Miss 
Mitchell, of Nantucket, have contributed largely to the science. Asteroid No. 66 was first 
seen from Harvard College, April 10, 1861. Others have since been discovered. The La 
Lande Astronomical Prize, of 500 francs, was awarded by the French Academy of Science to 



ail] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 9 

Mr. Alvan Clark, of Cambridgeport, Mass., Jan. 1863, for his discovery of the companion of 
Sirius. Mr. Clark produces telescopes equal to any in the world. His discovery was made 
through an object glass, 18-£ inches in diameter. The instrument cost $11,187. Astronomi- 
cal observatories are established at Cambridge, Washington, Cincinnati, Chicago, Albany, 
New Haven. See Observatories. 

ATLANTA. An important central town in Georgia. In 1864 there was heavy fighting 
in its vicinity. On July 20 and 22, Gen. Hood made desperate attacks on the left of the 
National Army under Gen. Sherman, but was repulsed, with severe loss. Sherman then 
moved to the south of the city, compelling its evacuation, and beating the rebels at Jonesboro. 
Sept. 2d, 1S64, Gen. Slocum with the 20th Corps entered the place. The loss of the Con- 
federates in the various contests about Atlanta, from June 20, were about 24,000 ; that of the 
National force, 11,800. The town was almost entirely destroyed by fire Nov. 15, 1864. 
Chartered as a city in 184*7. Population in 1860, 9,554. 

ATTORNEYS. In 1860 the number of judges and lawyers in the U. S. was 33,980. In 
1866 there were 3,500 attorneys in N. Y. city. 

AUCTIONS. From 1817 to 1831 there was a strong feeling on the part of American 
merchants against auctions. At the present time (1867) they are greatly favored. By Act 
of Congress (1861) there is a tax of -rV of 1 per cent, on the gross amount of auction sales. 

B 

BALLOON. On June 23, 1859, Mr. Wise and three others ascended from St. Louis in a 
balloon. After travelling 1150 miles they descended in Jefferson county, New York, very 
narrowly escaping with their lives. A monster balloon, constructed by Mr. Lowe for the 
professed intention of an air-voyage to Europe, was inflated and exhibited at New York, May, 
1860, and again in Pennsylvania, but the weather or accident defeated the project. In an 
ascent over Washington, D. C, June 18, 1861, Mr. Lowe telegraphed a message to the Presi- 
dent by means of a wire conducted by the rope which held the balloon. Height, 600 feet. 
Balloons were used for military purposes in Gen. McClellan's campaign (1862). At the battle 
of " Seven Pines " one ascended 2,000 feet, from which Richmond could be seen. One used also 
at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 1862. In New York city, in the summer of 1866, a bal- 
loon was suspended daily by a rope, and used to convey parties up and down for sight-seeing. 

BALTIMORE, the third city in population and fifth in commerce in the United States; 
founded 1729 ; named from Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of the Maryland patent. In 1765 
it contained but 50 houses; chartered as a city in 1797. Population in 1790, 13,503; in 
1810, 35,583 ; in 1830, 80,625 ; in 1840, 102,313, including 3,199 slaves. A handsome 
monument in the city commemorates its successful defence against the attack of the British 
under General Ross, Sept. 12, 1814. Population in I860, 214,037, including 2,213 slaves. 
On the 19th of April, 1861, U. S. troops passing through the city to the defence of Washing- 
ton were fired upon and two men killed. Military occupation of the place by Gen. Butler, 
May, 1861. President Lincoln, who passed through Baltimore (1861) in disguise, to his first 
inauguration, was nominated with great enthusiasm for his second term by convention there 
assembled (1864). 

BANK OF THE UNITED STATES; first one established 1791; capital $10,000,000. 
A new one, with capital of $35,000,000, 1816. The Act of Congress re-chartering it vetoed 
by President Jackson, July 10, 1832. The removal of the deposits of the U. S. Government 
from the bank, by order of President Jackson, signed by R. B. Taney, Sec. of the Treasury 
(W. J. Duane, the late Sec, having refused to sign the order), Sept. 23, 1833. Resolution 
of the Senate that the removal was uncalled for, and the responsibility assumed by the 
President unconstitutional, &c, introduced by Mr. Webster and passed (26 to 20) March 28, 
1834. Senate refused to enter on their journal the President's protest against their resolu- 
tion, May 7, 1834. Noted resolution of the Senate "expunging" from their journals their 
resolution of 1834, passed 24 to 19, Jan. 16, 1837. Sub-Treasury Bill passed Jan. 1840, 
repealed Aug. 9, 1841. The U. S. Bank newly incorporated by Pennsylvania, March 29, 
1836 : suspended payment Feb. 5, 1841. Bill for establishing a "Fiscal Bank of the U. S." 
passed the House of Representatives August 6, 1841; vetoed by President Tyler Aug, 16. 
Another bill for a "Fiscal Corporation" vetoed Sept. 9, 1841, followed by a resignation of 
all the Cabinet except Mr. Webster. 

BANKING SYSTEM, U. S. Before the outbreak of the war, paper currency issued from 
incorporated independent banks. In 1860 there were in the U. S. 1562 Banks, having an ag- 
gregate capital of $421,880,000, and a circulation of $207,104,400. In 1861-2 many banks 
were compelled to suspend payments. The government established by act of Congress 



10 



DICTIONARY OF DATES. 



[ban 



Feb. 25, 1863, a uniform national banking system. An additional act was passed June 3, 
1864. In Jan, 1866, there were 1,5*79 National Banks. Capital, $403,350,000. Circulation, 
$213,000,000. These Banks deposit bonds with the U. S. Treasury to the extent of one third 
of their capital. There are 14 cities containing 218 Banks, which are selected as points of 
redemption. Jan. 1S67, the national bank-note circulation was $291,093,294 ; total currency 
of the United States (circulation and deposits), $1,496,672,065. 

BANK PAYMENTS. Suspension of specie payments by the banks of New England ana' 
New York, May 10-16, 1837 ; legalized for one year by legislature of New York. Banks 
of Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c, also suspended same month. Specie payments generally 
suspended in the U. S. 1861. 

BANKRUPT LAW, U. S. A general bankrupt law was passed by Congress, April 
4, 1800, and repealed 1S03. Another was passed Aug. 19, 1841, and repealed 1843. An act 
" establishing a uniform system of Bankruptcy in the U. S.," passed Congress, March, 1867, 
and is now in operation (July, 1867), the " Registers in Bankruptcy" throughout the Union 
having been appointed by Chief Justice Chase, as prescribed in the law. 

BAPTISTS in U. S. In 1858 they had 12,000 churches with about 1,000,000 members. 
In 1762, they bad 56 churches only ; 1792, 1,000 ; 1812, 2,432 ; 1832, 5,322 ; 1852, 9,500. In 
1866 (Baptist Almanac) they had 592 associations, 12,702 churches, 7,867 ordained ministers 
and 1,040,300 members. 

BASTARDS in the U. S. A bastard has no inheritable blood in him, and therefore no 
estate can descend to him. But be may take by testament, if properly described, after he has 
obtained a name by reputation. This rule has been somewhat mitigated in some of the 
States, where, by statute, various inheritable qualities have been conferred upon bastards. 
They may be legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their father and mother. Bouvier. 

BATTLES, U. S. In the War for the Union, 1861-5 :— 

Port Hudson, La., (7,000 prisoners surrender to 
TJ. S. forces) July 8, 1863 

Chattanooga, Ga., (Feds, victorious) 

Nov. 23-26, 1863 

Federal" Red River Expedition" under Gen. 
Banks, (defeated). April 8, 1864 

Wilderness, Va. (indecisive; loss heavy on 
both sides) May 5-6, 1864 

Spottsylvania, Va., (Heavy fighting, but, Reb- 



Fort Sumter, Charleston, S. C, bombarded 

by the Confederates April 12, 1S61 

Wilson's Creek, Missouri, (Federals retreat 

and Gen. Lyon killed.) Aug. 10, 1861 

Carthage, Mo. (Fed. victory) July 10, 1861 

Rich Mountain, Va., (Fed. victory).. July 11, 1861 

Bull Run, Va., (Feds, defeated) July 21, 1SC1 

Lexington, Mo. (Feds, surrender) Sept. 20, 1861 

Balls Bluff, Va., (Feds, defeated. Gen. Baker 

killed) Oct. 21, 1861 

Mill Spring, Ky. (Feds, victorious) Jan. 19, 1862 

Roanoke Island, N. C. (Feds, capture 46 

gutiB, 2,500 prisoners) Feb. 7-8, 1862 

Fort Donelson, Tenn., i,Feds. capture 13,300 

prisoners, 55 guns.) Feb. 16, 1SC2 

Pea Ridge, Ark., (Feds, victorious)... March 

6, 7, 8, 1862 
Sbiloh, Tenn., (Rebels retreat after des- 
perate fighting) April 6-7, 1862 

Island No. 10, Miss. River, surrenders to 
U. S. forces, with 125 guns, 6,000 prisoners. 

April 7, 1862 
Williamsburg, Va., (Rebs. retreat) ....May 5, 1862 

Winchester, Va., (Feds, retreat) May 25, 1S62 

Fair Oaks, Va., (Feds, defeated) May 31, 1862 

Seven Pines, Va., (Feds, victorious)... June 1, 1862 
Seven Days' Battles near Richmond (Feds. 

repulsed) June 26-July 1, 1862 

Bull Run, Va., (Feds defeated) Aug. 30, 1862 

Antietam, Md. (Rebs. defeated). .. .Sept, 17, 1862 
Fredericksburg, Va., (Feds, defeated). Dec. 13, 1862 
Murfreesboro', Tenn., "Stone River" (inde- 
cisive ; Rebs. retreat. Fed. loss very 

heavy) Dec. 31, 1862 to Jan. 3, 1863 

Grierson's raid through Mississippi. April 17 

to May 2, 1863 
Chancellorsville, Va. (Feds. repulsed)May 2-4,1863 
Champion Hills, Mississippi, 'Feds, victorious. 

Siege of Vicksburg begins) May 16, 1S63 

Gettysburg, Penn., (Rebs. defeated).July 1-4, 1863 

Ohickamauga, Ga., (Rebs. defeated) 

Sept. 19-20, 1863 
Vicksburg. Miss. (30,000 prisoners and 220 guns 
surrendered to U. S. forces under Gen. 
Grant) July 4, 1863 



els retire) May 10-12, 1864 

Resaca, Georeia, (Rebs. retreat) May 15, 1864 

Cold Harbor,"Va., (Feds, repulsed).. June 1-3, 1864 
Battles about Petersburg, Va., (indecisive). . . 

June 15-19, 1864 
Sherman fails in an attack on Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Ga., June 27, 1864 

Petersburg Mine, Va., (Feds, defeated) July 30, 1864 
Terrible fighting about Atlanta, Ga., (Rebs. 

defeated) July 20-22, 1864 

Continued fighting about Petersburg, Va., 

until April, 1864 

Atlanta, Ga., taken by Sherman Sept. 2, 1864 

Opequan, Va., (Gen. Sheridan defeats Early, 

Rebel) Sept, 19, 1864 

Fisher's Hill, Va., (Early again defeated) .... 

Sept. 22, 1864 
Cedar Creek. Va., (Early totally defeated after 

gaining some success) Oct. 19, 1864 

Sherman starts on his march across Georgia, 

Nov. 14, 1864 

Franklin, Tenn., (Rebs. defeated) Nov. 30, 1864 

Nashville, Tenn., (Rebs. completely routed, 

losing 60 guns) Dec. 1 5-19, 1864 

Sherman enters Savannah, Ga., Dec. 21, 1864 

Fort Fisher, N. C, taken by assult of U. S. 

forces Jan. 15, 1865 

Kingston, N. C, (Rebs. repulsed).. .March 10, 1865 
Grant defeats Lee at Five Forks, and con- 
tinues fighting until the latter surrendered 

at Appomatox Court House, Va., 

April 1-9, 1865 
Gen. Johnston (Rebel) surrenders to Sher- 
man near Raleigh, N.C April 26, 1865 

The last rebel army under Kirby Smith sur- 
renders west of the Mississippi May 26, 1865 

See 



For complete list of battles and skirmishes, see Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1865 
Naoal Battles, Atlanta, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Nashville, Corinth. 



.a* 



bat] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 11 

BATTLES, Austrian and Prussian. Battle of Qusto&za between Italians and 
Austrians, June 24, 1866. [Italians defeated]. Battle of Skalitz in Bohemia between Aus- 
triansand Prussians, July 27, 1866. [Austrians retreat]. Great Battle of Sadowa between 
Austrians and Prussians, July 3, 1866. [Nearly 500,000 men engaged. Prussians com- 
pletely victorious.] July 15, 1866, Austrians defeated at Ohnutz. July 20, 1866, Naval 
fight off Lissa between Italians and Austrians. [Italians lose two war ships.] 

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. The receipts of some of the principal benevolent societies of 
New York, for the year ending April 30, were : 

1S56 1857 1858 1859 I860 1866 

Amer. Tract Society $393,163 $441,805 $390,759 $415,011 $348,1)49 $642,625 

« Bible " 307,318 388,932 334,000 350,815 429,799 734,000 

« Board For. Missions 193,548 178,060 175,970 188,139 435,956 446,000 

» Home Missonary Soc 202,426 185,216 

" Sunday School Union 234,436 

See Charities, 3fissions, etc. In New York City, in 1866, there were about 300 
religious and benevolent societies, hospitals, dispensaries, asylums, &c. Total receipts of 
28 leading societies in 1866, $4,766,698.81. These are national organizations, and the pro- 
portion contributed by New York citv is from 10 to 15 per cent. The American Board of 
Foreign Missions, founded 1810, had an income, in 1849, of $260,000, and in 1866, $446,000. 
American Bible Society, founded 1816, income in 1849, $284,000 ; in 1866, $734,000. 
American Tract Society founded in 1814, income, 1849, $308,428. American Home Mis- 
sionary Soeiety, founded 1826, income, 1849, $157,000. American Sunday School Union, 
founded 1814, income, 1849, $207,600, I860, $234,436. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY, the Science of Books. The most important work on English and 
American bibliography is Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, 2 vols. R. 8vo. 1859-67. In 1866, 
Mr. John R. Bartlett published the bibliography of the American Civil War, containing 6,073 
titles of books and pamphlets relating to that struggle, and issued between 1860-6. 

BISHOPS, U. S. A. In 1866, there were 41 Episcopal Bishops in the U. S. Methodist 
Episcopal Bishops in 1865, numbered 22. Lt. Gen. Polk (Confederate), Protestant Episcopal 
Bishop, was killed near Kenesaw Mt., Georgia, June 14th, 1864. In 1859 the Catholic Bishops 
numbered 45. 

BLIND, Asylums for the. The number in the U. S. in 1860 was 20. The first one was 
the " Perkins Institution and New England Asylum," founded at Boston in 1832, by Dr. Howe 
and Col. Perkins. New York Institute for the Blind, 1832. Philadelphia Institute, 1833. 
Institute at Columbus, Ohio, 1837. At Raleigh, N. C, 1848. Number of blind persons in 
the U. S. in 1860, 11,125. Estimated at about the same number in 1866. 

BOOK-TRADE of Great Britain. Number of new publications in 1850, 4,400. In 1859 
there were 5,507 different works entered for copyright, and 4066 volumes and pieces of music. 
This is an increase of 700 per cent, on the returns of 1838, about 400 per cent, on those of 
1836, and about 50 per cent, on those of 1854. In 1864, there were 3,553 works published 
in London. United States. The number of new books recorded as published during 
one year ending June 30, 1851, was 1261. No accurate statistics have been compiled in 
recent years. In 1855 the number of new works and new editions recorded as then first 
published in the U. S. was about 2400. There are in the U. S. (1860) about 3,000 booksel- 
lers and 400 publishers. In 1864, there were 2,028 distinct publications; in 1865, 1,802, of 
which about 80 were histories and stories of the late War. The increased value of paper 
and labor has raised the price of books very' materially since 1863-4, an average increase of 
more than 60 per cent. 

BOSTON, the capital of Mass., founded in August, 1630. Here commenced the Ameri- 
can Revolution. British soldiers fired on the people, 1770. The celebrated "Tea Party" 
here took place 1773. The port closed by parliament, 1774. British army evacuated Boston 
March, 1776. [See Lexington and Bunker Hill.'] The cause of American freedom was no- 
• where more actively sustained than by the people of Boston. Benj. Franklin was born here 
Jan. 17, 1706. John Hancock, the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a 
Bostonian. Boston incorporated as a city, 1822. Population iu 1700, 7000 ; in 1790, 18,038 •, 
in 1810, 33,250; in 1820, 43,298; in 1830, 61,391; in 1845, 114,366. Tonnage of vessels 
in 1840, 220,243 tons. The population in 1850, was 136,881; in 1855, 160,508; in 1860, 
177,902. Free Public Library, a noble institution, first opened 1858. Population in 1867, 
estimated at 200,000. In 1867, an act was passed by the legislature uniting Roxbury with 
Boston; this was vetoed by the governor. During the last twelve years, she has spent for 
teachers, $3,668,000; for school-houses, $1,600,000; incidentals,* $1,357,000— a total of 



12 DICTIONARY OF DATES. . [bou 

$6,629,358, which is claimed to be a larger proportionate expenditure than that of any other 
city in the world for educational purposes. The salary of the Principals in the several high 
schools is $4,000. 

BOUNDARY QUESTIONS, in the United States. Award of the king of the Netherlands 
on the boundary between Maine and the British possessions, Jan. 10, 1841 (rejected by both 
parties). Collisions between the people of Maine and New Brunswick in the disputed ter- 
ritory on the Aroostook 1838-9, suspended by a mutual agreement between Sir J. Harvey, 
Governor of New Brunswick, Governor Fairfield, of Maine, and General Scott, of the U. S. 
army, March 21, 1839. This boundary settled by the Treaty of Washington, 1842. Oregon 
boundary — 49th parallel agreed upon as the northern boundary of the United States, in Ore- 
gon, by treaty signed at Washington, June, 1846. 

BRAZIL. First steamship line from New York to Brazil, established through the agency 
of Rev. J. C. Fletcher, 186-. Kidder and Fletcher's work on Brazil (the most comprehensive) 
published in successive editions 1859-1867. Prof. Agassiz' scientific explorations in Brazil, 
1866. Preliminary steps taken to abolish slavery in the empire, April, 1867. The plan is the 
gradual emancipation of the slaves in 20 years. 

First Steamship line to Europe 1850 I Railways commenced 1852 

Slave trade suppressed 1852 | Rio Janeiro lighted -with gas 1854 

BREWERIES, U. S. The number of them in the Northern States in 1860, was 969. In 
that year 3,235,345 barrels of ale and beer were manufactured. Number in New York 
State in 1865, 201. Philadelphia has a greater number of breweries than any other city. 

BRICKS. In the U. S. very fine bricks come from Baltimore, Philadelphia and Mil- 
waukee, Wis. Number of brickmakers in 1860, 13,700. The time for burning bricks is 3 or 
4 days; 16 cords of wood are necessary to 100,000 bricks (Prof. Mather). A patent for pres- 
sing brick was granted in 1847 to Mr. Sawyer of Baltimore. A brick-machine patented by 
Mr. Gard of Chicago, 1866, turns out by steam power 25,000 bricks per day. Number of man- 
ufactories in U. S. in 1860, 1,595. Annual value of products, $10,253,734. 

BRIDGES, U. S. The famous natural bridge in Virginia, Rockbridge Co., is 100 feet long 
over a chasm 215 feet deep. Another in Walker Co., Alabama, 120 feet long and 70 high. 
There are also two in California, Calaveras Co. remarkable for their immense arches. The 
finest stone bridge in the U. S. is High Bridge across Harlem river, N. Y. ; it is 1,450 feet long, 
114 feet high, and is supported on 14 arches. The Schuylkill R. R. bridge at Philadelphia has 
a single span of 340 feet. The first suspension bridge in the U. S. was built by Mr. Finley 
about 1800. The Wheeling Bridge over the Ohio, with a span of 1,000 feet, was put up in 
1848 and blown down in 1854. The R. R. suspension bridge over the Niagara was built by Mr. 
Roebling; completed in 1858. Its span is 821 feet ; height 245 feet; 14,500 wires are used 
in the cables. The Covington and Cincinnati suspension bridge is 2,252 feet long. Height of 
pier, 80 feet; width, 45 feet; size of cable, 12 inches; cost, $1,750,000. The R. R. bridge 
across the Susquehanna at Havre de Grace is 3273 feet long; completed in 1865, after 4 years 
work of about 1,000 men. It is a trestle-work with arches, and rests on solid piers sunk in the 
River. Cost, $1,500,000. 

BROOKLYN, on Long Island, but really a suburb of New York, in 1820 had 7,175 inhab 
itants; in 1830,15,292; in 1855, consolidated with Williamsburgli ; in 1860,266,661; in 
1865, 296,378. In 1866, 2,178 new buildings were erected in the city. 

BUILDING SOCIETIES, for mutual benefit of persons of limited means who would build 
or buy their houses economically, are said to have originated at Kirkcudbright, Scotland. A 
large number were organized in New York in 1848-9, but they do not appear to have been 
generally sustained. In 1866-7 they were again revived to a limited extent. 

BUNKER HILL, Battle of, (near Boston,) between the British under Howe, and the 
Americans under Prescott and Putnam, June 17, 1775. British loss, 1,054 killed and wounded ; 
American, 453. The latter obliged to retreat for want of powder. But this, the first impor- 
tant battle of the Revolution, has always justly been regarded as a great victory for the Amer- 
ican cause, and is so commemorated by the granite obelisk on the battle-ground, of which 
the corner-stone was laid by general La Fayette in 1825. It was finished July 23, 1842, at 
the cost altogether of about $100,000, raised by voluntary contributions. The height is 220 
feet. Its completion celebrated by a procession, &c, and an oration by Daniel Webster, 
president Tyler and 50,000 people present, June 17, 1843. 

BUTTONS, in the U. S. In 1864, $415,863 worth of buttons were imported to New 
York. The number of button factories in 1860, in the U. S. was 59 ; annual value of 
products, $964,350. 



bur] 



AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 13 



BURGLARY. Defined to be a " breaking into and entering, in the night-time, the dwell- 
in"- house of another, in which there shall be a human being, with intent to commit some 
crime." It* is punishable by a term of years' imprisonment, which varies in the different 
States. 

C 

CABRIOLET. One-horse cabriolets (vulgo, cabs) were introduced in London as public 
conveyances in 1823, when the number in use was 12. In 1830, they had increased to 165. 
In 1859 there were in London 5,500 cabs, of which, about 1500 ply on Sunday. Hackney- 
• oaches there are now almost extinct. In 1853 the legal fare was made 6d. per mile. In 
New York and other American cities, a clumsy style of cab was introduced in 1844-5, but 
ot being a desirable shape they were not popular, and soon disappeared. The carriages 
known as the "Victoria" and "Brougham " answer the description of the Cabriolet, but the 
latter term is not used. " Coupees," close carriages drawn by one horse, have been lately 
introduced as private conveyances, (1867), and a few have appeared in New York for public 
ise. 

CABINET, U. S. See Administrations. 

CAIRO, U. S. A town at the southern limit of Illinois, situated at the junction of the 
Mississippi and Ohio, an important military post during the war. First occupied by Illinois 
troops, April, 1861. Expeditions into the States of Tennessee and Kentucky fitted out at 
this point, also part of the gunboat flotilla of the Western waters. 

CALABRIA. See Naples. 

CALIFORNIA, Lower, discovered by Grigalon, sent by Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, 
1534 ; explored by Cortes himself, 1536, and by his subordinate Ulloa, 1538. First settle- 
ment by Viscaino and a small colony sent out by Philip II. of Spain, 1596. Viscaino ex- 
plored the coast and founded St. Diego and Monterey, and was the first Spaniard in Upper 
California, 1602. 

CALIFORNIA, Upper, discovered by Francis Drake, and named New Albion, 1596. 
The Spanish colonists having been expelled by the ill-used natives, the country was granted 
by Charles II. of Spain to the Jesuits in 1697. Jesuit missions and Presidios established in 
New California, 1769. Eighteen missions established up to 1798. California a province of 
, Mexico, 1824; the Mexican governor expelled from Monterey, 1836. California explored by 
the United States expedition, under Wilkes, co-operating with that of Fremont, overland, in 
1841-3. Another expedition under Fremont, 1845-6. Mexican war began 1845. San 
Francisco taken possession of by Com. Montgomery, July 8, 1845. Com. Stockton takes 
possession of Upper California May, August, 1846, and institutes United States military gov- 
rnment. Movements of General Kearney, Lieutenant Emory, &c , 1846. California secured 
o the United States by the treaty with Mexico, 1848. Gold placers first discovered on the 
'j rounds of Captain Sutter, February, 1848. Great emigration from the United States com- 
menced November, 1848. Convention at Monterey for forming a state constitution, Aw. 
31, 1849. Constitution adopted by popular vote, and P. II. Burnet chosen first governor, 
Dec. 1849. In 1831 the population (Mexican) was estimated at 23,000. By the census of 
1850 the number was 92,597 ; by that of 1852 it was 264,435, of whom only 22,193 were 
white females. In 1856 the population was 518,380, of whom 336,380 were Americans; 
15,000 Mexicans; 10,000 Irish; 10,000 Germans ; 2,000 English, and 15,000 various (white) 
nationalities ; 50,000 Chinese ; 65,000 Indians. From 1849 to 1847 inclusive, 75,301 Chinese 
irrived at San Francisco, of whom 17,524 returned during the same time. Population in 
i860, 380,000; in 1866, nearly 500,000. In 1865 there were 947 schools in the State and 
over 100 newspapers and periodicals. From 1848 to 1864, hermines produced $816,500,000. 
Of this $541,600,000 has been coined at the mints. In 1866, the export of gold was $44,360, 
000. Over 18,000,000 bushels of cereals were produced in 1863; 17,000,000 vines were 
growing in 1866, giving 1,252,000 gallons of superior wine. 

CALORIC ENGINE. First reduced to practice by John Ericsson in London in 1833, 
and then considered a success, but not made practically available till 1852. In that year it 
was introduced in a ship of 2,000 tons, which it propelled from New York to Alexandria in 
the Potomac, and back in very rough weather February, 1853. This achievement created 
r z;reat excitement in the scientific world, but the speed attained was not commercially suffi- 
cient. Subsequently Ericsson devised an engine that for all purposes requiring a moderate 
power, has proved entirely successful, and is now extensively used in the United States, Cuba, 
Canada, and in most South American and European States. It is inexplosive, entirely free 
from danger, consumes but little fuel, and requires no water. Innumerable motors have 
been planned and patented by men of science during the last hundred years, but the only 



14 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [can 

one (other than steam engines) that has become an article of use and commerce is Ericsson's 
Caloric Engine, patented in the United States, Dec. 14, 1858. It establishes an epoch in the 
history of motive power. 

CANALS in the United States. Act for commencing the Great Erie Canal in New 
York, passed chiefly through the influence of De Witt Clinton, 1817. The canal (863 miles 
long) completed ; a grand celebration, 1825. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal opened, &c, 
July 4, 1829. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (Md.), cost $10,000,000, completed 
The Lachine Canal, in Canada, Sf miles, cost $235,934 per mile; the Erie Canal cost 
$19,679 per mile. Number of miles completed in 1858, 388; cost $90,000,000. Tolls 
received from U. S. canals in 1866, $4,436,639. Number of boats, 485. By the Erie Canal 
2,235,700 tons of produce from the West were brought to tide-water. 

CANCER. A hospital to receive persons suffering from this fearful disease was founded 
by Miss Burdett Coutts, at Brompton, near London, on May 30, 1859. Experiments to cure 
it by acetic acid in progress in New Haven and New York (1866-7). 

CANNON, U. S. In 1820 the maximum size of guns in American forts was a 24- 
pounder; in 1850 the largest was a 10-inch bore, carrying balls of 124 lbs. A volume of 
reports of experiments in gunmaking was published by the U. S. Ordnance Department in 
1856. Just before the rebellion Capt. Parrott invented at West Point a rifled gun of great 
efficiency. The 10-pounder has a range of 5,000 yards. The 300-pounder can throw a shot 
of 250 lbs. 5^- miles. The guns invented by Major Rodman during the war have a smooth 
chamber ; calibre, from 8 to 20 inches. The first 20-inch gun was cast at Pittsburg in 1864 ; 
weight, 116,000 lbs.; weight of shot, 1000 lbs.; charge, 100 lbs. of powder. The guns 
generally in use in the navy were invented by Capt. Dahlgren, U. S. N. The 9 and 11-inch 
bores are unequalled for powerful effect in close action. An enormous Columbiad is mounted 
at Fortress Munroe, carrying shot of 525 lbs. weight. From 1861 to 1866 the Ordnance 
Department (U. S.) provided 7892 cannon for the army and navy. Steel cannon were first 
manufactured in the U. S. by Mr. N. Niard of New York, June, 1861. 

CAPITOL or the United States. The corner-stone of the original edifice was laid by 
Washington, Sept. 18, 1793. It was burnt by the British 1814; restored 1818. Corner- 
stone of the new wings laid by Pres. Fillmore, July, 1851. The present structure is 751 feet 
long, and covers 3-^- acres. The colossal Statue of' Freedom, by Crawford, was raised to the 
top of the dome Dec. 2, 1863. The iron dome cost $900,000. Up to Nov., 1862, the cost of 
the marble and the cutting and setting of the same was $2,402,000. 

CAROLINA. See iV. and S. Carolina. 

CARPET MANUFACTURE. The value of carpets manufactured in Mass. in 1855 was 
$1,362,000. Carpets imported into the U. S. in 1857, valued at $2,181,290. In 1866 there 
were 200 carpet manufactories in the country, but of these " only six were capable of pro- 
ducing the fine class of carpeting required in the best houses." 

CASUALTIES for 1865. During the year 1865, there were 354 fires in the United 
States where the amount of loss was $20,000 or upwards, at which property was destroyed 
amounting, as estimated, to $43,139,000. The losses by fire from 1855 to 1865, inclusive, 
were $214,588,000. During the year there were 183 railroad accidents, by which 335 persons 
were killed and 1,427 wounded; and 32 steamboat accidents, by which 1,788 were killed and 
265 wounded. During the last twelve years there were 1,413 railroad accidents, by which 
2,204 were killed and 8,356 wounded; and 324 steamboat accidents, by which 5,372 were 
killed and 1,579 wounded. 

CEMETERIES. Some of the rural cemeteries of the United States, especially that at 
Mount Auburn, near Boston (opened in 1831), Laurel Hill, Philadelphia (183-), and Green- 
wood, near New York (1839), are far more beautiful in their natural features than any of 
those near London or Paris. National — For soldiers of the U. S. who fell in battle or died 
in the service. In June, 1866, there were 41 National Cemeteries, with 104,528 graves. Ten 
more were to be added, containing a total of 249,397 graves. The " Antietam National 
Cemetery" has 8,000 graves, half of them marked "unknown." Provision made by Con- 
gress in 1867 for substantial headstones and improvements. Oration delivered by President 
Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg Cemetery, July 4, 1864. In the suburbs of 
New York, several new rural cemeteries have been opened — (1840-67) — viz., Woodlawn, 
Calvary, The Evergreens. 

CFNSUS of the United States has been taken at six different periods, viz., 1790, 
1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, and I860. See Population. The Census is taken by the 
general government every ten years; that of New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Florida is by 



cmr] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 15 

those States taken decennially at intermediate periods, thus giving returns every five years. 
Other States have different periods for a census. In 1865, it was taken in the States of Illinois, 
Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Alabama, Rhode Island, and Iowa. The number 
of persons employed in taking the U. S. census of 1860 was 4,481 ; expense to the Govern- 
ment, $1,045,206. 

CENSUS REPORTS, U. S. In 1700, the entire population of the Anglo-American col- 
onies was 262,000; in 1*750, it was 1,000,000 ; in 1775, 2,389,300. In 1790, the population 
of the United States alone was 3,929,827 ; and in 1860, 31,443,321. Anticipated population 
in 1900, 107,000,000. 

The unimproved lands of the United States, in 1860, amounted to 244,101,818 acres; im- 
proved lands, 163,110,720 acres; cash value of the whole estimated at $6,645,045,007. 

Estimated product of our manufactures in 1860, $4,000,000,000. 

Commercial railroads in the United States, 35,935 miles, costing $1,432,649,000. 

City railroads, 402 miles, costing $14,862,840. 

Slack-water canals and branches, 118, of which 68 cost $147,393,997. 

Real and personal property estimated at $19,089,156,289. 

Educational institutions reported, 113,006 ; teachers, 148,742 ; students, 5,417,880. Col- 
legiate institutions, 445 ; students, 54,969. Churches, 54,000. 

Newspapers, 4,051 ; circulation, 928,000,000 copies. 

Revolutionary army, from 1775 to 1783, 231,791 ; vessels, 4. 

In 1812, regulars, 32,360; volunteers, 6,000; militia, 30,000; navy, 8 frigates and 170 
gun-boats. In 1815, 276 vessels, with 1,636 guns. 

In March, 1865, we had 684 vessels of war, with 4,477 guns, many of them of large 
calibre ; and the aggregate number of men raised for the Union armies was 2,688,000. If 
the Confederate forces be added, the grand total would be reached of 4,000,000 of men at 
arms — the largest force ever yet raised in any country or age of the world. — Christian 
Almanac. 

CHANCERY. In the U. S. federal courts equity and law are both administered, and this 
system was adopted by the State of New York in her Constitution of 1846. 

CHARITIES OF THE WAR in the U. S. A careful statement made of the amount 
contributed by the people of the loyal states for philanthropic purposes connected with the 
war, not including the donations for religious or educational objects, gives the following 
noble record : The total contributions from States, counties, and towns for the aid and relief 
of soldiers, amounted to $187,209,608 62; the contributions of associations and individuals 
for the care and comfort of soldiers were $24,044,865 96; for sufferers abroad, $380,040 74; 
for sufferers by the riots of July, for freedmen and white refugees, $639,633 13: making a 
grand total, exclusive of expenditures of the government,, of $212,274,248 45. 

CHARLESTON, S. C, was first settled in 1680. In 1690 a colony of French refugees, 
exiled in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, settled in Carolina, and some 
of them in Charleston : from them are descended many of the most respectable of the inhabitants. 
At the close of 1779 the city was taken by the British, and held by them until May following. 
Population in 1790, 16,359*; in 1810, 24,711; in 1820, 24,780; in 1830, 30,289; in 1840, 
29,261 — (a decrease of 1,028 in ten years) including 14,673 slaves ; Population in 1860,40,578. 
A severe fire destroyed the business portion of the city, December 11, 1861 ; 17 old hulks 
were sunk by U. S. forces to blockade the channel, December 21, 1861. The city surrendered 
to National troops, February 18, 1865. 

CHATTANOOGA, Battle of, U. S. Fought on Nov. 23, 1863, between the Union armies 
under Gen. Grant, and the Confederates under Gen. Bragg. The Confederates were driven 
from every position. On the right, Hooker stormed Lookout Mountain, Thomas in the cen- 
tre carried the rifle pits, Sherman forced the left after hard fighting. On the 25th the whole 
of Missionary Ridge was in the hands of the Union army, and the enemy completely routed. 
This has been regarded as one of the most brilliant achievements of the war. Union loss 
about 4,000 ; 6,000 Confederate prisoners and 42 guns were captured. 

CHICAGO, Illinois. The growth of this place has been of a remarkable and extraordi- 
nary character. In 1831 it contained about a dozen families. The "town" was organized by 
the election of five trustees, 1833, there being in all 28 voters. First census, 1S37, showed a 
population of 4,170. Population in 1850 was 28,269; in 1855, it was 83,509. 
It is now the largest primary grain depot in the world. Moie than 100 trains of cars arrive 
and depart daily. Receipts of grain in 1857 were $21,856,000. Population in 1860,109,260; 
in 1865, estimated at 180,000. This city is the largest pork-packing depot in the country; 
1,000,000 hogs are annually killed and packed here. Loss by fires in Chicago in 1866, 
$2,457,673. 



16 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [cm 

CHICKAMAUGA, Battle of, U. S. A creek by this name was the scene of a severe bat- 
tle between the Union and Confederate forces, Sept, 19, 20, 1863. The Union right was 
completely broken and retreated. The left under Gen. Thomas withstood the fierce assaults 
of the enemy, and saved the army from a total defeat. Gen. Bragg (Confed.) had been re- 
inforced by Longstreet from Va. Gen. Eosecrans (Union) withdrew to Chattanooga, and 
acted entirely on the defensive for some time after. The entire Rebel loss, as stated in their 
papers, 18,000. Union loss, 16,350, and 36 guns. 

CHINA TRADE. A large trade is developed with China through the city of San Francisco. 
"Flour, wheat, lumber, bacon, butter, cheese, lard, wine, and vegetables are exported from 
that city in increasing quantities." The value of exports from the U. S. to China in 1862, 
was $4,328,500. In 1866, 2,530,000 lbs. of tea were received through San Francisco ; in the 
same year one shipment reached New York, via California and Panama, in 60 days. In 1867 
a regular line of steamers was established between China, Japan and California, owned by the 
Pacific Mail Steamship Co. of New York. Anson Burlingame appointed U. S. Minister to 
China, 1861. 

CHOLERA. The Cholera visited America again in 1865-6, and was most severe at the 
West, especially at Chicago, St. Louis, aud Nashville. From July to Sept. 1866, there were 
5*73 deaths from this disease in Brooklyn, and 583 in N. Y. city. 

CINCINNATI, Ohio, the most populous city west of the Alleghanies in the United 
States, was founded in 1789, bv emigrants from New England and New Jersey. Population 
in 1795, 500; in 1800, 750; 'in 1810, 2,540; in 1820,9,642; in 1830, 24,831; in 1840, 
46,338; in 1850, 115,486; in 1860, 161,044. 

CIDER. In the State of New York (1865), 591,379 barrels of cider were manufactured. 

CIRCULATING LIBRARY. The largest circulating library in the U. S. is the Mercantile 
of N. Y. city. It contains 86,000 volumes, and has 10,000 members ; 12,000 volumes were 
added in 1866, costing $15,000 ; 200 copies of the "Court of Joseph II." were bought to 
supply the demand, and liberal numbers of all new books of general interest. 

CLUBS in the United States. In New York: The most important are the Athenceum, 
founded 1859, in 5 th avenue, afterwards in Union square; now (1867) in Madison square; 
Century, founded in Broadway in 1848, now in 15th street; Eclectic, founded 186- ; Jockey, 
founded 186- ; A r ew York, 18-; Travellers', 1865; Union, 5th avenue and 21st street; 
Union League, founded Feb. 6, 1863, incorporated Feb. 16, 1865; University, founded 1866. 
The Century and the Athenceum were originated as " associations for the advancement of 
literature and art." The Union League was started on the basis of " unconditional loyalty " 
to the government, and to aid in the suppression of treason and rebellion. It was said to 
have made loyalty " fashionable in the best circles." It raised three regiments of colored 
troops for the U. S. volunteer forces, and otherwise rendered important services. In Phila- 
delphia, the Union League Club, founded Dec. 27, 1862, was the foremost of its kind in the 
U. S. It raised ten regiments for the government. It numbers 2,000 members, and has a 
magnificent club-house. One of the oldest clubs in Philadelphia was the Wistar. In Boston 
the Union League Club was founded in 1863. 

COAL in the United States. Lehigh coal from Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, first mined 
and used, 1806. According to Mr. Lyell, the coal strata in Pennsylvania, Ohio, &c, extend 
700 miles. The "Statistics of Coal," by R. C. Taylor, published in Philadelphia in 1854, give 
a full and reliable account of coal products in all parts of the world. The anthracite coal of 
Pennsylvania was first used by a blacksmith in the Wyoming Valley in 1775. Bituminous 
coal first mined in U. S. in 1845. Total amount produced in 1860, 6,218,080 tons. Amount 
of all coals in 1860, 14,333,992 tons. Coal is worked in fifteen of the States. The upper 
seam of the Pittsburg coal fields is estimated to contain 53,516 million tons. A single 
lump of coal, weighing 4 tons, was sent to the Paris Exposition of 1867. The area of coal 
in the U. S. is 206,939 square miles ; 470 miles is anthracite in Pennsylvania. The product 
in 1865 was 22,000,000 tons, of which 10,000,000 was anthracite. 

COFFEE and TEA. The consumption in the United States at different periods is report- 
ed by the Secretary of the Treasury thus : 

1S21 Tea, 4,5S6,223 lbs Coffee, 11,886,063 lbs. 

1830 " 6,873,0911bs " 38,363,687 lbs. 

1835 " 12,331,638 lbs " 91,753,002 lbs. 

1842 " 13,482,645 lbs " 107,387,567 lbs. 

1846 " 16,891.020 lbs " 124,336.054 lbs. 

1856 " 240,676,227 lbs. 

In 1867 a company was being organized to introduce the cultivation of coffee in South 
Florida. The duty on imports of coffee, by tariff of July, 1862, is five cents per pound. 



coi] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 17 

COIN of the U. S. The U. S. Mint was established in 1792. The gold coinage consists 
of double eagles $20, eagles, half-eagles, quarter-eagles, and dollars. Gold dollars were first 
coined in 1849. The first deposit of California gold for coining was made by Mr. David 
Carter, 1,804 ounces, Dec. 8, 1848. 

COINAGE of the IT. S. Mint from 1*793 to 1866, inclusive :— 

Gold. Tata!. ■ 

1793 to 1S50, 57i years, $117,569,325 $196,054,037 

1S51 to 1860, 9* years, 470,838,180 520,175.550 

lSbl to 1S66, 6 years, 257,128,585 £71,194,433 

Total, $845,536,590 $987,424,026 

COLLEGES in thk United Statj.s. The first established was Harvard, at Cambridge, 
Mass., by John Harvard, 1638 ; and this is now the most important and best endowed in the 
United States. The second was William and Mary, in Virginia, 1693. Third, Yale, at New 
Haven, 1*700. Fourth, College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1*746. Fifth, Columbia, New York, 
1754. Sixth, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1755. Seventh, Brown University, 
Providence, 1764. Eighth, Dartmouth, at Hanover, N. H., 1769. Ninth, Rutgers, New 
Brunswick, N. J., 1770. These were all prior to the Revolution. The first medical school 
was that at Philadelphia, founded 1784. The first law school was founded at Litchfield, Conn., 
1782. In 1857 there were 118 colleges in the United States; 47 theological schools; 15 law 
schools ; 39 medical schools. See Education, Schools, &c. 

COLOKADO, U. S. A territory of the U. S. organized March, 1861. Area, 104,000 square 
miles. Capital, Denver City. In 1862, $12,000,000 in gold was produced from its mines. 
Population in 1860, 34,230, and about 6,000 Indians. A bill to admit the territory as a state 
passed Congress, but was vetoed, May, 1883. 

COLUMBIA, District of. A tract of country 10 miles square, ceded by Virginia and 
Maryland to the United States, for the purpose of forming the seat of government. It in- 
cluded the cities of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria; but in 1843 the latter was re- 
ceded to Virginia. Population in 1800, 14,093; in 1840, 43,712, including 8,361 free 
colored persons, and 4,694 slaves. In 1850, 51,687, including 3,687 slaves ; in 1860, 61,403 ; 
in 1864, 75,000, including 31,500 blacks. In 1866, 74 colored schools were in operation in 
the district. Its area is 60 square miles. Population in 1867, 118,800, of whom there were 
several thousand more women than men. Impartial suffrage bill passed by Congress, admit- 
ting colored voters in the district, 1867 : first in force at the municipal election of 1867, when 
colored votes were cast for city officers. 

COMMANDERS IN CHIEF, U. S. Army :— 

Jacob Brown, 1821. George B. McCIellan, 1S61. 

Alexander Macomb, 1835. Henry W. Halleek, 1862. 

Winfield Scott, 1341. TJ. S. Grant, 1864. 

COMMERCIAL FAILURES. The circular of Dun, Boyd & Co. of New York, gives the 
following statistics of failures in the U. S. 

1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 

Failures 1937 4,225 3,913 3,676 

Amount $291,750,000 .595,750,000 $64,294,000 $78,807,000 

Of the 3,676 failures in 1860, 695 are set down as swindlers; their debts amounting to 
$10,664,000. In the Northern States, in 1S62, the number of failures was 1,652; liabilities 
$23,049,300. In 1865, 530; $17,625,000. 

COMETS. Two new comets were discovered in 1862; one at Athens, Greece, July 2d 
another at Cambridge, Mass., July 18th. Besides these, the regular return of Encke's comet 
took place in the beginning of the year. In 1863, five new comets were found, none of them 
in the U. S. ; one only was visible to the naked eye with any certainty. 

CONCORDANCE. Mrs. Cowden Clarke's Concordance to Shakespeare, a remarkable 
monument of a woman's intelligent and patient industry, was completed in 1844, after ten 
years' labor. 

CONGRESS, U. S. A. The first Colonial Congress, composed of the delegates from nine 
of the colonies (Mass., R. I., Conn., N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., S. C), met at N. Y. Dec. 7, 
1765 ; Tim. Ruggles, Pres. The Continental Congress met at Phila. Sept. 5th, 1774; again 
May 10, 1775: adopted Decl. Indep. July 4, 1776; met at Bait. Dec. 20, 1776; at Phila. 



place of meeting until the adop- 
tion of the constitution, 1789: removed to Phila. 1790; to Washington 1800. The ap- 



18 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [con 

portionment made by Congress, March 4, 1862, under the census of 1860, increased the num- 
ber of Representatives to 242. There were also 9 Delegates from the Territories, who 
deliberate but have no vote. The Senators in 1860 were 62 in number. Each Senator and 
Representative is allowed $10,000 compensation for each Congress (two years), deducting 
for absence (1866). In the 39th Congress there were 52 Senators and 192 Representatives, 
the Southern States not yet being represented. In the 40th Congress (1867), the same 
number, with the addition of Senators and Representatives from Tennessee. 

CONGRESS, "Confederate." Delegates from seven Southern States met at Montgom- 
ery, Alabama, Feb. 4, 1861, to organize a congress; Howell Cobb, chairman. On the 8th, a 
constitution was adopted similar to that of the U. S. On the 9th, a President and Vice Pres. 
were elected for the " Confederacy," Jeff. Davis and Alex. H. Stephens. Virginia was admit- 
ted into it May 7, 1861. May 22, it adjourned to meet at Richmond, Va., on July 20, 1861. 
The Confederate Government was compelled to leave the city in haste, by the approach of 
the National army, April 3, 1865. Its Congress never assembled again. 

CONNECTICUT. One of the U. States : first settled in 1633, at Windsor, by a colony 
from Massachusetts. Hartford settled by the English in 1635, the Dutch having previously 
built a fort there which they did not permanently hold. English colony founded at New 
Haven, 1638. The two colonies of New Haven and Hartford united by a charter of Charles 
II., in 1655. This charter, when in danger from the tyranny of Andros, was preserved in an 
oak, near Hartford, since called the Charter Oak. Conn, took an active part in the Revolu- 
tion ; a number of its towns, Danbury, N. London, &c, burnt by the British during that strug- 
gle. It became one of the original 13 States, adopting the constitution of the Union in 1788, 
by a vote ofl2S to 40. Population 1713, 17,000; 1790, 237,946; 1810,261,942; 1830, 
297,655 ; 1840, 309,978 ; 1850, 370,792 ; 1860, 460,670. 

CONSERVATIVE, U. S. A term used in American politics to denote the opposite of ex- 
treme and sectional views. In the Presidential campaign of 1860, Mr. Fillmore was known 
as the candidate of the " Conservative party," in distinction from the anti-slavery party of the 
North and the pro-slavery party of the South. 

CONSTITUTION or the U. S. Adopted by the general convention of delegates from all 
the (then) States, May, 1787. Ratified by the several States at different times. See the re- 
spective States. The 50th anniversary of Washington's inauguration was celebrated in New 
York as a jubilee of the constitution, and John Quincy Adams pronounced an oration before 
the Hist. Soc'y, April 30, 1840. The great amendment to the constitution abolishing 
slavery in the U. S., passed Congress, Jan. 1865. Three fourths of the States, 27 in number, 
ratified it, and it became the law of the land, Dec. 18, 1865. Another amendment passed 
Congress, June 13, 1866, declaring all men to be equal before the law ; that Representatives 
shall be apportioned according to the whole number of persons in each State ; that no person 
who shall have engaged in the insurrection shall hold any office under the U. S. Govern- 
ment ; and that the validity of the National debt shall not be questioned nor the Rebel debt 
recognized. This amendment has not yet (1867) been ratified by three fourths of the 
States. 

CONSULS, U. S. See Ambassadors. 

CONTRABANDS, U. S. In May, 1861, some slaves coming into the lines of Gen. Butler 
at Fort Monroe, Va., he refused to surrender them to their owners on the ground that they 
were " Contraband of War." Since then the term has been used for " blacks or slaves." 

CONTRIBUTIONS, in aid of the Government op the U. S. (1861-65). See Charities. The 
contributions from States, counties, and towns for the aid and relief of Union soldiers, amount- 
ed to $187,209,608. The contributions of associations and individuals for the care and com- 
fort of soldiers were $24,044,865 : for sufferers abroad, $380,040 : for sufferers by the riots of 
July, for freedmen and white refugees, $639,633. Total voluntary contributions of the people 
of the loyal States, $212,274,248. The famous Sanitary and Christian Commissions, in which 
hundreds volunteered their services for the relief of soldiers, were of invaluable assistance to 
the Government during the war. 

CONVENTIONS in the U. S. In Feb. 1861, a Convention of distinguished men from the 
States met at Washington, D. C, as a Peace Conference to propose compromise measures 
between the North and South. Their propositions were referred to Congress, which re- 
jected them, however. 

COPYRIGHT in United States. The first act for the protection of literary property in 
the United States, passed chiefly through the influence of Noah Webster, the lexicographer, 
May 31, 1790. Another act in relation to it, April 29, 1802— granting copyright for 14 
years, subject to renewal for 14 years if the author is living. Memorial of 56 British authors 



cop] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 19 

askin"- for International Copyright, presented in the Senate by Mr. Clay, Feb. 1, 1837. Act 
to establish the Smithsonian Institute, requiring that copies of books to secure the copyright 
must be deposited in there as well as in the library of Congress, and office of Sec. State, Aug. 
10 1846. This act modified so that the copy must be sent to the library of Congress. The 
law of 1831 gives an author exclusive right to his works for 28 years, and a right of renewal 
to himself, his wife and children for 14 years more, making 42 years in all. No foreigner 
can secure a copyright unless residing in the U. S. So far (1867) the American Government 
has refused or failed to respond to the British offer of reciprocity in literary copyright. A 
treaty for this purpose was framed by Mr. Everett in 1854, but never acted upon. 

COPYRIGHT OF BOOKS, Produce of. The most profitable copyrights in the U. S. have 
been those on school-text-books, many of which have yielded large sums to the authors. Of 
literary and historical works the most profitable have been the works of Prescott, Bancroft, 
Irving, Longfellow, Kane, Mrs. Stowe, and the several Histories of the late Rebellion. 

COPYRIGHT, International. In England in 1838 and 1852 acts were passed to secure to 
authors, in certain cases, the benefit of international copyright (1 & 2 Vict. c. 59 & 15 Vict. c. 
12), and conventions were in consequence entered into with France, Russia, Saxony, &c. Up to 
1854, American and other authors were (informally) allowed a copyright in England when their 
works were first or simultaneously published there ; but the House of Lords, in the case of 
Jeffrey vs. Boosey, decided in 1854 that the privilege should be enjoyed only by authors of 
those nations which reciprocated it, unless the author resides in England. 

CORINTH, U. S., a town in northern Mississippi ; important during the war as a mili- 
tary position. After the battle of Pittsburg Landing Gen. Beauregard (Confed.) entrenched 
himself there and was partially besieged by U. S. forces under Gen. Halleck. Heavy fight- 
ing there May 27, 1862. The place was evacuated by the Rebels, May 29, 1862. 

CORN (INDIAN), U. S. See Agriculture. The monthly report of agriculture for December 
contains a final estimate of the corn crop of 1866. The total result is 880,000,000 bushels. 
Corn used for fuel in Iowa in 1865. It is said to give as much heat per bushel as coal. Ex- 
ports of corn in 1866 amounted to $12,299,879. 

COSTUME. An attempt to introduce a semi-masculine female costume known as 
Bloomers (from Mrs. Bloomer, of Seneca, N. Y.) was made in 184 — , but with very limited 
success. It was overshadowed by the other extreme, the crinoline, ascribed to the empress 
Eugenie, originating a few months before the birth of the heir to the French throne (about 
1854). The latter was the prevailing fashion until 1866-7, when itwas superseded by a walk- 
ing dress with a very small expansion. 

COTTON, U. S. The exports of cotton since 1821, have thus advanced (stated in millions 
of pounds weight) : — 



1821 124 millions, average price 16 cts. 



1830 


298 


1S40 


743 


1S49 


1026 


1850 


635 


1855 


1098 


1S56 


1351 


1857 


1048 


1858 


1118 



16 cts. 


1859 


1386 


9 " 


I860 


1767 


14 " 


1861 


307 


6 " 


1862 


5 


11 " 


1863 


11 


8 " 


1864 


10j 


9 " 


1865 


& 


12 " 


1866 


650 


11 " 







1386 millions, average price 11 cts 

" " II " 

" 114 " 

" " 66 " 

" '« 83 " 



Total value of cotton exported in 39 years, 2383 millions of dollars. Value in 1859, 161 mil- 
lions. The ratios of cotton imported by Great Britain in the 5 years 1844-9, were as follows : 
U. States 7S-J per cent ; India 10| ; Brazil 7 ; Egypt 3£ ; W. Indies, &c. i per cent. In England 
a cotton supply association to obtain from Africa, India, &c, was formed at Manchester about 
1857. _ Lieut. Burton, who explored the interior of Africa in 1859, states that cotton grows 
there in great profusion, and a decent kind of cotton cloth is manufactured by the natives. 
In the U. S. the estimates show a total product of 1,750,000 bales of 400 pounds each in 1866. 
The estimates are made up as follows : North Carolina, 91,000 bales ; South Carcliua 152,000 : 
Georgia, 205,000; Florida, 36,000; Alabama, 220,000; Mississippi, 270,000; Louisiana, 
100,000; Texas, 300,000; Arkansas, 182,000; Tennessee, 148,000; other States, 87,000 bales. 
In 1860 the product of the U. S. was 5,19S,077 bales. Revenue to the Government from the 
production of cotton in 1866, $18,409,655. Exports of cotton in 1866 amounted to $281,385,223. 
Imports of cotton manufactures in 1866, $30,166,300. 

COTTON SPINDLES in operation in Europe and America, 1851. The following was the 
estimated number of spindles in actual operation: Great Britain, 17,000,500; France, 
4,300,000; Zollverein States, 815,000; Russia, 700,000; Switzerland, 650,000; Belgium, 
420,000 ; Spain, 300,000 ; Italy, 300,000. Total, 27,485,000 



20 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [cot 

In the XL S. iu 1850, the number of spindles employed in the five New England States 
■was 2,751,078 ; in 11 other States, 230,480. Number of spindles in the whole country I 
1860, 5,235,727. 

COTTON-GIN. This invention, in 1793, by Eli Whitney of New Haven, gave an extra- 
ordinary impetus to the culture of cotton in the U. S. It cleans and prepares 300 lbs. per 
day ; by the old mode only a single pound a day could be cleansed. 

COUETS-MARTIAL, U. S. By Act of Congress, May 29, 1830, officers commanding 
distinct posts, and all general officers, can convene Courts-Martial. There are several limit- 
ations to the act. The number forming a court is from 5 to 13. Great numbers of these 
Courts were in session during the late war. In 1866, 8,188 records of Courts-Martial and 
Military Commissions were received and reviewed at the Bureau of Military Justice, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

COURT, SUPREME, of the U. S. By Act of Congress, July 23, 1866, no vacancy in 
this Court is to be filled, until the number is reduced to one Chief Justice and six associate 
Justices. Before this there were eight associate Justices. 

The U. S. is divided into nine districts for Circuit Courts. 

CRIME, New York City. Who Furnish our Criminals and Paupers. A recent pub- 
lication states that of the criminals in New York city for twenty-one months, 31,088 were 
natives of this country, while 89,589 were foreigners; of whom 60,442 were Irish, 9,488 
Germans, and 4,000 English. Of 28,821 persons admitted to the alms-house in ten years, 
22,468 were foreigners; 15,948 were Irish, 1,240 Germans, and 1,297 English, During the 
same time, of 50,015 admitted to Bellevue hospital, 41,851 were foreigners. Of 4,335 in- 
mates of the lunatic asylum, 3,360 were foreigners. Of 251,344 committed to the city prison, 
only 59,385 were natives, while 86,431 professed to be members of the church of Rome. 
— Number of arrests in New York city, in 1865, 39,616. — 11,222 were convicted in the 
court of Special Sessions. During the war, there was a marked diminution of punished crime 
throughout the country. See Prisons. 

CRYSTAL PALACE in New York, built chiefly of iron and glass, in form of a cross, 
with a dome, was commenced Oct. 1852. Exhibition opened to the public (Pres. Pierce 
being present) August, 1853. The building destroyed by fire, with its contents, as exhibit ■ 
by Amer. Institute, Sept. 1859. 

CUSTOMS (DUTIES) in the United States. The amounts collected were, in 



1789 . 


. $4,399,473 


1825 


$20,098,714 


1847 


$23,747,864 


1S00 


. 9,080,938 


1830 . 


. 21,922,391 


lf48 . 


31,757,070 


1805 . 


. 12,936,487 


1835 


19,391,311 


1850 


39,000,000 


1810 


. 8,583,309 


1840 . 


. 13,499,940 


1855 . 


53.000,000 


1815 . 


7,282,942 


1845 


27,528,113 


1863 


69,000,000 


1820 . 


. 15,005,612 


1846 . 


. 26,712,628 


1865 . 


. 179,000,000 



Total amount from 1789 to 1861, $1,575,152,579 92c. Expenses of collecting Customs 
duties in 1863, $3,238,936 00. 

D 

DAGUERREOTYPES. In 1855 not less than 15,000 persons were engaged in this busi- 
ness in theU. S. In 1867 the number must be nearer 30,000. The art of photography on 
paper, however, is rapidly superseding the former use of metal plates. See Photography. 

DEAF AND DUMB, BLIND, AND INSANE PERSONS, in the United States. In 1840 
there were 6,916 blind persons, or 1 in 2,467 of the population ; 7,659 deaf and dumb, or 1 
in 2,228 ; 17,434 insane and idiotic, or 1 in 979. There were in the United States 23 asylums 
for the insane, with about 2,840 patients. In the United States in 1860 there were 14,: 
Deaf and Dumb persons. The Institution for such persons situated at N. Y. City, is 
largest for the " instruction of deaf-mutes only, in its accommodations and number of pupue, 
in the world," (National Almanac). Number of teachers in Dec, 1863, 16, of whom 8 were 
deaf-mutes. Number of pupils 332. The asylum was founded in 1817. Whole number of 
graduates 1300. In 1862 there were 22 institutions in the country for the deaf and dumb, 
with 130 teachers and 2000 pupils. Their annual support requires about $350,000, of which. 
$300,000 is appropriated by the Legislatures of 29 States. Among the most prominent and 
successful of the philanthropists who have promoted the education and good treatment of 
the above persons in the United States are Dr. Amariah Brigham, Dr. Butler, and Rev. T. 
H. Gallaudet, of Hartford ; Dr. S. G. Howe, of Boston. 

DEATH. Punishment of, U. S., is inflicted for the crimes of murder, treason, and arson 
in the first degree. Capital punishment is abolished in the State of Wisconsin. 



nEB ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 21 

DEBT, NATIONAL, U S. See National Debt. 

DECIMAL SYSTEM of Coinage, Weights, &c, was established in France in 1*790, and 
shortly after in other countries. The subject, was brought before the English Parliament in 
1.8-14: 1838 1843 1853, 1S54, 1855. The decimal currency was adopted in Canada, 1858. 
International Decimal Association formed at London, 1855. Congr ss of the U. S. passed laws 
Ijializiiig the use of the Metric system in the country, in 186-, without at once substituting 
I for our present system. It is already used in some arts and trades. By act of Congress, 
■illy 27 1866, the Secretary of the Treasury is to furnish each State with one set of the 
Standard weights and measures of the Metric System. 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence 
(North Carolina) was passed in May, 1775, two mouths before that drawn up by Jefferson at 
Philadelphia. 

DEGREES, U. S. Acndemical degrees are marks of distinction conferred on students, in 
testimony of their proficiency in arts and sciences. They are of pontifical origin. — Bouvier. 
Graduates of American colleges are Bachelors of Arts, A. B. By a further course of study 
for three years, they become Master of Arts, A. M. The title Doctor of Medicine, M. D. is 
conferred" on students on their graduation from Medical schools ; but Doctor of Divinity 
(D. D.), and of Law (LL. D.), is an honorary degree conferred by Faculties on distinguished 
persons. 

DELAWARE. The smallest of the IT. States except R. Island. First settled in 1630. by 
the Swedes and Finns under the patronage of Gustavus Adolphus, and received the name of 
New Sweden. They were subdued in 1655 by the Dutch, who in turn surrendered it, with 
New Netherlands, to the English in 166-1, and then named Delaware. The Duke of York 
granted it to Wm. Penn, in 1682, and it remained nominally united to Pennsylvania until 
1775. This State bore an honorable part in the Revolution, and suffered much in the 
struggle. She adopted the Constitution of the U. S. bv a unanimous vote in Convention, 
Dec. 3, 1787. Population,— 1790, 59,094 ; 1840,78,085"; including 2,605 slaves. Popula- 
tion in 1850, 89,242, and 2,290 slaves ; in 1860, 110,548, and 1,805 slaves. The Delaware 
Breakwater, two-thirds of a mile long, cost the Government $2,01)0,000. 

DETROIT, Michigan, U. S. Established as a military post by the French, 1670. Came 
into the possession of the British, 1760. In 1783 surrendered to the United States. In 1812, 
captured by the British, but evacuated in the same year. In 1805, the town was completely 
destroyed by fire. It was the capital of the State until 1850. Population in 1865, about 
60,000. 

DESIGN, ACADEMY OF, of N. Y. Founded in 1826. A beautiful building, in the Gothic 
style, was erected in 1863. Architect, P. B. Wight ; cost, $150,000. There is an annual ex- 
hibition of paintings, lasting from April to July. 

DICTIONARY, U. S. Noah Webster's great American Dictionary of the English language, 
in two quarto volumes, was first published at New Haven, in 18-J8. It was reprinted in Lon- 
don, under the supervision of E. H. Barker, 1832. The revised edition of Webster's Diction- 
ary, in one volume quarto, was issued by its present proprietors (Messrs. Merriam), in 1844-5. 
A new and enlarged edition appeared in 1864 : it contains 114,000 words, and 3,000 illustra- 
tions. Worcester's edition, in quarto, was published in 1860. It is also illustrated, and cou- 
sins 104,000 words. The former is edited at Yale College, the latter at Cambridge, Mass. 

DIPLOMACY of the United States. List of ministers plenipotentiary to Great Britain 
and France. 



Great Britain. 
^"SZ John Adams. 
1789 Gouv. Morris, commissioner. 
1792 Thomas Pinckney, of H. C.min.plen. 

1794 John Jay, of N. Y. do. 

1795 Rufus King, do. do. 
1803 James Monroe, Va > Jointly 
1&06 William Pinckney, Mass. \ in 1806. 
1808 William Pickney, do. alone, min. plen. 
1815 John Qui ey Adams, Mass. do. 
1817 Richard Rush, Pa. do. 
1826 Albert Gallatin, N. Y. do. 

128 James Barbour, Va. do. 

1830 Louis MoLane, Del. do. 

1831 M. Van Buren, N. Y. do. 
I 32 Aaron Vail, charge d'affaires. 

T.^36 And. Stevenson, Va. miniater plen. 
1341 Edward Everett, Mass. do. 

1S45 Louis McLane, Md. do. 



France. 
1776 B. Franklin, S. Deane, and A. Lee, com'rs. 
1790 Wm. Short, of Va., charge d'affaires. 
1792 Gouv. Morris, N. J., minister plen, 
1799 James Monme, Va. do, 

1796 C. C. Pinckney, S. C. ( do. 

1797 E. Gerry and J. Marshall, \ do. 
1799 01. Ellsw..rth, P. Henry. } , 

andW VansMurrav, $ ao ' 
1801 James A. Bayard, Del. do. 
1801 It. U. Livingston, N.Y. do. 
1804 John Armstrong, do. do. 

1811 .loel Barlow, Conn. do, 

1813 "Wm. H. Crawford, Geo. do. 
1815 Albert Gallatin. Pa. do. 

1823 James Brown, La. do. 

1830 Wm. C. Rives. Va, do. 

1833 Edward Livingston, La, do. 
1836 Lewis Cass, Mich, do. 



22 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [dip 



3846 George Bancroft, Mass. min. plcn. 
1849 Abbott Lawrence, do. do. 

1852 JarnesBuchanan, Pa. do. 

1653 James K. Ingersoll do. do. 

1856 George M. Dallas, do. do. 

1861 CIib. Francis Adams, Mass. do. 



1844 Wm. It. King, Ala. min. plen. 

1849 W.C. Rives, Va. do. 

1853 James Y. Mason, Va. do. 

1S57 Charles J. Faulkner, Va. do. 

1S61 Wm. L. Dayton, N. J. do. 

1865 John Higelow, N. Y. do. 

1866 John A. Dix, do. do. 



DIPHTHERIA, U. S. The number of deaths by this disease in New York State, from Dec. 
1864 to June 1865, was 2942. 

DIRECTORY, New York City. The earliest published was in 1*786 : a small volume of 
eighty-two pages, printed by Shepherd Kollock, Wall street. The names of the individuals 
and firms include about 900, and occupy thirty-three pages, the remainder being filled with 
general statistics of the city, United States Government, Post Office Regulations, &c. In his 
address, the editor states it was the "first directory ever attempted in this country." The 
New York Historical Society possesses a complete set from its first publication. The Direct- 
ory of 1866-7 contains 176,511 names; increase of 10,367 over 1865-6. The volume for 
1867-8 contains 177,317 names; a further increase of 806 only. 

DISPENSARIES, U. S. There are eleven in New York City. The oldest was founded in 
1795. The poor receive treatment and medicine in them free of charge. 

DISTILLATION, U. S. The number of Distilleries in the U. S. in 1860 was 1,138, em- 
ploying a capital of $24,253,000. Number in New York State in 1865, 67. The consump- 
tion of distilled spirits in U. S. in 1865 was about 40,000,000 gallons. It appeared in that 
year that for every three gallons that paid the revenue tax, five evaded the payment. The 
revenue amounted to $29,198,000. 

DIVORCE for adultery. In this country adultery is a ground of divorce in all the 
States. In Massachusetts, Maine, and New Jersey, wilful desertion for five years, and in 
some other States desertion for two and three years, and some other causes, are ground for 
divorce. Divorce has been granted most frequently in Vermont, Connecticut, and Indiana. 
In Connecticut cruel treatment is a ground of absolute divorce. The Ministers of the Gos- 
pel in that State have called the attention of the Legislature to the laxity of its Divorce 
Laws (1867). 

DOGS, laws about, U. S. In New York dogs are required to be muzzled during June, 
July, and August. A reward of fifty cents is given for every dog brought to the pound un- 
muzzled. Unless redeemed in 24 hours they are drowned. In 1866, 4,819 dogs were drown- 
ed in New York City, at an expense of $3,000. 

DUELLING. The most noted American duels were these: two during the Revolution, 
viz., Gen. Charles Lee and Col. John Laurens; and Gen. Cadwallader and Conway (1778). 
Gen. Greene was challenged by a Capt. Gunn of Georgia, but refused to fight, and his refu- 
sal was approved by Washington. Gen. Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. 
Com. Decatur killed by Com. Barron, March 22, 1820. Henry Clay encountered John Ran- 
dolph, April 8, 1826. Gen. Jackson killed Mr. Dickinson, and had other duels. Col. Benton 
killed a Mr. Lucas, and had other duels. Cilley, of Maine, killed by Graves, of Kentucky, 
both mem. of Cong.), 1838. Dewitt Clinton exchanged five shots with John Swartwout, 
1802. See Millingen's Hist, of Duelling, and Sabine's Notes on Duels, 1855. 

E 

EDUCATION in the U. S. has been largely promoted and systematized since 1835 by 
the efforts and publications of Horace Mann, Henry Barnard, Dan P. Page, Alonzo Potter, 
Barnas Sears, and others. Am. Inst, of Instruction organized at Boston Aug. 19, 1830, and 
has held annual meetings since. During the last two years of the war, 1864-5, the very large 
sum of $848,000 was donated to New England colleges. The New England seminaries for 
young ladies meanwhile received less than a fiftieth part of the above noble subsidy. The 
munificent donation of George Peabody ($2,000,000) to promote education in the Southern 
States was confided to a Board of Trustees, Robert C. Winthrop of Boston, President, 1867 ; 
and Barnas Sears, President of Brown University, accepted the general agency of this 
Trust. See Colleges and Schools. 

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. Prof. Morse's services to the world as the originator of the 
practical application of electro-magnetism to telegraphing, were acknowledged by the French 
Government in 1859, by the voluntary presentation to him of $80,000 (?); and by public 
honors and rewards from other governments of Europe in 1860. 

ELECTRIC Telegraph Lines. In 1860, in America, 45,000 miles; in England, 10,000; 



esib] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 23 

in France, 8,000 ; in Germany and Austria, 10,000 ; in Prussia, 4,000 ; in Russia, 5,000 ; in 
the rest of Europe, 7,650; in India, 5,000; in Australia, 12,000; elsewhere, 500. Total in 
1858, 96,350. Over all the lines in the United States the number of messages per year is 
estimated at 4,000,000. It is supposed that a telegraph could be laid around the globe for 
less than half the cost of the Erie railroad. See Submarine Telegraph. In the United States 
the overland line from Missouri to California was completed Oct. 22, 1861. A cable was 
laid across Chesapeake Bay from Fortress Monroe in 1861. Ninety-five lines of telegraph 
are laid under American rivers. 

EMBARGO in the United States. Embargo on all vessels in the ports of the 
United States, passed by Congress with reference to the quarrel with Great Britain after the 
attack on the U. S. frigate Chesapeake, 180*7. Repealed, and non-intercourse act passed, 
1809. Embargo again laid for 90 days, April, 1812. War declared June 19, 1812. 

EMIGRATION to the United States. The total number of alien emigrants who 
arrived in the U. S. from 1819 to 1856, was 4,212,624. From 1784 to 1819, the number did 
not probably exceed 150,000 ; in all, say 5,000,000 arrived from 1784 up to January, 1859. 
Of this number about 2,600,000 came from Great Britain and Ireland ; 1,600,000 from 
Germany ; 200,000 from France ; 50,000 from Sweden and Norway ; 40,000 from Switzer- 
land, and 18,000 from Holland. {Appleton's Cyclo.) The commission for receiving emigrants 
at Castle Garden, N. Y. City, was established in 1847. From that time to 1867, 3,658,800 
emigrants have landed there. See Aliens. 

ENCYCLOPEDIA. Tlie Iconographic Cyclopedia, 6 vols., based on a German work, pub- 
lished at New York, 1853-4. The English Cyclopedia (Charles Knight), based on the Penny 
Cyclopedia, 1855-60. The 8th edition of Encyclop. Britannica completed 1860. Appleton's 
Cyclopedia, 1857-62, 16 vols. (N. York). Appleton's " Annual Cyclopedia," begins with the 
year 1861, and is a complete review of the great events in the world, of each year. The 
volumes, 1861-5, contain a valuable history of the war. 

ENLISTMENT, U. S. The following is a list of the various " calls" for troops by the 
Government during the war: — 

Date of Call. 
April 15, 1862 
May to June 25, 1862 . . 
July 2, 1862 
Aug. 4, 1862 
Oct. 17, 1863 
Feb. 1, 1864 
March 14,1864 
July 18, 1864 
Dec. 19, 1864 

There were other calls for 30 and 100 days' men. The whole number called for was 
2,759,049; total obtained, 2,656,553. By Act of March 3, 1863, called the "Conscription 
Act," the President was authorized to draft troops. The act provided for an enrollment, a 
draft, the reception of substitutes, and arrest of deserters. About 3,000,000 men between 
the ages of 20 and 45 were enrolled. The calls from Oct. 17, 1863, were orders for drafts. 
But probably not more than 50,000 drafted men performed personal service. Substitutes 
were obtained. " The Substitute Fund" of the Government, consisting of money paid in 
as a release from service, and which was used as a " Bounty Fund " for volunteers, amounted 
to $25,902,029. See Army of U. S. 

EPISCOPAL CHURCH in the United States. Episcopacy established in New York 
by law, 1693 ; introduced into Connecticut, 1706. The first bishops of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church in America were Bishops White of Pennsylvania and Provost of New 
York, consecrated inLondon, 1787. First Episcopal convention, 1789. Bishops of Vermont, 
New Jersey, Kentucky, and Ohio consecrated at New York, Nov. 2, 1832. 

EQUITY COURTS op U. S. In New England, New York, and several other States, 
the same Judge may try cases of Equity as well as of Law. There are no Chancellors in 
these States. In New York the distinction between " actions at law and suits in equity," 
was abolished in 1849. In New Jersey, Delaware, and other States, the English form of 
Chancery Courts and practice is still preserved (1867). 

ESQUIRE, title of, U. S. A title applied by courtesy to officers of almost every des- 
cription, to members of the bar, and others. No one is entitled to it by law, and, therefore, 
it confers no distinction in law. — Bouvier. 

ETHNOLOGY. The study of the relations of the different divisions of mankind to each 
other. It is of recent origin. Balbi's Ethnographic Atlas was published in 1826, and Dr. 



Number of 3fsn. 


Term of Service. 


Number obtained. 








530,000 

300,000 




714,213 

431,958 


300,000 




374,807 


500,000 
300,000 


.... 1-2-3" years 
, . . . 1-2-3 years 


384,882 
204,568 



24 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [exc 

Prichnrd's great work, Researches on the Physical History of Mankind, 1841-7. Tlie London 
Ethnological Society, established in 1843, publishes its transactions. Dr. R. S. Latham's 
works, on the Ethnology of the British Empire, appeared in 1861-2. The American Ethnolo- 
gical Society was founded in New York in 184-. Albert Gallatin was its first president. It, 
has published 3 or 4 vols, of " Transactions." The works of Schoolcraft on the history of 
American Indians are copious and valuable. The belief in the original unity of the human 
race has been opposed in the works of Nott and Gliddon (Ethnological Researches), Agassiz 
and others, 1854-9. Mr. George Peabody, in 1S66, donated to Yale College $160,000 to 
maintain a museum and Professorship of Archaeology and Ethnology, also a like amount for 
the same purpose to Harvard College. 

EXCISE LAW, U. S. See Internal Revenue. 

EXCHANGE (Merchants') in New York. The present, building, on the site of the one 
destroyed in the great fire of 1835, was commenced in 1836, and finished in 1840. It is of 
blue granite, and cost $1,800,000. In 1864 it was purchased by the U. S. government 
for use as the Custom House. That of Boston, also of Quincy granite, finished in 1846. 

EXPLORING EXPEDITION (U. S.), consisting of the Vincennes, sloop of war ; Peacock, 
ditto ; Porpoise, brig ; Relief, Hying Fish, and Sea Gull, smaller vessels, under Lieut. 
Wilkes, U. S. N., sailed from Hampton Roads, Va., Aug. 19th, 1838. Antaitic continent dis- 
covered, July 19, 1839. Attack on the Eejees for murdering two of the officers, July 25, 
1846. The Peacock lost on the bar of Columbia river, July, 1S41. The Vincennes (flag- 
ship) returned to New York, after an absence of nearly lour jears, June 11, 1842. Captain 
Wilkes's Narrative of the Expedition, in 6 vols. imp. 8vo. and quarto, was published in 
1845. The scientific reports of the expedition form about 20 quarto and folio volumes. 

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS of the U. S. 

Exports of Produce. oj Manufactures. Tnial. Imports. 

^t 31 millions 16 mill.ons 147 millions 147 millions. 

15 " 140 " 178 " 



1849 


$131 


1850 


104 


1860 


316 


1861 


204 


1862 


182 


lS6i 


249 


1S64 


'217 


1865 


254 


1866 


466 



.48 " 364 " 362 

.43 " 247 " 2&6 

.83 " 215 " 275 

.50 " 299 " 252 

.45 " '-'«2 " 3.9 

.64 " 318 " 234 

.61 " 530 " 437 



FENIANS (See p. 297). A society of Irishmen in the U. S. and in Ireland, pledged to 
work for the liberation of Iieland. Organized in 1867. First attracted notice in the 
V. S. in 1863. In that year, Nov., a Fenian Congress met in Chicago, composed oi 2C0 dele- 
gates. In 1865 the regular members of the order numbered 80,(00. " Head Centre " 
Stephens figured conspicuously as the leader. In 1866, Fenian meetings were held all over 
the country. In the Spring considerable numbers assembled at Buffalo, N. Y., and St. Albans, 
Vermont, apparently with hostile intentions towards Canada. June 1, 1866, a body of Ihem 
crossed over and engaged in a skirmish with Canadian troops. They were compelled to 
re-cross with slight loss. The Fenian officers were arrested by the U. S. government, and the 
men sent to the'ir homes. In 1867, the excitement over this organization had greatly sub- 
sided. Attempts to create a revolt in Ireland proved unsuccessful. Several of the leaders 
were arrested and tried and condemned to death, but the sentences were commuted to im- 
prisonment for life. This movement was unquestionably originated and carried on by men 
of Irish birth and immediate descent, and was not an American movement, as indicated by 
Haydn, p. 297. 

FIRES in the U. S. The losses by fire from 1855 to 1865 inclusive were $214,588,000. 
In 1865 there were 354 fires, where the loss was upwards of $20,000, at which property was 
destroyed to the amount of $43,139,000. The largest fire of late years was at Portland, 




burned, May 21, 1866. Pike's Opera House, Cincinnati, March 23, 1866. The Smithsonian 
Institution, Washington, partially burned Jan. 24, 1865. The Meteorological Department 
suffered heavily. 

FIRE DEPARTMENTS, with steam engines and paid employees. In 1867, the following 
cities had introduced the new system : — 



fir] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 25 



Steamers. 


Men. 


Cost. 




Steamers. 


Men. 


Cost. 


Baltimore, * 7 


114 


$73,000 


Chicago, 


13 


110 


$245,500 


Boston, 11 


281 


162,098 


Cincinnati, 


12 


140 


141,000 


Buffalo, 7 


189 


46,470 


New York, 


34 


564 


869,957 


Cleveland, 5 


56 


39,000 











FIREARMS, U. S. The Sharp's Rifle was the first breech-loader used in this country. 
During the war, great improvements were made in this branch of ordnance. The Spencer 
Repeating RiQe, patented in 1860, carries seven cartridges. The Henry Rifle can be fired 15 
times before reloading; patented 1861. 120 shots have been fired from it in 5\ minutes, in- 
cluding the time for re-loading. The standard musket used in the U. S. Army, is the Spring- 
field Rifle, muzzle-loader. They are being converted into breech-loaders at the arsenal 
(1866-7). 

FLORIDA, now one of the United States, was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, sailing under 
the English flag, in 1497. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish adventurer from Hispaniola, explored 
the country 1512 and 1516. In 1539, Hernando de Soto, who had been an officer under 
Pizarro, overran the peninsula with an armed force, but most of his followers were cut off 
a few years after. In 1763, Florida was ceded to Great Britain by Spain, in exchange for 
Havana. The Spanish reconquered it in 1781, and ceded it to the United States in 1819. It 
was admitted into the Union in 1845. First war with the Seminoles in Florida in ]818, when 
General Jackson subdued them. Another protracted and expensive warfare then commenced 
and continued until 1842. General Jessup, General Taylor, and others, were engaged in it. 
The Seminole chief, Osceola, was captured, 1837. Population in 1830, 34,723 ; in 1840, 54,477, 
including 25,717 slaves. Passed an ordinance of secession from the U. S., Jan. 11, 1861, and 
seized the U. S. Navv Yard atPensacola. Population, 1850, 87,445. In 1860. 81.885 free, 
and 63,S00 slaves. Population in 1866, 77,747 white; colored, 62,677, total, 140,424. Wm. 
Marvin appointed Provisional Governor of the State, July 13, 1865. 

FRANKING PRIVILEGE, U. S. This privilege was granted to the widows of Presidents 
Madison and Harrison. An act granting the same privilege to Mrs. Lincoln, passed Feb. 
10, 1866. 

FRENCH WAR in North America. The first war between France and England, which 
was carried on also by the American colonies, 1689. The French destroyed Schenectady, N. 
Y., Casco, Me., &c, 1690; but were defeated by Schuyler at La Prairie, 1691. Peace of 
Ryswick, 1697. "Queen Anne's war," 1702. French and Indians ravaged Maine, 1703. 
French and Spanish invade Carolina, 1706. Expedition from New England against the French 
in Port Royal, 1707; and against Canada, 1710; both failed. Peace of Utrecht, 1713. 
Another war declared by England, 1744 ; Louisbonrg and Cape Breton taken by the En- 
glish colonists, 1745. Peace, 1749. French encroachment on English colonics, 1750, leads 
to the noted French war, 1752-3. "Washington's mission, 1754. Braddock's defeat, 1755. 
Oswego, &c, taken by French, 1756, and Fort William Henry, 1757. Louisbourg taken by 
the English General Amherst, and Fort Du Quesne by General Forbes, 1758. Ticonderoga, 
Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec, taken by the English (Sir W. Johnson and General 
Wolfe), 1759. Canada surrendered to Great Britain, Sept. 8, 1760, and secured to her by 
the peace of Paris, 1763. French alliance with the United States, in the war of the revolution, 
Feb. 6, 177S. French revolution and politics, caused dissensions in the United States, 
1793-6. French spoliations on American commerce, 1797. 

FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL, introduced in the U. S. Senate by Mr. Mason of Va., and passed, 
Sept. 1850. It imposed a fine of $1,000 and 6 mos. imprisonment on any person harboring 
fugitive slaves or aiding their escape. It was declared by the Sup. Court of Wisconsin to 
be unconstitutional, Feb. 3, 1855. This law was repealed by Congress, June 23, 1864. 

G 

GEOGRAPHY, U. S. The N. Y. Geographical and Statistical Society was incorporated 
April 3, 1852. It publishes occasionally a Journal chiefly of original papers. 

GEOLOGY, Works on, U. S. "Geology of the Globe" by Prof. E. Hitchcock, 1853. 
Prof. St. John's Elements of Geology, 1855. " Text book of Geology," Prof. Dana, 1863. Be- 
sides these text books there are many treatises and reports on Geology which are to be 
found in most of the large libraries in the country, such as Prof. Hall's Geology of New 
York; Owen's, of Indiana ; Percival's, of Wisconsin; Hitchcock's, of Massachusetts; each 
in quarto volumes. 

GEORGIA, one of the United States, was granted by George II. to Gen. Oglethorpe, who 
with forty followers founded Savannah, Feb. 1, 1733. Savannah taken by the British in the 



26 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [get 

revolutionary war, Dec. 29, 1778 ; the town and State evacuated by them in July 1782. The 
State unanimously adopted the Federal Constitution, Jan. 2, 1788. Population in 1790, 
S2,584; in 1840, 691,392, including 280,944 slaves. Staple commodities, cotton and rice. 
Population in 1860 (including 462,198 slaves) 1,057,286. Act of " Secession " passed Jan. 
19, 1861. Debt of the State in Oct. 1866, $5,706,500. 

GETTYSBURG, Battle of, U. S. Fought July 1, 2, 3, 1863, at Gettysburg, Penn. near 
the Maryland line. Union forces 60,000 and 200 guns ; Confederate about 80,000. On the 
first day the 1st and 11th corps (U. S. forces) were attacked and beaten by the superior 
numbers of the enemy : Mnj. Gen. Reynolds (U. S. A.) killed. On the second day, the 12th, 
3d and 2d corps came up, and the whole under command of General Meade formed line on 
Cemetery Ridge. No fighting until 4. P. M. when a terrible artillery fire was opened by the 
Rebels, and fierce assaults made on the left and then on the right of the Union Army. The 
contest was heavy and doubtful until evening, when the enemy retired. On the third day the 
same furious charging and stubborn resistance was continued. The Union army bravely held 
its ground, and at night the enemy retreated. Union loss 2,834 killed, 13,709 -wounded, 6,643 
missing. In the brief campaign which ended with this battle, the Rebels lost 3 guns, 41 stand- 
ards, 13,621 prisoners, besides an enormous number of killed and wounded. Over 6000 men, 
loyal and rebel, were buried on the field. The Union victory was of immense importance to 
the country at that critical period. 

GOLD AND SILVER. The exports of gold from the U. S. in recent years were as follows 
(stated in millions of dollars.) 

1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1S63. 1864. 1865. 1866. 
1h . 29£ . 42J. 27§. 41. 56. 45. 69. 53. 64. 66*. 28. 36. 63. 69. 54. 86. 

" GREENBACKS," U. S. A term given to legal tender notes issued by the U. S. Treas- 
ury, in 1862. So called on account of the green print on their backs. All national bank 
notes are known by this name. The merit of the green tint is that it cannot be photograph- 
ed or in any way counterfeited. It was first discovered by a Canadian. The " American Bank 
Note Company" print the notes. 

GUTTA PERCHA is procured from the sap of the Isonandra Gutta, a large forest tree, 
growing in the Malayan Peninsula, and on the islands near it. Previous to 1844, the very 
name of gutta percha was unknown to European commerce. In that year two cwt. were 
shipped experimentally from Singapore. The exportation of gutta percha from that port 
rose in 1845 to 169 pieuls (the picul is 1,330 lbs.) ; in 1846, to 5,364 ; in 1847, to 9,292 ; and 
in the first seven months of 18J8, to 6,768 pieuls. In the first four and a half years of the 
trade, 21,598 pieuls of gutta percha, valued at $274,190, were shipped at Singapore, the 
whole of which were sent to England, with the exception of 15 pieuls to Mauritius, 470 to 
the continent of Europe, and 922 to the United States. The great variety of articles for 
domestic use, the ornamental arts, &c., to which this material has been applied, has given 
employment to thousands, not only in the factories of our own and other countries, but also 
to the gatherers in the Indian Archipelago, with whom it at present constitutes one of their 
most profitable articles of export. In 1848, S. T. Armstrong, of Brooklyn, N. Y., first 
applied it for coating telegraph wires. J. J. Craven, of Newark, N. J., claims to have ap- 
plied it thus at the same time or before. Charles Goodyear used it, in connection with 
caoutchouc, for various articles of common use ; a large boat made of gutta percha was 
exhibited in New York, 1858. 

II 

HABEAS CORPUS. The constitution of the U. S. provides that this law (adopted from 
that of England) "shall not be suspended unless when in case of rebellion or invasion the 
public safety may require it," 1787. President Lincoln authorized Gen. Scott to suspend the 
privilege if it became necessary, April 27, 1861. In Sept., 1862, it was not allowed to re- 
lieve persons arrested by military authority for disloyal practices. The President (authorized 
by express Act of Congress) proclaimed a general suspension of the privilege of habeas cor- 
pses, to " continue throughout the duration of the rebellion," Sept. 15, 1863. C. L. Vallan- 
digham, ex-member of Congress, being arrested for disloyal utterances, was refused the 
privilege of the writ, and sent into the rebel lines, May, 1863. Great excitement among his 
friends and sympathisers in the country. 

HANOVER. Population in 1864, 1,923,492, of whom 1,584,700 belonged to the Lutheran 
church, and 226,000 to the Catholic. The army numbered 26,900 men. 3,618 vessels of all 
kinds composed the merchant navy. This State was annexed to Prussia, Aug., 1866, against 
its will. 



har] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 27 

HARPER'S FERRY, Va. A village at the junction of the Potomac and Shenandoah. 
Population irt 1860, about 5,000. The scene of "John Brown's raid." On Oct. 17, 1859, he 
with 16 white and 5 colored men seized the U. S. arsenal at this point, took 60 citizens 
prisoners, and gave out as his object " to free the slaves." The insurgents were overcome 
on the morning of the 18th. Those who did not escape or were not killed, were executed. 
This affair created intense excitement throughout the country. At the breaking out of the 
rebellion, Lieut. Jones evacuated and blew up the arsenal, April 18, 1861. Sept. 16, 1862, 
Col. Miles and 11,000 U. S. troops surrender to "Stonewall Jackson," at Harper's Ferry. In 
1867 it was decided not to re-establish the arsenal there. 

HARVARD COLLEGE, IT. S. Established 1638, at Cambridge, Mass. Denomination, 
Unitarian. In 1863, it had 44 instructors ; 814 students in all departments ; 7,440 alumni, 
of whom 2,679 were living. Value of its buildings and endowments, over $2,000,000. 
Annual expenses of the University, $130,000. Its commencement occurs the third Wed- 
nesday of July. President : Rev. Thomas Hill, D.D. 

HEALTH, BOARD OF, N. Y. Act passed by the Legislature of New York, Feb. 26, 1866, 
establishing a "Board of Health and Sanitary District for the preservation of life, and health, 
and to prevent the spread of disease." It was organized March 5, 1866 ; Dr. E. B. Dalton, 
Superintendent. The district includes the counties of New York, King, Westchester, Rich- 
mond, and part of Queens. First report, Nov. 1, 1866. It issued 22,592 orders requiring 
nuisances to be removed. Death rate in New York City, 1 in 33.33; in London, 1 in 45. 

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, U. S. The one in New York City was organized Dec. 10, 
1804, aud incorporated Feb. 10, 1809. It now numbers nearly 2,000 members. After occu- 
pying rooms many years in the New York University Buildings, it was removed in 1857 to a 
new fire proof building on 2d avenue, corner of 11th street, which was dedicated Nov. 17 
of that year. The Society possesses a library of over 30,000 volumes particularly rich in 
historical works and manuscripts, a choice gallery of paintings, and a collection of an- 
tiquities, coins, medals, and charts. Among its collections are a series of large tablets of 
Assyrian sculpture, the gift of James Lenox, Esq. The Massachusetts Historical Society, 
founded 1791, is limited to fifty members. This Society has a valuable library, including a 
very choice collection of books in English literature, bequeathed to it by the late Thomas 
Dowse, of Cambridgeport, a leather-dresser, whose library was one of the best of its kind 
in the country. The Massachusetts Historical Society has published about 30 vols, of 
transactions and historical collections. There are historical societies also in nearly every 
State in the Union, several of which have valuable collections, and have published 
transactions. 

HOMOEOPATHY. This science — the essential characteristic of which consists in the use 
of such remedies against any disease as, in a healthy person, would produce a similar but 
not precisely the same disease its fundamental principle being similia similibus curantur — 
was introduced by Samuel Hahnemann, a native of Meissen, in Saxony (born April 10, 1755, 
died at Paris, 1843). The first periodical organ of the system was established 1822. Al- 
though violently attacked and ridiculed by "allopathic" practitioners, the system was prac- 
tised in 1860 by about 1,200 physicians in Europe, and 2,500 in the United States. It 
has 3 hospitals, 3 colleges, and 3 journals, and about 30 societies in the U. S., and all these 
are numerous in England, France, and Germany (1861). An attempt to establish a State 
Homoeopathic Hospital, in Connecticut, was strenuously opposed (1866). The matter was 
compromised, the Legislature allowing the Homoeopathists certain rights in the hospitals. 

HYDROPATHY. Hydropathic Society formed in London, 1842. First Hydro, estab- 
lishment in U. S., at 63 Barclav st., N. Y., 1844. Those at New Lebanon, N. Y., and 
Brattleboro, Vt., opened 1845. 

I 

ICE TRADE, the, in the United States, was commenced by Frederick Tudor, of Boston, 
in 1805, who shipped the first cargo to Martinique and the first to Calcutta, in 1833. The 
ice-houses of the dealers near Boston at present are capable of containing 141,332 tons. In 
1854, Boston shipped 156,540 tons. In New York in 1855, 305,000 tons were stored up. The 
exports of Ice from 1860 to 1866, averaged about 48,000 tons. During the four years ending 
June 30, 1861, $712,000 worth was exported from the U. S. In 1856, $8,000,000 were in- 
vested in the ice trade, giving employment to 8,000 or 10,000 men. Ice is not subject to 
duty in the U. S. 600,000 tons were provided for the consumption of N. Y. City in 1867. 

IDAHO, U. S. Organized as a territory March 3, 1863. Area, 326,373 square miles. 
Population in 1864 about 24,000. This territory has been settled rapidly by adventurers and 



28 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ UL 

gold seekers, within the past few years (1867). Boise City is the capital. Estimated prod- 
uct of gold and silver in 1865, $7,000,000. 

ILLINOIS. One of the United States, first settled on the Kaskaskia and Cahokia by the 
French from Canada. Ceded to Great Britain at the peace of 1763. Chiefly settled by emi- 
grants from other States since 1800. In 1789 it was part of the Northwest territory. Iu 
1809 it was made a separate territory, and 1818 admitted into the Union, being the 23d State. 
Population in 1810, 12,282; in 1830, 157,575; in 1840,476,183. It is a free State, and ha 
always been so. The chief products are grain and Indian corn; it las inexhaustible lead- 
mines. New constitution adopted August 31, 1847. Population in IS 50, 851,470; in 1860, 
1,691,233. Increase 1840-50, 80 per cent. ; 1850-60, 99 per cent. Population in 1865, 
2,151,007 ; gain since 1860 of 459,774. Assessed valuation of property in 1865, $391,683,- 
284. From April 1861 to Jan. 1863 the State placed in the field 119,400 men. Amount 
expended for school purposes in 1862, $2,007,000. Number of schools 9,811. There are in 
the State 1 institution for deaf-mutes, 1 for the insane, 1 for the blind. 

IMPORTS, U. S. The value of imports during the war greatly decreased. In 1860 the! 
amounted to $362,000,000; in 1862, $205,000,000; in 1865, $234,000,000; in 1866,$437,OoO 
000. See Exports. 

INCOME TAX, U. S. Levied by act of Congress July 1, 1862. Tax on incomes froi 
$600 to $10,000, 3 per cent; over $10,000, 5 per cent. Receipts from this source in 186! 
$155,741 ; in 1864, $14,919,2S0 ; in 1865, $20,740,451 ; in 1866, $61,071,932. In 1866 a 
single merchant of New York paid the sum of $407,125 as a tax on his income for 186! 
the income being stated by himself as amounting to $4,071,250 ; probably the largest person: ' 
tax of the kind ever paid. The law of 1866 taxed all incomes over $1,00;), 5 per cent. 

INDTANA. One of the western United Stales, first settled at Vincennes by the French i 
ceded to England at the peace of 1763, but no settlement made by them until 1787. Was 
part of the N. W. Territory in 1801. Suffered much during the war of 1812. See battle of 
Tippecanoe. Admitted into the Union in 1816. Population in 1800, 5,641 ; in 1S20, 147,- 
178; in 1840. 685,866 ; in 1860, 1,350,428. Number of public schools 6,098 in 1862. Com- 
mon school fund $4,991,202. The State sent 195,147 men to the war. In 1865 the Lcgi- 
lature voted that negroes could be competent witnesses in courts. The " fillibuster " Gen. 
Morgan invaded the State, July 9, 1863. In 24 hours 60,000 men offered their services to 
drive him out. He effected no damage and retreated rapidly. 

INDIANS, U. S. According to the best data in the possession of the Indian Department 
at Washington, there are now (1867) between 320,000 and 350,000 Indians within the limits 
of the U. S. comprised in about seventy-five tribes and occupying about one hundred 
localities. 

INDIAN WARS, U. S. In the war of the rebellion, the Choctaws, Chicasaws, and 
Cherokees, took sides with the Confederates. They furnished three regiments. The war 
upon the plains commenced in April, 1864, in Colorado. It was inaugurated by apparently 
too hasty action of the U. S troops towards the Cheyennes. An Indian village was soon 
destroyed and 40 warriors killed. Fearful massacre of Indians near Fort Lyon, Nov. 28, 
1S64, by forces under command of Col. Clivington. After this several Indian tribes forme i 
an alliance and committed murders and depredations on the lines of travel. On Dec. 21, 
1805, the Sioux massacred a company of soldiers at Fort Kearny. A general Indian War 
fairly begun in May, 1867. Gen. Sherman takes the management of it into his hands. Gen. 
Meagher declares war against the Indians of Montana Territory, April 24, 1867. 

INSOLVENCY in the U. S. In May, 1837, a « commercial crisis ' was at its height, The 
'heavy failures' in two months in New York alone amounted to 260, besides countlos smal- 
ler ones. Failures in New Orleans to the amount of $27,000,000 in two days. In Boston 
168 failures from Nov. 1, 1836. to May 12, 1837. New York city Banks all suspended 
specie payments May 10, 1837. The New England Banks generally, immediately after. See 
Bankruptcy. 

INSURANCE. The marine risks assumed by Insurance Companies of New York alone, 
in 1860, amounted to $80,379,892 ; in 1866, thev were $378,880,003. The fire risks in 1S60, 
were $1,049,551,594; in 1866, $2,753,493,107. The losses paid in 1866 were $15,312,750. 

INSURRECTIONS in the United States. Shay's Insurrection in Massachusetts, (caused 
by the scarcity of money and heavy taxes), 1786. Insurrection in Pennsylvania, caused by- 
duties on spirits, 1794. See the accounts of Conspiracies, Massacres, Rebellions, Riots, Ccc. 

INTEREST of Monet in the United States. The rates vary in different States, viz :— 
In La. fire per cent., in Maine, N. H., Vt., Mass., R. L, Conn., N. J., Pa., Del, Md., Va., N. 



jnt] 



AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 29 



Ca Tenn. Ky., Ohio, Ind., 111., Mo., Ark., and the United States government claims, the 
late is six per cent. In N. Y., S. Ca., Mich., and Wis., seven per cent. In Geo., Ala., Miss., 
nd Flor! ei°ht per cent. Laws against usury, with penalty of forfeiting the whole debt, in 
Maine Conn? N. Y., N. J., Penn., Del. Forfeit of the usury and double, treble the usury in 
14 other States." Usurious contracts void in Md., N. Ca., Geo., Tenn., Ohio, Ark. 

INTERNAL REVENUE, U. S. See Revenue. 

IOWA now one of the United States, once formed part of the French possessions, and 
was included in the vast tract of country purchased in 1803 under the general name of Lou- 
isiana. First purchase of land from the Indians in Iowa was made in 1832. Iowa separated 
<'rom Wisconsin as a territory, 1838. Admitted into the Union as a State, Dec. 28, 1846. 
Population in 1840, 42,924; in 1850, 191,881 ; in 1856, 519,148, and 271 colored; in 1860, 
ii82 000. In 1863 she had 800 miles of railroad completed. Value of the exports from her 
river ports in 1862, $8,200,000. Population in 1865, 754, 732, of whom 3,607 were black. 
The State furnished 72,300 men for the war. In 1865 the women of Iowa made 14,538,216 
pounds of butter, and 1,000,738 of cheese. There are institutions for the insane and blind 
in the State. 

IRON. The value of the annual product of the U. S. in 1860, was about $7,000,000, or 
about 1,200,000 tons. The quantity of pig iron produced in the U. S. in 1866, was 939,956 
tons. 339,764 tons were manufactured into new and re-rolled rails ; 129,858 in nails ; 946,613 
in castings over 10 pounds weight. The mountains of Missouri, it is computed, would yield 
1,000,000 tons of wrought iron yearly for 400 years. 



JAPAN. U. S. exped. under Com. Perry (7 ships of war), entered the Bay of Yeddo, 
Feb. 1854, to demand protection for American seamen and ships wrecked on the coast, and 
to effect a treaty of commerce, which was agreed upon, March 31. A British squadron for 
the same purpose reached Nagasaki, Sept. 1854, and effected a treaty. The Russians fol- 
lowed ; and the Dutch made a new treaty, Nov. 9, 1855. Mr. Townsend Harris, consul-gen- 
eral for the U. S., made a new treaty, June 17, 1857, by which Nagasaki, Simoda, and 
Hakodadi were opened to American trade. Harris was received in Yeddo in 1858, and 
effected another treaty. Lord Elgin's treaty opening several ports to British trade, Aug. 26, 
1858. Death of the Tycoon, August, 18-58. Japanese embassy to the U. S. (with attendants, 
70 persons), reaches San Francisco, March 28, 1860; Washington, May 14; Philadelphia, 
June 9 ; New York, where they were received with a great military display, June 16 ; em- 
barked for home ill U. S. frigate Niagara, July 1 ; reached Yeddo, Nov. 10, 1860. A troup 
of Japanese jugglers arrived in the U. S. in 1866. In the spring of 1867, their performances 
in N. Y. city excited much sensation. Their proprietor is under bonds to return them to 
Japan in two years. Commissioners from Japan again visited Washington in 1867, and made 
purchases of large quantities of school books for public schools in Yeddo, and also bought 
from the government the iron-clad frigate Stonewall, for the sum of $400,000. Ministers of 
the U. S., England, France, &c, notified May, 1867, that Yeddo and other ports would be 
opened to foreign nations in Jan., 1868. 

JOCKEY CLUBS, U. S. One was organized in N. Y. city in the summer of 1866, by 
Messrs. Jerome, Belmont, and others. Its object is to improve the breed of horses, and es- 
tablish a better system of races. A park and course have been laid out at Fordham, near 
the city, at the expense of Mr. Jerome. The races were inaugurated Sept. 25, 1866. The 
celebrated horse "Kentucky" won the 4 mile heat in 7.25. 

JUDGES in the United States. Those of the Supreme Court, eight in number, are ap- 
pointed for life or during good conduct, by the President and Senate. The chief justices of 
the Supreme Court of the United States have been John Jay, appointed 1789; William dish- 
ing of Mass., 1796; Oliver Ellsworth, 1796; John Marshall, 1801; Roger B. Taney, 1836; 
Salmon P. Chase, 1864. U. S. Circuit Judges were first appointed 1801. The judges of the 
several States are thus appointed : — 

f By the Governor and Legislature, or Senate, or Council, in Maine, New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, Louisiana, Missouri, Indiana, and Michigan. By the Legislature alone, in Vermont, 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, and Illinois. By the Governor alone, in Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, and Kentucky. By popular vote, in Mississippi and in New York, and Maryland 
The term of office of the superior judges is for life (or "during good behavior ") in Massa- 
chusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Louisiana, Kentucky, and Illinois. Until seventy years of age, in Maine, New Hampshire, 



30 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ KAN 

Connecticut. Until sixty-five years of age, in Missouri. For periods varying from two to 
twelve years, in New Jersey, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, In- 
diana, Michigan; and for one year in Rhode Island and Vermont. They are removable 

By impeachment in fourteen States. By conviction of misconduct in a court of law, in 
Maryland. By joint resolution of Senate and two-thirds of Assembly, in New York. 



KANSAS. One of the United States (the 34th), organized as a territorv, May, 1854, and 
by the same act the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was declared "inoperative and void" in 
both Kansas and Nebraska. Emigrant companies from Mass. began to arrive in Julv and 
founded the town of Lawrence. An association formed in Missouri, July 29 to "remove all 
emigrants " coming " under the auspices of northern emigrant aid societies ; " another form- 
ed Aug. 12 to introduce slavery. A. H. Reeder of Pa., app. governor, arrived Oct. 6. Elec- 
tion for delegate to Cong., Nov. 29 ; the polls mobbed by armed bands from Missouri ; of 
2,S71 votes cast 1,729 were estimated illegal. Another election March 20, 1855, similarly 
controlled. Reeder removed July 26. Wilson Shannon of Ohio, his successor, assumed of- 
fice Sept. 1. Topeka ("free State") Convention promulgates a Constitution Nov. 11. Col- 
lisions with bloodshed between the "free State" and " pro-slavery " people commenced at 
this time, and continued more or less for many months. Topeka Const, accepted by the 
people Dec. 15, and under it Charles Robinson chosen governor, Jan. 15, 1856. Armed men 
from Geo., Alabama, &c, arrived in the territory April, 1856. Report of H. Repres. of U. S. 
on Kansas affairs, proving fraud and violence of pro-slavery invaders. Robinson arrested 
for treason, May 5, and imprisoned four months for taking office under Topeka Constitution. 
Raid of pro-slavery men on the town of Lawrence, May 21. Fight at Potawatamie, May 26, 
and several other collisions for several months. Free State legislature at Topeka dispersed 
by U. S. troops under Col. Sumner, July 4. Shannon removed, and John W. Geary of Pa. 
appointed in his stead Aug. A party led by Ex-Senator Atchison of Mo. repulsed in an at- 
tack on Osawatomie Aug. 29. Free State men driven by Missourians from Leavenworth 
Sept. 1. Robinson and others released on bail Sept. 8, and Geary promising protection to 
free State men they gave up their arms. Topeka legislature met Jan. 6, 185V ; the Speaker 
and others arrested by U. S. Marshal. Pro-slavery legislature at Lecompton provides for a 
convention. Geary resigned in consequence of illegal acts of Lecompte, U. S. judge, 1857. 
Robert J. Walker appointed governor, and F. P. Stanton of Tenn,, secretary, June. M. J. 
Parrott elected delegate to Cong. Lecompton Constitution promulgated, and caused great 
excitement Dec, 1857. Walker denounces it as a fraud, and resigns because the Const, is 
approved by the President. J. W. Denver of Calif, app. governor Dec, 1857. Lecompton 
Const, submitted to the people and repudiated by 10,226 votes. Convention at Wyandot 
adopts a Const, prohibiting slavery, July 27, which is ratified by the people (4,000 majority), 
Oct. 4. Under it Charles Robinson chosen governor Dec 6. A famine and great suffering 
prevails in the territory 1860, relieved by contributions from many Stntes. Kansas admit- 
ted into the Union under the Wyandot Constitution Jan. 29, 1861. Population in 1859, 
69,950; in 1860, 143,645. Act establishing an "Agricultural College" passed Jan., 1863. 
The State furnished 19,500 men to the war. Efforts to advance the internal condition of 
the State are being made by the legislature every year. Asylums for the deaf, blind, and 
insane, have been organized. 

KENTUCKY, one of the United States, was first explored by Daniel Boone, an enter- 
prising hunter, in 1770. First white settlement near Lexington, 1775. Was a part of Vir- 
ginia until 1782, when it was made a separate district. Admitted into the Union 1792. 
Population in 1790,73,677 ; in 1810, 406,511 ; in 1830, 688,844; in 1840, 779,828, including 
182,258 slaves. Population in 1850, 771,424 and 210,981 slaves. Iu 1860, 933,707, and 
225,902 slaves. Increase of free persons in 10 years 19 per cent., inc. of slaves 7 per cent. 
There was a slight decrease of the population, caused by the war, in 1865. The State sent 
63,995 white and 20,400 colored soldiers (Union) to the war. Population in 1865, 1,155,668. 



LANGUAGE. Hon. George P. Marsh, in a lecture, stated that there were nearly 100,000 
English words found in use by good writers, but that no single writer employed more than a 
very small proportion of thewhole. Few scholars used as many as 10,000 English words, 
and ordinarv people not more than 3,000. In all Shakespeare there were not 15,000 words, 
and in all Milton but 8,000. There were but 800 of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. 



law] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 31 

LAW. The number of lawyers in the United States, in March, 1851, was 21,9*79, or 
about one to every fifteen hundred inhabitants. Monthly Law Magazine. Estimating their 
average receipts at $1,000 per annum, their aggregate income would reach within a fraction 
of twenty-two millions of dollars. In 1851 there were in New York, 4,740 lawyers ; in 
Pennsylvania, 1,848 ; in Ohio, 2,031 ; in Massachusetts, 1,132 ; iu Kentucky, 1,066 ; and in 
Georgia, 908. Livingston's Law Register. See Attorneys. 

LECTURES, Popular, in the U. S. They are a prominent source of entertainment 
and information among the American people. Lectures on all subjects, and by persons of 
every degree of ability, are delivered in the winter season throughout the country. Prof. 
Agassiz, of Harvard College, lectured on Geology for $500 a night (1867). 

LEGACY DUTY, Internal Revenue, U. S. By the Revenue laws of 1861-62-63, 
Legacies were included on the taxable list. A tax of 75 cents to $5 is imposed on " every 
hundred dollars of the clear value of interest in such property." In 1863, the revenue from 
legacies to parent, child, &c, was $25,869, to nephew, niece, &c, $11,333, to uncle, &c, 
$921, to corporations, strangers, &c, $18,470. Total Revenue from legacies and successions 
in 1864, $310,836 ; in 1865, $546,703 ; in 1866, $1,170,979. 

LEXINGTON, Battle of. This battle, or rather skirmish, claims distinction as being 
the first between Great Britain and the American colonies in the war of Independence. The 
British troops, under Major Pitcairn, sent from Boston to destroy the American stores at 
Lexington, were attacked by the Americans and 273 of them killed and wounded, April 19, 1775. 

LIBEL LAW op the U. S. Action for libel lies against the proprietor of a newspaper, 
edited by another, though the publication was made without the knowledge of such proprietor. 

LIBERIA. The number of American Africans in 1860 was about 10,000 ; natives under 
jurisdiction of the republic about 250,000. In 1856 the sugar-cane was introduced, and in 
May, 1860, a cargo of sugar was sent to N. Y. Palm oil reported in 1859, $500,000. A 
college, several schools, 2 newspapers, and several churches had been established (1859). 
Population in 1863, 422,000, of whom 16,000 were born in the U. S., and 6,000 rescued 
from slave-ships. The government is Republican. Capital, Monrovia. Revenue of the Re- 
public in 1861, $149,550. 

LIBRARIES in the U. S. The number of volumes in the chief public and college 
libraries in the United States in 1849, was stated to be 1,294,000. The number of libraries 
is 182. Of these, 43 contain over 10,000 volumes each ; 9 over 20,000 ; and only 2 over 
50,000. In 1849, the precedence of the largest as to numbers stood thus: 

Vols. | Vols. 



1 Harvard College, including Divinity 
and Law Schools 72,000 

2 Philadelphia and Loganian Lib., 60,000 

3 Boston Athenteum, 50,000 

4 Library of Congress, 50,000 

5 New York Society Library, 32,000 



6 Mercantile Library, New York 30,000* 

7 Georgetown College, D. C, 25,000 

8 Brown University 24,000 

9 New York State Library, 24,000 

10 Yale College, 21,000 

11 Astor Library, New York, 20,000t 



The number of volumes in the School District libraries of the State of New York, in 1849, 
was 1,338,848. There were 10,621 school districts, and 1,785 incorporated or private 
schools. The mercantile libraries, chiefly for merchants' clerks, in the large cities, are of 
comparatively recent date and of great utility. That in New York was founded in 1820, 
and contains 30,000 volumes ; iu Boston, founded 1820, contains 7,637 volumes ; in Philadel- 
phia, founded 1822, contains 12,200 volumes. There are similar ones in Baltimore, Cincin- 
nati, St. Louis, Troy, &c. The public libraries containing over 5,000 volumes, were dis- 
tributed (according to evidence in the British Museum Report in 1849) thus : 



Vols. 

1 Alabama had 1 Public Library, 6,000 

2 Columbia, Dist. of, had 2 53,000 

3 Connecticut, " 6, 81,449 

4 Georgia, " 1, 13,000 

5 Kentucky, " 1, 7,000 

6 Louisiana, " 1, 5,500 

7 Maine, " 3, 38,860 

8 Maryland, " 1, 12,000 

9 Massachusetts, " 14, 200,000 

10 Missouri, " 2.. 14,300 

11 New Hampshire, " 2, 22,500 



34 453,609 



Vols. 

Brought up, 34, 453,609 

12 New Jersey, had 3, 28,500 

13 New York, " 12, 157,411 

14 North Carolina, " 1, 10,000 

15 Ohio, " 1, 30,497 

16 Pennsylvania, " 14 159,200 

17 Rhode Island, " 3 - , 37,185 

18 South Carolina, " 2, 30,000 

19Tennessee, " 2, 16,000 

20 Vermont, " 2, 16,254 

21 Virginia, " 4, 41,000 

Total 72 979,656 



The above estimate is perhaps below the mark, and does not include school, parish, and 
* In 1867, 86,000 vols. t In 1860, 120,000 vols. 



32 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ UB 

tow.n libraries, which are numerous, but of moderate extent. The city of Paris alone has 
1,474,000 volumes, in large public libraries ; i. e. half as many again as the whole of the 
United States. See Pari. Rep. Brit. Mus. ; Prof. Jewetfs Rep. 'Smithsonian Inst. ; G. Liver- 
more in N. Amer. Rev., July 1850, &c. 

LIBRARIES. The Astor Library, founded by the late J. J. Astor, -who left, by will 
§400,000 " for the establishment of a public library in New York," " which should be open 
at all reasonable hours, free of expense, to persons resorting thereto." The original building 
opened to the public Jan. 9, 1854. Another building of similar style and extent was added 
by W. B. Astor, 1860. The whole contained in I860 about 12o,000 volumes, including the 
most valuable, rare, and costly works purchasable. The free Public Library in Boston, 
opened Sept. 17, 1858, is a noble institution of a similar kind founded at a similar expense 
by several munificent citizens. It is wholly free to the public, and about 30,000 volumes are 
provided, which may be taken Irom the library by any resident of Boston. It is a remark- 
able fact that these 30,000 volumes had thus been freely loaned to all comers without loss or 
damage to the amount of $100 in 2 years. In 1864 there were 104 libraries in the U. S. of 
over 100,000 volumes distributed among 23 of the States and containing 2,404,000 books, or 
a.bout £ the total number in all the public libraries of the country. The Church and Sunday 
School libraries were estimated to contain from 5 to 6 million volumes. In the work en- 
titled "Private Libraries of New Yoik " (Dr. Wynne) are found notices of over 40 collections 
of 4000 and 12 with 10,000 volumes (1864). In" 1859 the following statistics were compiled : 
Number of Libraries in the U. S. with volumes reported, 1,297, estimated, 1,593 ; libraries of 
common schools, 18,000; Sunday Schools, 30,000; total, 50,890 libraries, number of vol- 
umes, 12,720,686. See Circulating Libraries. 

LICENSE TAX, U. S. Levied by act of Congress, July 1, 1862. Total receipts from 
this source in 1863, $6,824,178 ; in 1864, $7,145.389 ; in 1865, $12,613,478 ; in 1866, 
$18,038,098. In 1865, the largest amount was received from wholesale dealers, $5,428,345. 
Retail dealers in liquors paid $2,807,225. Receipts from bowling alleys were the smallest 
$19,749. 

LIGHTHOUSES. In 1859, there were 491 light stations on the coasts of the U. S. inclu- 
ding the Pacific and the lakes, the annual cost to gov. being $932,000. The No. of buoys and 
beacons was about 5000. A large number of the lighthouses from Cape Henry to the Rio 
Grande were destroyed by the Confederates in the late war. 

LITERATURE, American. See Books. 

LOANS, U. S. The following are the principal loans of the Government in support of 
the war against the Rebellion. 

Name of Loan. Length oj Loan. Amount Lsmed. 

Loanof Feb 8,1861 20 years $18,415,000 

7.30 notes 3 " 139 969,750 

Five Twenties 5 or 20 years 514,780,000 

Ten Forties 10 or 40 " 172,770.100 

Five Twenties 5 or 20 " 91,789^000 

Treasury Notes 3 years 178,756.000 

7.30 Notes " " 234,400,000 

" " " " " 437,210,400 

See Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1865. Finances. 

LONGEVITY, in the U. S. In 1860 there were 2960 persons over 100 years of age. 
In the State ofN. Y. (1865) there were 108. 

LOTTERIES. In N. Y. and Pa. Lotteries have been declared by law to be " public 
nuisances," and to be indictable as such. The Am. Art Union was pronounced illegal, as a 
lottery, 1851. About 1820 there was a lottery at Natchez for building a Presbyterian church. 
At other times colleges, roads, ferries, hospitals, &c. have been aided by lotteries. They 
were still tolerated in Maryland, Georgia, and perhaps other States (1861) The "Crosby 
Opera House" Association, in 1866, was a lottery, in which the "opera house" at Chicago 
was the principal prize. All who invested received a prize equivalent to their amount im- 
mediately on payment. The proprietors made large profits, as subscriptions came in from all 
parts of the country. 

LOUISIANA. One of the U. S. first explored by the French, and received its name in 
1862, from M. La Salle, in honor of Louis XIY., and a settlement was attempted in 1684, but 
failed. In 1699 a more successful attempt was made by M. Iberville, who entered the Miss., 
and founded a colony. His efforts were followed up by one Crozat, a man of wealth, who 
held the exclusive trade of the country for a number of years. About the year 1717, he 
transferred his interest in the province to a chartered company, at the head of which was the 
notorious John Law, whose national bank and Mississippi speculation involved the ruin of half 



LUN ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 33 

the French nobility. In 1*731, the company resigned the concern to the crown, who, in 1762, 
ceded the whole of Louisiana to Spain. In 1800, Spain reconveyed the province to the 
French, of whom it was purchased by the United States, in 1803, for $15,000,000. The pur- 
chase included the territory of the United States W. of the Mississippi. In 1812 the present 
State of Louisiana formed a constitution, and was admitted into the Union. Population in 
1810, 76,556 ; in 1820, 153, 407 ; in 1830, 215, 575 ; in 1840, 352,411, including 168, 452 slaves. 
Population in 1850, 517,762. In 1855, by state census, 587,774, including 244.000 slaves. 
In 1860, 666,413, including 312,186 slaves. Ordinance of secession from the U. S. passed by 
Convention, Jan. 26, 1861. Motion to submit the question to the people was defeated by a 
large majority. The principal portion of the State came under the authority of the Govern- 
ment before the close of the war. Number of men furnished to the Union army, mostly 
blacks, 40,000. Debt of the State in 1867, $13,358,000. 

LUNATICS, U. S. The number of asylums in 1860 was 47; number of insane persons, 
24,000 ; number of idiots, 18,865. Only about one half could be accommodated in the 
public institutions. 

LYNCH LAW, U. S. " A common phrase used to express the vengeance of a mob, 
inflicting an injury, and committing an outrage upon a person suspected of some offence. 
In England this is called Lidford Law." — Bouvier. 

M 

MAGAZINES, U. S. See Periodicals, Reviews, and Magazines. 

MAINE, one of the United States ; first permanent settlement in, at Bristol. The district 
was "ranted in 1635 to Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who appointed a governor and council. It 
was purchased of the heirs of Gorges in 1652, by the State of Massachusetts, for $5,334; 
annexed to Massachusetts, under charter from William and Mary, in ] 691 ; became a separate 
State in 1820. Population in 1790 was 96,540; in 1810, 228,705; in 1840, 501,793; in 
1850, 5S3,169 — increase in 10 years, 16 per cent. ; in 1860, 619,958 — increase in 10 years, 
6-J- per cent. The State sent 71,558 men to the war in 1861-5. 

MARRIAGE, Laws of, IT. S. The common law requires no particular ceremony to the 
valid celebration of marriage. Only the consent of the parties is necessary. In the State 
of New York marriage is valid if declared before witnesses. In Maine, Connecticut, Massa- 
chusetts, and other States, the marriage must be made in the presence of a magistrate or 
minister. 

MARYLAND, one of the middle United States, was originally included in the patent of 
Virginia, granted under charter to Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632; named in honor of 
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. ; first colony were Catholics who settled at St. Mary's, 
on the Potomac, 1634 ; free toleration of all religions and creeds granted by Lord Baltimore ; 
Constitution settled in 1650, and again in 1776 ; the State bore an active part in the Revo- 
lution; adopted the Federal Constitution April 28, 1788, by 63 to 12. Population in 1790 
was 319,728; in 1810, 380,546; in 1840, 469,232, including 89,485 slaves ; in 1850, 
583,034, including 74,723 free colored, and 90,368 slaves. Increase in ten years, 24 per 
cent. In 1860, the population was 646,183, and 85,382 slaves. Increase of free persons in 
ten years, 11 per cent.; decrease of slaves, 6 per cent In 1865 the Legislature passed an 
act refusing all who fought against the Union the right to vote. 

MASSACHUSETTS, one of the United States. First settled at Plymouth by a colony of 
English Puritans from Holland, who landed Dec. 22, 1620. This was called the Plymouth 
colony. The Massachusetts colony at Salem and Charlestown, in 1628, and Boston, 1630. 
These colonies united in 1692. The American Revolution originated here, at Boston and 
vicinity, and this State bore an important and honorable part in the contest. See Boston, 
Banker Hill, Lexington, &c. Present State Constitution formed in 1780 ; revised and altered 
in 1820; slavery abolished in 1783; Shay's rebellion in this State in 1786; Federal Consti- 
tution adopted Feb. 6, 1788, by 187 against 168. Population in 1721, 94,000; in 1790, 
388,727; in 1810. 472,040; in 1820, 523,287; in 1840, 737,699; in 1850, 994,514; 
increase in 10 years, 34 percent. Population in 1855 (state census), 1,132,369, 
increase in 5 years, 16 per cent. These returns placed Mass. the 6th in the Union in popu- 
lation. In 1860 the population was 1,231,494. Increase in 10 years, 24 per cent. Total 
industrial production in 1855, 295 millions of dollars. Exports, 1859, 18 millions. Rail- 
roads, 1,602 miles, which cost 63 millions. Number of troops sent to the war in 1861-5, 
159,165, of whom about 6,500 were blacks. Population in 1865, 1,267,329. 



34 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [mat 

MATCHES, U. S. The tax on matches, imposed Aug. 1864, is one cent per hundred. 
The revenue from this source, in 1865, was about $1,000,000. 

MEDICAL COLLEGES, U. S. There were 54 medical schools and colleges in the U. S. in 
1862. The oldest is the University of Penn. at Phila., 1765. 

MERCHANTS' EXCHANGES, U. S. Organizations of business men established in the prin- 
cipal cities of the country, for mutual acquaintance and discussion. 

METHODISTS. The first Methodist organization in the U. S. was at Baltimore, 1784, 
Wesley sanctioning it as the "Meth. Episcopal Church of America." Introduced in S. Caro- 
lina and Georgia, 1785. Secession of Anti-Episcopal branch, 1830. Secession (on account 
of the slavery question), of the "Methodist Episcopal Church South," 1844. The northern 
branch had, in 1860, 956,555 members, and 13,000 preachers, under 51 "annual conferences," 
24 colleges, 2 biblical institutes, and 120 seminaries. The "M. E. Church South," in 1845, 
had 6 bishops, 24 conferences, 330,710 white members, 124,811 colored members, 2,978 In- 
dians. In 1859, the total membership was 721,023, with 21 colleges for males, 28 colleges 
and 27 high schools for females ; and a publishing house at Nashville, which issued 600 mil- 
lion pages in 5 years. The Meth. Prot. Church, in 1858, had 90,000 members, and 2,000 
ministers. Number of Methodists in the U. S. in 1863, 1,650,000; number of churches 
11,638; ministers, 10,911. 

MEXICO. In July, 1863, an assembly of notables in the city of Mexico declared Mexico a 
moderated monarchy, and offered the crown to Maximilian, arch-duke of Austria, who accepted 
it ; entered the city of Mexico June, 1864 ; defeated the liberals in several engagements. In 
the spring of 1867, the Erench troops who had been sent in 1861, to enforce certain claims 
made by France, and by whose assistance Maximilian had established himself in Mexico, were 
withdrawn. The liberals after this regained their lost ground, besieged Maximilian in Quere- 
taro, and compelled his surrender. The Juarez government declared him to be a usurper, 
and sentenced him to be shot. His execution took place against the protest of all foreign 
ministers, June 19, 1867. Miramon and Mejia executed as traitors at the same time. A 
state of anarchy has existed in Mexico for years, and Maximilian's object was to reduce the 
country to order under a monarchy. The contest was waged with great bitterness and 
cruelty. City of Mexico surrendered to the Republicans, June, 1867. 

MICHIGAN, one of the United States, first settled by the French at Detroit in 1647. 
Many of the Hurons, a native tribe in this region, were converted to the Catholic faith by the 
Jesuits. The territory ceded to England by the peace of 1763 ; made a separate territory of 
the United States in 1805; admitted into the Union as a State in 1836. During the war of 
1812-13, the territory was gained for a time by the British, but it was recovered by General 
Harrison. Population in 1810 was 4,528 ; in 1820, 9,048 ; in 1830, 31,639; in 1840, 212,267. 
Population in 1850, 399,654; in 1860, 754,291. Increase in 1840-50, 87 per cent.; 1850-60, 
89 per cent. Population in 1864, 803,745. 600,000,000 feet of timber were sawed in the State 
in 1864. Number of men sent to the army in 1861-5, 90,119. 

MILITIA, U.S. The militia force of the United States in 1860, as near as can be ascertained 
from official reports, consisted of 53,589 commissioned officers, and 2,036,520 non-commission- 
ed officers, musicians, artificers, and privates; a total of 2,090,109 men. Since the late 
war, most of the States have organized their militia into a more efficient system than formerly. 
Volunteers in the war are exempt from duty for a certain period ; in Conn, for 3 years. 

MINES, U. S. The famous Hayward gold mine, in Amadon county, California, extends 
1200 feet below the surface of the earth. In thirteen years, $7,000,000 have been produced 
from it. The greatest silver mine is known as the " Comstock lode," in Nevada, discovered 
in 1860. It is owned by about 100 different companies. The length of mining shafts in the 
West varies from 500 to 1000 feet. The annual yield of gold and silver mines in the U. S. 
in 1860 was nearly $150,000,000. 

MINNESOTA, U. S. Made a territory, 1849 ; admitted into the Union as a State, 1857. 
Population, 1850, 6,077 ; I860. 176,535 ; *1865, 248,848. A terrible Indian massacre occur- 
red in this State in August, 1862. The Sioux rose in a body, and commenced a series of 
fiendish outrages. 500 whites were murdered in cold blood, and millions worth of property 
destroyed. Their depredations extended over an area of 20,000 square miles in the western 
part of the State. Gen. Libbey finally checked and defeated them; 2,000 prisoners were 
taken, of whom 38 were hung as murderers. In Sept. 1862 over 8,000 fugitive whites were 
receiving aid in Eastern Minnesota. 

MINT of the United States established at Philadelphia, 1792. Branch at New 



mis] 



AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 



Orleans, 1838; at Charleston, N. C, 1837; at Dahlonega, 1838; at San Francisco, 1854; 
Assay office at New York, 1854. See Coining. 

MISSIONS, Protestant. The number of Protestant missionaries in the world in 1860 
was 1369, who are distributed as follows: North America, 125; South America, 11; the 
Antilles and Guiana, 218 ; Northern Africa, 6 ; West Africa, 107 ; South Africa, 152; West- 
ern Asia, 74; India and Ceylon, 419 ; Burmah and Siam, 39 ; China, 72 ; Oceanica, 146. To 
the above must be added 934 assistant missionaries, and 2737 native helpers (1860). Modern 
missionary effort has given to 20 millions of people the benefits of a written language. 20 
dialects of Africa have been thus supplied, and 500,000 persons enjoy oral teaching. See 
Benevolent Societies. 

MISSISSIPPI, one of the United States. First settled by the French at Natchez, and 
claimed as part of Louisiana, 1716. Colony destroyed by the Indians. The country ceded 
to Great Britain by the peace of 1753. Part of it belonged to Georgia, and the southern 
part to Florida. The territory, together with Alabama, constituted the " Mississippi Terri- 
tory "until 1817, when it was admitted into the Union as a State. Population in 1816, 
45,929 ; in 1830, 136,806 ; in 1840, 375,651, including 195,211 slaves. This State repudiated 
$5,000,000 of its bonds in 1839 (?). Populaton 1850, 606,325; 1860, 791,303 ; increase from 
1840 to 1850, 61 per cent. " Ordinance of Secession " from the U. S. passed Jan. 9, 1861. 
Win. D. Sharkey appointed Provisional Governor, June 13, 1865. The delegates of the State 
Convention petition for the pardon of Jefferson Davis Aug. 1865. 

MISSOURI, one of the United States. Was included with Louisiana in the purchase from 
the French in 1803. Town of St. Louis settled by the French in 1764, but was little more 
than a trading post until 1804, when the territorial government was formed. Missouri admit- 
ted into the Union as a State in 1821, after a long debate on slavery, ending in the Missouri 
Compromise, which prohibits slavery north and west of Arkansas, but tolerates it in Missouri. 
Population in 1810, 19,833; in 1830, 140,074; in 1840, 383,702, including 58,240 slaves. 
In 1850, 682,044, including 87,422 slaves. In 1856, 911,001, including 101,605 slaves. In- 
crease in 10 years, 77 per cent. From 1830 to 1840 it was 133 per cent. Pop. 1860, 
1,201,214, including 115,619 slaves. Desperate attempts were made by rebels in this State 
to effect secession, but they were defeated. Tins State was the scene of numerous minor 
conflicts and some important battles, during the slaveholder's war 1861-5. See United States 
and Battles. War debt, $7,546,575 ; Common School fund in 1865, $678,660. 

MORAVIANS, U. S. In 1863 they numbered 32 ministers, 46 churches, and 5,760 
members. 

MORMONS. The pretended revelation of the Mormon Scriptures to " Joe Smith," is said 
to have been made in the State of New York, about 1835. Surrender of a body of 700 
Mormons under arms, with their leaders, Joe Smith, Rigdon, &c, to the Missouri militia, un- 
der Gen. Atchison, Oct. 28, 1838. Joe Smith and his brother murdered in jail by a mob, 
June 27, 1844. The Mormon temple at Nauvoo, Illinois, sold to the Icarians, or Socialists, 
and the Mormons emigrated to Deseret and California, 1848-9. In Utah, their chief settle- 
ment, Brigham Young, their leader, was made Governor by Pres. Fillmore in 1S50. The 
U. S. chief justice being repudiated by Young, and the U. S. laws disowned, Col. Steptoe, 
U. S. A., was appointed governor in place of Young, and sent with a battalion to enforce the 
U. S. authority, Aug., 1854. His authority being defied he resigned. Alfred Cummings 
appointed gov. by Pres. Buchanan, and arrived with 2,500 U. S. troops, Oct. 5. His 
trains were attacked and open rebellion proclaimed ; but in March, 1858, the Mormon lead- 
ers submitted and order was restored. Army withdrawn May, 1860. In April, 1851, their 
elders and preachers were gathering converts to their principles in Italy and Switzerland, 
and especially among the Waldenses ; also in Paris. Their celebrated " Bible," professed to 
have been delivered to Joe Smith, was really written by Rev. Sol. Spaulding, about 1812, as 
a supposed history of some ancient mounds in Ashtabula Co., Ohio. The MS. is said to have 
been borrowed by one of the Mormons, who copied it, and subsequently printed it. In 
Europe the number of Mormons has been estimated as high as 100,000; and some are re- 
ported in Asia, Africa, and Polynesia. Their number in Utah was estimated at 50,000, in 
1862, and composed the greater part of the white population. They denominate themselves 
the " Church of Jesus of the Latter Day Saints." Their church organization is composed of 
a series of hierarchies, the highest being the First Presidency, consisting of their chief 
prophet Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and Daniel H. Wells ; next the Twelve 
Apostles ; then the quorums of Seventies, of which there are said to be 62 organized in the 
territories, each having seven presidents and 63 members ; then follow quorums of High- 



36 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [mor 

Priests, Elders, Priests, Teachers, and Deacons. A somewhat anomalous office is that of 
patriarch, which has been conferred on John Smith (son of Hyrum and nephew of their first 
prophet, Joseph Smith) and on a few others. There is also in each settlement a High-Coun- 
cil, composed of 12 members, and a bishop for each ward, the wards containing from 500 to 
1,000 persons. {National Almanac.) Reported schism among the Mormons, 1867. 

MORTALITY IN WAR. The Provost-Marshal-General has compiled a complete list of 
all the deaths in battle and from wounds and disease, of every regiment from all the Northern 
States during the war. This record shows that 280,751 officers and men lost their lives in 
the service; of whom, 5,221 commissioned officers and 90,886 enlisted men were killed 
in action or died of wounds, and 2,321 commissioned officers and 182,329 men died of 
disease. 

MOUNT VERNON. The home of Washington, on the Potomac ; purchased for the 
nation for the sum of $200,000, raised by ladies' associations, originated by Miss Pamela 
Cunningham, of South Carolina, 1858-60. During the war this place was protected and was 
undisturbed by the conflict. 

MUSIC, U. S. Music seems to have engaged public attention first through the theatre. 
There was one established at the Capital during Washington's administration ; also after- 
wards at New Orleans. About 1825 an opera troupe appeared in New York, under Signer 
Garcia, a fine artist. Madame Malibran, his daughter, met with great success as an opera 
singer. Other Italian troupes followed. Large Opera Houses are at Boston, Brooklyn, New 
York, New Orleans, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati. Miss Kellogg, the American 
Prima Donna, first appeared on the stage early in 1861. Her success has been complete. 
Philharmonic and musical societies are to be found in all large towns of the U. S., and 
musical concerts are greatly encouraged. The excellence of American Pianos is acknowledg- 
ed. Among eminent players are Gottschalk, Mason, Mills. About $15,000,000 worth of 
Pianos are manufactured yearly. See Pianos. 

N 

NASHVILLE, U. S. The capital of Tenn., occupied by the Union forces, Feb. 23, 1862. 
Great battle fought here Dec. 15, 1864, between the forces of Gen. Thomas (Union) and 
Hood (Confederate). The former had been besieged for several days, when he marched out 
and attacked Hood, taking 16 guns. On the 16th he completely routed him, taking 20 guns. 
This was the last campaign of the Southern army of the West. 

NATIONAL DEBT, U. S. At different times : — See Loans, U. S. 

In 1791 the debt was $"75,463,476 In 1830 the debt was $4S,565,4 I 

In 1800 " " 82,976,294 In 1835 " " 37,788 

In 1810 '• " 53,173,217 In 1839 " " ^IVr^ 

In 1815 " » 99,833,660 In 1845 " " 16^01,64< 

In IsFo " " 127,334,934 In 1848 " " 65,804,450 

In 1820 " " 91,015,566 

Jan 1, 1861. it was $66,243,7211 Aug. 31, 1865 it was 2,757, 6S9,571 

Deo 1 1861 " 267,654,153 (It reached its highest figure at this date.) 

Jui'l'lS63 " 764,535,854 1 Jan. 1, 1866 it was 2716,581,5* 

Dec 1 1863 •' 1,293,243,544] Nov. 1, 1866 " 2,551,310,005 

Feb! 13,1865 " 2,279,582,484 | May 1, 1867 " 2,520,7S6,0Pij 

NATIONAL DEBTS. Mr. Gladstone's estimate in 1866 :— 

England $3,995,000,000, or $125 per head Spain $725,000,000, or $46 per head. 

United States 3,000,000,000, or 100 " Holland 425,01^,000, or 12L ; 

Prance 2,400,000,000, or 53 " Turkey 25o,000 000, or 115 

Anstria.. 1,580,000,000, or 45 " Prussia 215,000,000, or 12 

Russia:...".. 1,395,000,000 or 43 " Portugal 175,000,000, or 40 " 

Italy 760,000,000 or 34 " 

Great Britain's revenue has never exceeded $370,000,000 per year ; but the United States 
government are now raising $540,000,000 per year. 

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN (at New York), founded 1826 ; the first President was 
Samuel F B Morse, who was succeeded by A. B. Durand in 1845, and he by D. Huntington 
in 1861. Corner stone of new Academy building laid Oct. 21, 1863. Building opened and 
inaugurated Ap. 17, 1865. 



vAV] 



AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 



1776 
1778 



1S03 
1S04 
1S04 



1S07 
1811 

1813 
1813 
1813 
1813 
1813 

1814 

1814 



NAVAL BATTLES of the United States. 

Paul Jones, in the Providence privateer, 

takes 16 prizes »""V 

His descent on Whitehaven April, 

He captures the British frigate Serapis, 

F Sept. 23, 

Frigate Philadelphia taken by the Tri- 

poiitans •"••" 

Pvocaptured by Decatur b eb. 1, 

Kripoli bombarded by Commodore Preble Aug. 

Private Chesapeake tired upon by the 
"British ship Leopard, for refusing to 
be searched 

Frigate President vs. British sloop Litile 

Belt May 16, 

[Delaware and Chesapeake Bays block- 
aded by the British.] 

Frigate CIk sapeake surrendered to the 
"British frigate Sham on Juno 1, 

Sloop Argus captured by Br.tisli sloop 

Pelican Aug. 14, 

Brig Enterprise captures the British brig 

Boxer • Aug. 

Fleet o.i Lake Erie, Commodore Perry, 

captures the British fleet Sept. 10, 

flotilla, Commodore Chaun-ey, captures 

British flotil a on Lake Ontario,... Oct. 5, 

Frigate Essex, Commodore Poiaer, cap- 
tured by frigate Pnoebe and sloop 
Chi-rub March 28, 

Sloop Frolic, Commodore Bainbr dge, sur- 
rendered to British frigate Orpheus, 

April 21, 

In the war of Secession : — 

The Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet, 
N C, bombarded by fleet of Com. 
Str'ngham, and taken by land forces 
of Gen. Butler Aug. 28, 29, 1S01 

Fort Henry, Tenn., taken by Com. Foote. 

Feb. 6, 1802 

Great naval action in Hampton Roads, 
( Va., March 8, 9, lf«2. The Eebel 
ram Merrimae from Norfolk, att.cks 
theU. S, frigates " Cumberland" and 
" Co 'gress," and sinks them. On the 
following day the U. S. "Monitor" 
(battery of 2 guns), arrived in time to 
save the frigate M nnesota, and finally 
forced the Merrimae to withdraw in 
a disabled condition. 

Com. Farragut, with a fleet of 50 vessels 
and 286 guns, passes forts Jackson 
and Philips, destro3's the enemy's 
rams, and takes New Orleans, April 18, 2(3, 1802 

Grand military and naval expedition, un- 
der Dupont, captures forts at Hilton 
Head, 8. C Nov. 7,1861 

' ieree action at Port Hudson, M ; ss. Ad- 
miral Farragut, in attempting to pass 
the batteries, loses his flag ship 
"Mississippi," March 14, 1863 



Constitution captures British frigate 

Guerriere Aug. 13, 

Captain Elliott captures two British frig- 
ates on Lake Eric Oct. 8, 

Sloop "Wasp captures British sloop Frolic, 
Oct. 18 ; both vessels captured by 
British 74, Poictiers Oct. 20, 

Frigate United States, Captain Decatur, 

captures Brit sh frigate Macedonian 

Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, cap- 
tures British frigate Java Oct. 29, 

Hornet, Captain Lawrence, captures 
British ship Peacock, Captain Peake, 

Feb. 23, 

Sloop Peacock, Captain 'Warrington, cap- 
tures British brig Epervier April 29, 

Sloop Wasp, Captain Blakeley, captures 

British brig Reindeer, June 28, 

Flotilla, Commodore Macdonouuii, victori- 
ous over the British on Lake Cham- 
plain. Sept. 11, 

Frigate President surrendered to the 

British frigate Endymion Jan. 15, 

Frigate Constitut on, captures British 

brigs Cyane and Levant, off Madeira, Feb. 

Sloop Hornet, Commodore Biddle, cap- 
tures British brig Penguin, oft' Brazil, 

Feb. 23, 

U. 8. naval force under Commodore Con- 
ner bombards Vera Cruz, (jointly 
with the land force under General 
Scott,) , 



37 



1812 
1812 

1812 
1812 
1812 

1813 
1814 

1S14 

1814 
1815 
1815 

1815 
,1847 



Combined attack of iron-clads upon Fort 
Sumter, S. C, five disabled, the fort 
receiving no great injury April 7, 1833 

The Rebel ram Albemarle attacks U. S. 
gunboats at Plymouth, N. C, sinks 
one and disperses the rest April 19, 1884 

Brilliant engagement off Cherbourg, 
France, between L T . S. gunboat 
" Kearsarge," and Rebel privateer 
"Alabama." The latter sunk in 2 
hours June 19, 1884 

Admiral Farragut, with 32 vessels and 
231 guns, enters Mobile Bay, silencing 
the forts and capturing two heavy 
iron-clads One U. S. Monitor sunk 
by a torpedo Aug. 5, 1864 

Gunboat light near Memphis, Tenn. The 
Union fleet completely routed the 
enemy's, capturing 3 and disabling 4 
of their vessels June 6, 1864 

Formidable fleetof ironcladsand frigates 
with 300 guns, under Admiral Porter, 
attack Fort Fisher, N. C. Under cover 
of the terrible fire, land forces storm 
and capture the fort Jan. 15, 1865 

For list of minor engagements, see Gree- 
ley's Amer. Conflict, Vol. II. 



NAVY of the United States. The first ship of war of the United States was built un- 
der the superintendence of the celebrated John Paul Jones, at Portsmouth, N. H., 1781; but 
the regular navy was commenced by act of Congress, authorizing the building of six frigates, 
March 30, 1794. The Constitution launched at Boston, Constellation at Baltimore, 1797. 
In 1860, consisted of 10 ships of the line, 10 frigates, 21 sloops of war, 3 brigs, 8 steamers 
first class, 6 screw do. 2d class, 15 do. 3d class, 9 side-wheel steamers, 3 store ships, 6 receiv- 
ing ships. Total, 91 vessels. At the opening of the war in 1861, there wore 58 serviceable 
vessels, with 1,110 guns. The home squadron consisted of but 12 ships, with 187 guns. In 
1862 there were 427 vessels and 3,268 guns; in 1863, 588 vessels, 4,443 guns; in 1864, 671 
vessels, 4,610 guns. At the close of 1864, there were 62 "iron-clads" completed or 
on the docks. Total number of seamen in 1861, 7,600; in 1865, 51,500. Since 1861, 208' 
vessels were commenced, and 418 bought, of which 313 were steamers, costing $18,366,681. 
Total^ expenses of Navy department from March 4, 1861, to June 3D, 1865, $314,170,960. 
The first "iron-clad" was the "Monitor," built by Capt. Ericsson at N, Y, in 100 days, com* 



38 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [nav 

pleted March 5, 1862. la 1866, the navy was reduced to 278 vessels, 2,351 guns. In com- 
mission, US vessels, 1,029 guns. Number of seamen in the naval and coast survey service 
in 1866, 13,600. 

_ NAVAL ACADEMY (IT. S.) at Annapolis, Md., founded during the presidency of Mr. Polk, 
chiefly at the instance of Geo. Bancroft, sec. of the Navy. During the war it was removed to 
Newport, R. I. It has since been re-established at Annapolis. 

NATURALIZATION, Laws, U. S. By the constitution, Congress has power to establish 
" one uniform rule of naturalization." Over fifteen different acts have been passed since 
1787 on the subject. In 1860, the law required a residence of five years in the country to 
entitle any one to citizenship. In the city of New York, between 1850 and 1860, about 
60,000 persons were naturalized. 

NEBRASKA, IT. S. Organized as a territory 1854. Capital, Omaha City. Area, about 
100,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 28,841; also 5,000 Indians. Admitted into the 
Union March 1st, 1867. 

NEVADA, U. S. Organized as a territory, March 2, 1861. Capital, Carson City. Area 
about 80,000 square miles. Population, 1860, 50,568, of whom 16,260 were Indians on res- 
ervations, and 7,550 tribal Indians. Admitted as a State, Oct. 31, 1864. It is one of the 
richest mineral States in the Union. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. One of the United States ; was first granted toEerdinando Gorges 
in 1662, first settled at Dover and Portsmouth in 1623. It came voluntarily under the ju- 
risdiction of Massachusetts in 1641 ; but was made a separate province by an act of Charles I. 
in 1679. It was several times afterwards connected with Massachusetts until 1741, since 
which it has remained a separate Slate. Constitution formed in 1784, and amended, 1792. 
Population in 1790 was 141, 8S5 ; in 1800, 138,858; in 1830, 269,328; in 1840, 284,574; 
in 1850, 317,976; increase in 10 years, 11 per cent. In 1860, 326,072, increase, 3 per cent. 
Number of troops furnished to the army in 1861-5, 33,427. 

NEW JERSEY. One of the United States ; first settled by the Dutch from New York, at 
Bergen, 1614-20. A Colony of Swedes and Finns on the Delaware, 1627. The province 
included with New York in the grant by Charles II. to the duke of York in 1664; granted 
by the duke to lord Berkley and sir George Cartaret, who established a government in 1695. 
Subdued by the Dutch in 1672, but surrendered by them, 1674 ; purchased by a company of 
English emigrants, who formed the first English settlement at Salem, 1674 ; government sur- 
rendered to the crown (in consequence of difficulties about titles, &c.,) and accepted by queen 
Anne, 1702; continued under royal instead of proprietary government until 1776. This 
State suffered much in the Revolution, and acted an important part. Adopted the Federal 
Constitution by unanimous vote in 1787. Population in 1732, 47,000 ; in 1790, 184,189; 
in 1830, 320,779 ; in 1840, 373,306 ; in 1850, 488,552, including 22,269 colored persons; 
in 1860, 676,084. Increase in 10 vears, 35 per cent. Number of troops furnished to the army, 
(1861-5,) 79,348. Population in "l865, 773,700. 

NEW MEXICO, U. S. Ceded to the U. S. in 1848. Organized as a territory, 1850. 
Capital, Santa Fe. Population in 1860, 83,000 ; besides 55,100 tribal Indians. 

NEW ORLEANS, U. S. The chief city of Louisiana, called the " Crescent City " on 
account of the circular bend of the river on which it stands. Founded by the French, in 
1718. Ceded to the U.S. in 1803. Population then, 8,000; in 1840, 102,000; in 1860, 
168,800, of whom 13,300 were slaves. In the war for the Union, New Orleans surrendered 
to the U. S. forces, — the naval commanded by Admiral Farragut, and the land forces com- 
manded by Gen. B. F. Butler, April 26, 1862. The misrepresentations as to Butler's "brutal 
tyranny, especially towards females," as recorded by Haydn, (p. 513), and believed in England, 
have been long since exploded. Butler superseded in the command of the city and the Depart- 
ment of the Gulf by Gen. N. P. Banks, 1863. Gen. Canby appointed to the post,— 1864. 
Rebel riots against the negroes and their friends, in the " Radical Convention," July, 1S66. 

NEWPORT, R. I. One of the principal places of summer resort in the U. S. In 1861 
the Naval Academy was removed from Annapolis to this place. In 1865 it was re-estab- 
lished at Annapolis. 

NEWSPAPERS, &c, in the United States. The first was the " Boston Kews-Letter," m 
1704, which was continued till 1774; the second was the Boston Gazette, 1719; the third 
the American Weekly Mercurv, at Philadelphia, started one day after the last. First .New 
York Gazette, in 1125; first newspaper in the Carolinas at Charleston, 1731-2; first Rhode 
Island Gazette, at Newport, 1732 ; first Virginia Gazette, at Williamsburgh, in 1736. In 1775 



new] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 39 

there were in all the colonies 37 newspapers ; in 1810, in the United States, 358 ; in 1828, 
802; in 1839, 1,555. In 1860 there were 3,364 newspapers published in the U. S., of which 
613 were in New York; 419 in Pennsylvania ; 382 in Ohio; 221 in Illinois; and 219 in 
Mass. In England and Wales there were 272; in France, about 600; in Germany, 1,500; in 
Russia, 100. In 1866, number of newspapers in U. S. about 4,000; circulation 928,000,000 
copies. In 1865, number in State of New York, 623 ; circulation 412,591,900. 

NEW YORK. One of the United States. The river Hudson and the island of Manhat- 
tan, where New York City now stands, ware discovered by Henry Hudson, an Englishman, 
in the service of the Dutch, 1609. First permanently settled on Manhattan Island by the 
Dutch in 1621 ; surrendered to the English, under Richard Nichols, for the duke of York, in 
1664; confirmed to England by the peace of Breda, 1667 ; retaken by a Dutch expedition in 
1673 ; restored to the duke of York with a new patent, 1674; first legislative assembly, 1683; 
Jacob Leisler's revolution, 1689; episcopacy established by law, 1693; negro conspiracy, 
1741 ; colony took an active part in French war, 1756, and the war of Independence ; city 
captured by English, 1776 ; who evacuated it Nov. 25, 1783 ; State adopted the Federal Con- 
stitution by 30 to 35, 1788 ; adopted new State Constitution, 1846. Population in 1732, 
65,000; in 1790, 340,820; in 1810,959,049; in 1820, 1,372,812; in 1840, 2,428,921; in 
1850, 3,097,394; increase in ten years, 26 percent.; in 1860, 3,851,563; increase in ten 
years, 24 per cent. No. of school districts, 11,621. Pupils in public schools, 851,533. Vol- 
umes in school libraries, 1,360,507(1860). Population in 1865, 3,831,777; decrease of 2 
per cent. No. of voters in 1865, 823,484, of whom 583,611 were natives. The number of 
widows in the State — principally a result of the war — was 137,980. It sent 473,443 troops 
to the war. Number of convicts in State Prisons in 1865, 1,873. 

NEW YORK, City of. Founded by the Dutch, 1614; fort built by them at S. point of 
the island, 1623 ; surrendered to the English, 1664; assessed value of all the property in the 
town in 1668 was £78,231; city taken by the British, 1776; evacuated Nov. 25, 1783; 
meeting of first United States Congress here, 1785; Washington inaugurated President of 
the United States, at the City Hall in Wall street, April 30, 1789; yellow fever prevailed 
here in 1795 and 1805 ; cholera in 1832, 1834, and 1849. Great fire in the business part of 
the city, swept over 40 acres, and destroyed property valued at about $20,000,000, Dec. 16, 
1835 ; another in same neighborhood, 1845 ; the whole district rebuilt and improved shortly 
after ; celebration of the completion of Croton Aqueduct, Oct. 14, 1842. Population in 
1790, 33,131; in 1810, 96,373; in 1830, 202,589; in 1840, 312,710; in 1850, 514,547; in 

1860, 805,651 ; in 1865, 726,386. The density of the population is about 32,000 to the 
square mile, including 1,100 acres of parks. Debt of the city in 1867, $51,000,000. Value of 
real and personal property in 1865, $608,784,355. On the eleven street railroads in the city 
of New York there were carried, during the year ending Sept. 30, 1864, the enormous num- 
ber of 60,328,795 passengers, exceeding that of the previous year by nearly 20,000,000. The 
earnings of the roads for the same period were $4,623,583, and the expenses $2,821,625. 

NORTH CAROLINA. One of the United States. First permanent settlement at Albe- 
marle, by emigrants from Virginia, who fled from religious persecution about 1660. The 
district granted to Lord Clarendon, who induced the celebrated John Locke to prepare a 
constitution for it, 1663. The chief magistrate was called the palatine, and there was an 
hereditary nobility. This constitution abolished, as defective, 1693. The two Carolinas pur- 
chased by the crown for £17,500, and divided into North and South, in 1720. The popula- 
tion was as follows : — 

Whites. Slaves. Free-Col. Total. 

1840 484,870 245,817 22,732 753,419 

1850 , 553,028 288,548 27,463 862,039 

1860 679,965 328,377 1,008,342 

It was at Mecklenburgh, in this State, that the first declaration of independence of the 
British crown was made as early as May, 1775. Ordinance of "secession" passed May 21, 

1861. Loss by the State in the war, $250,000,000. Gen. Sherman marched across the State 
in the spring of 1865. May 29, W. W. Holden was appointed provisional governor. Legis- 
lature declared the ordinance of secession " null and void " Oct. 7, 1865. 

O 

OBSERVATORIES, U. S. The first one was established in the country in 1834 at 
Washington, for the Naval Depot of Charts. It was equipped with a three and three- 
quarter inch transit-instrument. In 1835, a five-inch telescope was placed in a tower at Yale 
College. In 1838, a small observatory was established at Hudson, Ohio, through the exer- 



40 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ohi 

lions of Prof. E. Loomis. In 1840, one at Philadelphia for the "High School." In 1841, 
one at West Point, for the U. S. Military Academy. Bill to provide lor a U. S. Naval Obser- 
vatory passed Congress, Aug., 1842. In 1844, under the superintendence of Lieut. Gilliss, 
D. S. N., a building was completed at Camp Hill, Washington, and furnished with Euro- 
pean instruments. Lieut. Maury assigned to its charge, Oct., 1844. Capt. Gilliss appointed 
in 18G1, vice Maury absconded. First volume of astronomical observations appeared in 
1842, compiled by Lieut. Gilliss. The Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y., founded by Mrs. 
B. Dudley, 1858. The one at Cincinnati founded by Prof. Mitch'el, 1843. Cambridge Ob- 
servatory, 1845. Ann Arbor Observatory, 1854. The Chicago Observatory has the largest 
telescope in the country. The Yale " Scientific School " has a revolving turret for observa- 
tions. Telescopes have been mounted at various places by private individuals; the princi- 
pal one at Nantucket, Mass., under the charge of Miss Mitchel. 

OHIO. One of the United States. First permanently settled at Marietta, April 178S; 
second settlement was Symmes's purchase, 6 miles below Cincinnati, 1*789; third by French 
emigrants at Gallipolis, 1791 ; fourth by New Englanders, at Cleveland and Conneaut, 1796. 
First territorial legislature met at Cincinnati, 1799. The Western Reserve, under jurisdiction 
of Connecticut, was sold by that State for the benefit of her "School fund" in 1800. Ohio 
formed her State Constitution and was admitted into the Union, 1802. Population in 1790 
was 3,000 ; in 1800, 45,365 ; in 1810, 230,760 ; in 1SS0, 937,637 ; in 1840, 1,519,467. The 
total population of this State in 1850, was 1,980,408, viz. white, 1,956,000 ; colored, 24,800. 
Farms in cultivation, 143,887 ; manufacturing establishments producing annually over $500,- 
110,550 ; houses, 836,098. Census Returns. In 1850 the wheat crop of Ohio amounted to 
80,01)0,000 bushels. April, 1851, completed 62 years since the first band of white settlers 
entered Ohio. Population in 1860, 2,377,917 ; increase in ten years about 20 per cent. Num- 
ber of men sent to the war in 1861-5, 317,133. In 1866 there were erected in Ohio, at 
a cost of $4,889,900, 4,850 houses, 1,158 barns, 78 mills, 311 factories. 

OIL WELLS, which supply a good burning oil, were discovered at Titusville, Pa., 1859. 
The first was through 29 feet of earth, and 80 feet of rock. There were in 1861 numerous 
wells in that vicinity yielding about 15 barrels per day. In August, 1861, the excitement on 
petroleum increased wonderfully by the discovery of wells which threw up immense quanti- 
ties of oil in the valley of Oil Creek, Pa. 30(0 barrels were obtained from a single well in 
one day. Wells were discovered later in Ohio, California, Kentucky, and West Virginhi. 
FromPenn. in 1860, 2,000,000 galls, were sent to market; in 1861, 20,000,000. In 1862, 
$60,000,000 worth was exported to foreign countries from the U. S. The yield from the 
wells of the Oil Creek region was stated to be 5,717 barrels per day in 1862. From 1861-65, 
Petroleum was the subject of numberless speculations, and fortunes were daily made and lost. 
In Jan.lS62, the price of refined oil was 40 cer.ts in New York ; in Nov. it rose as high as 
$1 10 ; in Dec. it fell to 40 cents again. In 1866-7 the petroleum fever had greatly dimin- 
ished. 

OMNIBUSES, U. S. In New York City, in 1866, there were 8 lines of omnibuses with 
204 vehicles. Their average number of trips a day is 10 up and 10 down the city. 

OREGON. Territory of the United States, on the N. W. coast of America. First visited 
by the Spaniards under Juan de Fuca, 1592 ; by Sir Francis Drake, 1578 ; by Vancouver, 
1792. The Columbia river discovered and entered by Capt. Gray, of merchant ship Colum- 
bia, of Boston, United States, May 7, 1792 ; overland expedition of Lewis and Clarke, sent 
out by Jefferson, 1804-5-6. Missouri Fur Company established at St. Louis, 1808 ; Pacific 
Fur Company (J. J. Astor) at New York, 1810 ; Astoria founded at the mouth of the Colum- 
bia, by Astor's colony, 1811 ; sold to the N. W. Company, 1813 ; occupied by the British 
until restored by treaty of Ghent, 1815 ; operations of the Hudson's Bay Company (Eng- 
lish) commenced 1821 ; the territory divided at the 49th parallel of lat., leaving all north 
of that line, with the whole of Vancouver's island, to Great Britain, remainder to the United 
States, by Mr. McLane's treaty, signed at London, ratified by the Senate, 41 to 14, June 18, 
1846. Population at that time about 20,000. Territorial government established by the 
U. S. Congress. Aug. 2-13, 1848. Admitted into the Union 1859. Capital, Salem. Popula- 
tion in 1860, 52,566 ; in 1865, about 70,000. 

OPERA, U. S. See Music. 

OPIUM. The Custom-house returns state that in 1858, 800,000 lbs. of opium were im- 
ported in the United States, and it is calculated from reliable data that not more than one- 
tenth of this is used for medicinal purposes. Druggists and physicians say that the habit of 
taking opiates is very prevalent, and extending every year. The duty on opium is $2.50 per 
lb. ; on opium prepared for smoking, 100 per cent, (acts of Congress, 1864-5). 



org] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 41 

ORGANS. The largest organ in the IT. S. is that in the Music Hall at Boston, Mass., 
completed 1862. The next largest in H. W. Beecher's church at Brooklyn, 1866. 

OYSTER TRADE, U. S. The oyster product of the Chesapeake Bay in 1858 was valued 
nt $20,000,000. From Baltimore, in 1860, $3,500,000 worth was distributed through the 
country. The trade of the town of Fair Haven, Conn., is almost exclusively devoted to the 
cultivation and export of oysters. 



PAINTING, in the U. S. The first practising artist of celebrity was John Watson (born 
in Scotland, 1685), who commenced painting portraits in New Jersey, 1715. Nathaniel Smy- 
bert, of Edinburgh, began in Boston, 1728. Benjamin West was the first native American 
artist; born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1708 ; painted his first portrait in Lancaster, 
Pa., 1753. John Singleton Copley, born in Boston, 1738 ; first painted in 1760; he was the 
father of lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor of Great Britain. Chas. W. Peale (born in Mary- 
land, 1741), Gilbert Charles Stuart (Rhode Island, 1754), John Trumbull (Connecticut, 1756), 
William Dunlap (New Jersey, 1766), E. G. Malbone (Rhode Island, 1777), Allston of S. C. 
and Boston, Morse of New York, historical painters. More recently, Cole, Doughty, and 
Durand, in landscape, and Inman, Sully, Harding, and Elliot in portrait. In landscape paint- 
ing during the last 20 years great advances have been made ; and the works of Church, 
Bierstadt, Gifford, and others have won fame and honor beside the best European works. 
See List of Painters in Biographical Index, also Tuckerman's Book of the Artists, Spooner's 
Biog. Hint, of Fine Arts, J. J. Jarves, Works, etc. . 

PALAEONTOLOGY. Prof. James Hall of Albany is the author of an elaborate work on 
the Palaeontology of New York. A Professorship of Palaeontology established at Yale Col- 
lege in 1866. It was endowed by Geo. Peabody, Esq. 

PAPER. The manufacture of printing and writing papers in the United States has been 
greatly advanced in the last 20 years. Printing paper is now made, especially in Conn., 
Mass., Maine, N. J., and Pa., fully equal in quality to the best in England. The amount of 
capital employed in this business is estimated at $20,000,000. The quantity produced can- 
not be precisely calculated, but it is now (1867) probably greater than the product of Great 
Britain. Mass. manufactures more paper than any other State. Number of mills in 1865, 
77 rvalue of stock $5,381,671 ; capital $3,875,000. The materials for making paper in the 
U. S. are various, such as rags, flax, worn out bagging, cable-rope, straw, hay, hemlock, corn- 
husks, mulberry leaves and bark, canes and reeds. In 1855 there were in the U. S. 750 paper 
mills, 3,000 engines, producing 280,000,000 lbs., which at 10 cts. per lb. would amount to $28,- 
000,000. The manufacture of printing and stationery papers in 1860 was 153,766,000 lbs. 
An examination of the returns of the incomes paid by persons and firms interested in the manu- 
facture of paper, in a single collection district of the United States, for the years 1865-'66, gives 
the following results: Total income of ninety-nine persons, firms, and corporations, $948,988. 
Of these, one corporation reported an income of $178,000, and ten individuals an aggregate of 
$314,000 ; being an average of $31,400 each. The annual value of paper produced in the U. S. 
is estimated at $17,500,000, nearly as large as in England. 

PAPER CURRENCY. In 1857 the Bank of England had $98,800,000, other banks in 
England, $89,585,000, total, $188,385,000; France, $121,070,000; United States, $148,- 
929,000. In 1863 the circulation of the 1466 Banks in the U. S. was $238,677,218. 

PARKS. The great " Central Park," N. Y. city, originated 1851 by the suggestions of 
the late A. J. Downing, and first officially recommended by A. C. Kingslaud, then mayor. It 
was authorized both by the Common Council and by the Legislature, within 100 days after ; 
the award of the commissioners of Assessments, made July 2, 1855. The park came into 
possession of the city, Feb., 1856. It originally extended from 59th to 106th St. : in 1859 it 
was extended to 110th St., and then included in all 843 acres; being 2-J miles long, -J mile 
wide. The cost before extension was $5,444,369, of which $1,657,590 was assessed on ad- 
joining property ; the net cost being greater than was ever before known to be expended on 
a public park. It is now more than twice the size of Hyde Park in London ; but of its area 
142 acres is occupied by the two Croton reservoirs. Preliminary surveys by Mr. Viele (1856) 
wore followed by the adoption of plans by Olmsted and Vaux, April 28, 1858, and the ap- 
pointment of Mr. F. L. Olmsted as Superintendent and " Architect-in-chief." Work on this 
plan commenced June 1, 1858, since which from 500 to 3500 persons have been employed to 
this time (1867) under the general direction of commissioners appointed by the Legislature. 
A park of about equal extent to the " Central Park," is projected but not yet (1867) com- 
pleted for the city of Brooklvn. 



42 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [pat 

PATENTS, U. S. The Patent Office of the U. S. at Washington, an extensive and impo- 
sing edifice, was completed 1858. The number of Patents issued has rapidly increased 
during the last seventeen years, being nearly nine times as great in 1856 as in 1843. The 
numbers in some of these years are thus stated : 

Years. Applied for. 



1843 


819 


1850 


2193 


]855 


4435 


1856 


4960 



lted. 
531 


Yenrs. 
1857 


Applied for. 
477] 


G ranted. 
2710 


995 






3710 


2024 


1859 




4538 


2910 









The receipts of the office increased from $35,315, in 1843, to $245,942, in 1859. Of the 
patents granted in 1859, 4,491 were to citizens of the U. S. (1,237 being from N. Y.), 23 to 
British subjects, 16 to French, and 8 to other foreign applicants. Number of patents issued 
in 1863, 3,887; receipts of the office, $179,378; expenditure, $189,803. 

PEABODY FUND, U. S. Mr. George Peabody, the great American banker at London, 
during a visit to theU. S., donated in 1866-7 the sum of $2,000,000, to be used as an educa- 
tional fund for the benefit of the Southern States. It was committed to a Board of Trustees, 
who have absolute discretion as to the manner of its distribution. Dr. Sears, of Brown 
University, appointed General Agent. The promotion of Primary and Normal School 
education is to be the leading object. Mr. Peabody delivered over bonds, covering the 
amount of his gift, March 4, 1867. 

PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United States. Granted by James II. to William Penn, of 
the Society of Friends, in 1681. (Previously settled by Swedes and Finns, and conquered by 
the Dutch in 1654.) A tract of 20,000 acres sold by Penn for £400 to a colony which formed 
a settlement at Philadelphia. The colony governed by proprietors until the revolution of 
1776, when the legislature purchased it, paying the proprietors £130,000 in lieu of quit-rents. 
Battles of Brandy wine and Germantown, and other important actions in this State in the war 
of independence. See Philadelphia. Federal Constitution adopted in convention, Dec. 13, 
1787, by 46 to 23. Continental Congress at Philadelphia, in 1774. United States Congress, 
1790 to 1800, when it was removed to Washington. Population of State in 1732, 30,000; 
1790, 434,373; in 1800, 602,545; in 1820, 1,049,13; in 1840, 1,724,033; in 1S60, 
2,906,115. Number of common schools in the State in 1865, 12,980. The State furnished 
362,284 soldiers for the war. It had under its care (1866), about 1200 soldiers' orphans, 
appropriation having been made by the legislature to support such. 

PENSIONERS, U. S. The whole number of pensioners of all classes on the rolls in 1860, 
was 11,585 ; and the aggregate amount required per annum for their payment, $1,183,141. 
Of revolutionary soldiers, 165 were on the rolls in 1860. In 1S66, only 5 were on the rolls. 
Congress granted in 1866, to each of these, $300 annuity, in addition to the $100 pension. 
The war of the rebellion produced a new list of pensioners. The entire number on the rolls, 
July 1, 1866, was 126,722. The amount paid to them, including expenses of disbursement, 
was $13,459,996. The Naval Pension Fund amounts to $11,750,000 (1866). 

PERIODICAL LITERATURE, U. S. See Reviews and Magazines. 

PHILADELPHIA, City of. First surveyed and regulated by the English colony under 
Penn's grant, in 1682. [The Swedes had settled on Delaware bay in 1627]. Named after a 
city in Asia Minor, and first laid out with a view to rival ancient Babylon in extent ; but the plan 
was restricted to its present limits by the charter of 1701. First or " Continental" Congress 
at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. The Declaration of Independence adopted, July 4, 1776, in 
the State House, still standing in Chestnut street. The city taken by the British, Sept. 26, 
1777 ; evacuated by them, June 18, 1778. Convention met here, May 17, 1787, and on 17th 
of Sept. following, agreed on a constitution for the United States. Yellow fever raged, 1793 
and 1798. Congress removed to Philadelphia, 1800. United States Bank established here, 
1816. United States Mint, in 1792. Girard College opened, 1846. Population in 1732, 
12,000; in 1790, 42,000; in 1810, 96,664; in 1830, 167,811 ; in 1840, 220,423 ; in 1850, 
340,045; in 1860, 585,529. During the war for the Union, 1861-5, Philadelphia was dis- 
tinguished for its enthusiastic patriotism and benevolence. Northern troops going to the field 
were most hospitably entertained by her citizens, and a very liberal and efficient provision 
was made for the sick and wounded in hospitals, &c. See Clubs. 

PHOTOGRAPHY in the U. S. M. Gourard, of Paris, first introduced Photography in the 
U. S. in 1839, exhibiting some daguerreotype views in the course of a lecture at the Broad- 
way Tabernacle, early in that year. Professors Morse, Draper, and Wollcott, simultaneously, 
before the end of the year, improved Daguerre's process, and during 1840 applied it to por- 
traiture. Ambrotypes were introduced in 1853, and paper photographs in 1851 ; although 



pho] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 43 

very little was done in the business-way until 1854. Early in 1855, Mr. C. D. Fredricks 
made the first successful life-sized photographs, with an apparatus invented by Mr. H. H. 
Snelling ; and it is mainly to the introduction of this apparatus by Mr. Fredricks, that pho- 
tography owes its rapid progress and popularity in this country, almost entirely superseding 
the earlier daguerreotypes. Stereographs were introduced in 1852, but commanded no atten- 
tion until 1857. Professor Bond, of Cambridge, Mass., first exhibited a photograph of the 
moon in 1851. Photographs of rapidly moving objects are taken in a fractional part of a 
second. Ingenious counterfeits of bank notes have been effected by photography. 

PHOTO-SCULPTURE has been introduced in New York in 1867, by Messrs. McKaye 
& Co. ; among the earliest specimens are statuettes of Grant, Farragut, Greeley, and others. 

PIANO-FORTES. Those made by Steinway of New York, and Chickering of Boston, re- 
ceived the highest award (gold medal), at the Paris Exposition of 1867, July 1. This manu- 
facture has advanced very largely in the last 15 years, and is one of the most important 
branches of American industry. There are in New York city alone 113 piano-makers 
(1867). 

POLICE. The " Metropolitan Police" law for the city of New York and suburbs, passed 
1857, resisted by the mayor (Wood), and a serious collision resulted between the old and new 
police force, June 16, 1857. The new law pronounced to be constitutional by the Court of 
Appeals, July 2, and the old force is disbanded next day. The present police force of 
New York (1867), is unquestionably the most effective and the most perfect that has ever 
been organized on this continent. In 1866 the police force consisted of 26 captains, 105 
sergeants, 42 roundsmen, 60 detailments, 1,250 patrolmen, 56 doormen. There are 26 Po- 
lice districts. Expense to the city for supporting this force in 1866, $1,836,120. 

POLITICAL ECONOMY. In the U. S. the most elaborate works on this subject, are 
those of Mr. Henry C. Carey, of Phila., who has published (as a protectionist), several vol- 
umes which are highly esteemed also in Europe. Works favoring free trade have also been 
issued here by Opdyke and others. See Free Trade. 

POPULATION of the U. S. In 1850, 23,191,000; in 1860, 31,429,000. In 1860, the 
following cities had over 100,000 : New York, 805,651 ; Philadelphia, 585,529 ; Brooklyn, 
268,661 ; Baltimore, 212,418; Boston, 177,812; New Orleans, 168,675; Cincinnati, 161,044; 
St. Louis, 160,773 ; Chicago, 109,260. By an unofficial but accurate census taken by an offi- 
cer of the government in Dec. 1866, the total population of the U. S. was found to be 
34,505,882. 

POST-OFFICE in the United States. The first post-office in the colonies was established 
in 1710, by act of Parliament for establishing a general post-office for all her majesty's do- 
minions. During the Revolution this department was, of course, controlled by Congress, and 
the Constitution of the United States, 1789, provided for the continuance of this control — the 
Postmaster-general being appointed by the President and Senate, as one of the cabinet. For 
successive Postmasters-General, see Administrations. The following table gives the statistics 
of the post-offices in the United States' at different times since 1790 : — 

Year. No. of Post Amount of Net Revenue. Extent in miles 

Office. Postage.. of Post Roads. 

1790 75 $37,935 $5,795 1,875 

3800. 903 280,804 6G,S10 20 817 

1810 2,300 551,684 55,715 36 400 

1820 4,500 1,111.927 . . V492 

1830 8,000. 1.850,583 "il5,'oOO 

1840 13,468 4.539,265 155 739 

1845 14,183 4,289,842 143 940 

1846 14,601 3,487,199 152>-65 

1847 15,146 3,955,893 153,818 

1848 16,159 4,371,077 44,227 163,208 

HP 7 millions loss 1-i- millions 

1855 7J do 

1856 7* do 

1857 8" do 

1858 8 do 

1859 Si do 

I860 8f do 

Number of post-offices in 1863, 29,047 ; mail routes, 139,598 miles ; revenue, $11,163,000 ; 
expenditures, $11,314,000. In 1865 $12,099,7S7 worth of postage stamps were sold; $724,135 
worth of stamped envelopes; $23,315 worth of stamped wrappers. 467,500,000 letters were 
conveyed in the mails, of which 2,352,000 were lost or destroyed; number of dead letters, 



22 


do 


3 


do 


3i 


do 


4't 


do 


7t 


do 


5f 


do 



44 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ P0R 

4,308,000. There were 74,277 money orders issued, of the value of $1,860,122. The revenues 
of the year 18(35 exceeded the highest annual receipts from all the States previous to the re- 
bellion by $6,038,090. Length of postal routes in 1867, 180,900 miles. The revenue of the 
department for the year ending June 30, 1865, was $14,556,158, audits expenditures §13,694 - 
728; the rate of increase being 17 per cent., and of expenditure 8 per cent., compared' with 
the previous year. Postage stamps to the value of $12,099,787 were sold, also $724,135 
worth of stamped envelopes, and $23,815 of stamped wrappers. The average annual increase 
of the revenue for the last four years over the preceding four years was $3,353,845. The 
Postmaster-General thinks that in a few years letter postage may be reduced to the rat: 
adopted by Great Britain. 

POSTAL MONEY ORDERS. On Aug. 2, 1866, 300 new money-order offices were adde. 
making 700 such post-offices. The largest amount that can be sent by any one order is no* 
$50. The fees also have been changed — the charge now being 10 cents on any order from $i 
up to $20 ; and 25 cents ou any order over $20. 

PRESBYTERIANS. The Presbyterian church in the United States was divided into the 
" Old School," and the New School, 183- In 1850, the aggregate No. of churches was 4,584, 
accommodating 2,040,000 persons. The Presbyterians of the Southern States formed an in- 
dependent organization, Dec. 1861. The New School assembly in May, 1863, at Phila.. 
passed resolutions "that to support the President and the Government of the U. S. is relig- 
iously the duty of all good citizens" in the present crisis. Number of "Old School" Presby- 
terians May, 1865, who were communicants, 232,450 ; ministers, 2,301 ; churches, 2,629. 
"New School" communicants, 143,645 ; ministers, 1,694; churches, 1,479. Aggregate in 
other "schools "in 1862, 200,000. Contributions of "Old School" in 1865, $2,400 000; 
" New School," $2,200,000. 

PRESS, freedom of the, U. S. Several papers were mobbed in the North in 1861, 
f >r expressing Southern sentiments. The N. Y. "Journal of Commerce," " News," "Day 
Baok," " Freeman's Journal," were complained of by a Grand Jury of the U. S. District Coui E 
at New York, as treasonable in their declarations; the Government accordingly refused 
them the privilege of the mails, Aug. 1861. Orders from the War Department prohibiting 
the publication of military movements, Feb, 1862. In June, 1S63, Gen. Burnside suppressed 
the " Chicago Times." In 1864, about 35 newspapers were mobbed or suppressed for disloy- 
alty in the Northern States. In 1863 the editors of the N. Y. papers passed resolutions that 
the restrictions on them were dangerous in their tendency. During the war the Press w r as 
free, so long as it did not express treason or give information to the enemy. 

PRINTING. In the United States this important art has made great advances during the 
last 15 years (1867). The best presses of Boston and Cambridge, Mass., of New York, and of 
Philadelphia, have produced specimens, nearly or perhaps fully equal to the best in England 
or France. Excellence has been especially aimed at of late in this country, while economy 
and cheapness have been more studied in England. 

PRINTING PRESSES. The largest presses more recently constructed by Hoe & Co., of 
New York, will throw off 25,000 impressions per hour. These are the " ten-cylinder typs- 
revolving printing machines." Two of these have been supplied to print the London Times, 
and a similiar one is used by four daily newspapers in New York. The cost of each press is 
about $30,000. Of the eight and six cylinder machines Hoe & Co. have supplied 20 in Great 
Britain, 4 in Paris, and 2 in Australia! The Adams printing presses are now manufactured 
by Hoe & Co. Sir Morton Peto, in his book on "American Resources," declares that in 
Printing Presses, Americans have excelled every European nation. See Type-setting Machines, 

PRISONERS during the "Rebellion," U. S. At the close of the war, 174,223 were si r- 
rendered by the Confederates to the Union Armies. The Government also had in prisons in 
the North, 98,800. In 1863 there was a general exchange of prisoners, the U. S. giving up 
121,900 in return for 110,800 Union soldiers. During 1863 the Confederates held an excess 
of prisoners. From 1861 to 1864, 225,000 Union soldiers passed the doors of Libby Prison, 
Richmond ; 35,000 were at one time at Andersonville, Geo. Capt. Wirz (Confederate) tried at 
Washington, D. C. for inhuman treatment to U. S. prisoners at the latter place, and executed 
Nov. 10, 1865. Union officers (prisoners) placed under fire of Federal guns at Charleston 
S. C. in retaliation for bombarding the city, 1864. 

PRISONS, U. S. Number of state prisons in 21 Northern States,in 1865,_ 25. No two 
are alike in their general construction. Average number of prisoners in them in 1865, 6,650. 
The Auburn silent system, inaugurated in 1821,"is in practice in most of the States. The Amer- 



P R i] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 45 

lean Prison Discipline Society was founded at Boston, 18-. The Prison Association at New- 
York was founded chiefly by the efforts of Isaac T. Hopper, about 1850. 

PRIVATEER. A vessel belonging to one or more private individuals, sailing with a 
license from Government in time of war, to seize and plunder the ships of the enemy. The 
practice first became general during the war between Spain and the Netherlands, about the 
end of the seventeenth century, and was very general during the last French war. Priva- 
teering was abolished by the great sovereigns of Europe by treaty, March 30, 1856 ; but the 
U. S. government declined to join in this treaty. During the war of 1812 there were 250 priva- 
>eers commissioned by the U. S. of which 58 were from Baltimore, 55 from New York, 40 from 
rfalcm, and 31 from Boston. During that war 2,000 British vessels were captured by the 
Americans, a large portion being by privateers. About 500 American vessels were captured 
or destroyed by the British. See CoggeshaWs Hist, of Am. Privateers. The thirty -seventh 
Congress (1863) passed a Letter of Marque Bill enabling the President to cover every sea with 
Privateers. None were commissioned, the regular navy being sufficiently effective. The 
Southern Confederacy fitted out about 30 vessels as Privateers. Seven of them proved for- 
midable. They captured 275 vessels of American merchants, 100,000 tons in all, and valued 
at many millious. The fleetest of these Privateers were of French and British build, and some 
of them manned by seamen from those nations. 

PRIZE MONEY, U. S. From May 1, 1861, to the close of the war in 1865, 1149 Rebel 
blockade-runners and privateers were captured. Net proceeds for distribution among sea- 
men, $20,501,927. The crew of the Kearsarge which sunk the Alabama (Rebel) in the Eng- 
lish Channel, received $300 a piece. . 

PROPERTY in the U. S, In 1856, the real and personal property of the U. S. was esti- 
mated by Mr. Guthrie, Sec. of the Treasury, at $11,317,611,672 (more than 11,000 millions). 
By the census of 1860, this had increased to $14,282,726,088, but this estimate is probably 
too low. The value of similar property of Great Britain at the same time was about $31,000 
millions. 

PRUSSIA. War was declared by Prussia and Italy against Austria June, 1866. Bavaria, 
Saxony, and Hanover sided with Austria. The Prussian army occupied Hanover and 
Saxony June 17 and 18, 1866. (Sea Battles, Austrian and Prussian.) Negotiations for an 
armistice commenced July 12, 1866. Prussian advance in sight of Vienna, July 22. Treaty 
of I'eace signed Aug. 30, 1866. Prussia acquired Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, Hesse- 
Cassel, Nassau, Frankfort, p irts of Bavaria, and Hesse-Darmstadt. By these annexations 
her population became 23,583,000. The strength of Austria remained united, but she paid 
Prussia $28,000,000. Venetian Province ceded to Italy, Oct. 19, 1866. A vote on the 
question of annexation of Venetia to Italy was had in that province, resulting in 641,758 
affirmative, 68 negative. The King of Italy entered Venice Nov. 7, 1866, amid great dem- 
onstrations of joy. 

PUBLIC LANDS, U. S. From 1838 to 1860 the sales of public lands reached 122,038,290 
acres, which produced $136,401,302 (1860). In Sept. 1863, the amount of surveyed public 
lands undisposed of was 133,487,495 acres ; the quantity disposed of in 1863 was 2,966,690 
acres, of which 91,354 were sold for cash, the remainder granted for bounties, railroads, &c. 

PUBLIC WORKS, American. The Croton Aqueduct carries more water than any other 
in the world, and is but two miles shorter than the Julian Aqueduct at Rome, the longest in 
the world. The stone arch over Cabin John's Creek, in the Washington Aqueduct, is about 
50 feet longer span than any stone arch in the world. The suspension bridge at Lewiston, 
and the railroad suspension bridge, both over the Niagara river, have each the largest span 
in the world. The United States Dry Dock at Brooklyn is not equalled in dimensions, nor 
surpassed in workmanship, by any of the kind anywhere, 

R 

RAGGED SCHOOLS. In New York, and other large cities of the United States, "Rag- 
ged Schools" have been established by benevolent individuals to the great benefit of many 
thousand destitute children, who would otherwise have received no instruction. " Mission 
Schools" also have gathered in thousands from the cellars and gutters, who have been pro- 
vided not only with oral teaching, but with lodging, food, and raiment. The "Howard Mis- 
sion" in the Fourth Ward and "Five Points" Missions are of this character. 

RAILROADS in the United States. The first railway in the United States was the 
Quincy and Boston, to convey granite for Bunker Hill Monument, 1827 ; Boston and Provi- 



46 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ KAI 

dence Railroad, opened June 2, 18.35 ; Boston and Lowell, June 27, and Boston and Worces- 
ter, July 6, same year; Utiea and Schenectady, opened Aug. 1, ]836; Baltimore to Wil- 
mington, July 19, 1837 ; Providence and Stonington, Nov. 10, 1837 ; Worcester and Spring- 
field, Mass., Oct. 1, 1839; Housatonic, Feb. 12, 1840. In June, 1859, the length of railways 
in operation in the United States was stated to be 27,857 miles; cost, $961,047,304. In- 
crease since 1847, 24,057 miles. In 1865, the length of completed railroads was 35,935 miles; 
cost, $1,432,649,000; cost per mile, $40,000. Pennsylvania had 3,967 miles; Ohio, 3,393 ; 
Illinois, 3,206 ; New York, 2,956. Railway accidents in 1866, 183, in which 335 persons 
were killed. 

RAILWAYS in Cities. On the eleven street railroads in the city of New York there 
were carried, during the year ending Sept. 30, 1864, the enormous number of 60,328,795 
passengers, exceeding that of the previous year by nearly 20,000,000. The earnings of the 
roads for the same period were $4,623,583, and the expense $2,821,625. 

RAPE, Punishment of, U. S. In New York state the extreme penalty is ten years im- 
prisonment. Military laws impose death on the guilty party. During the rebellion, death 
was inflicted in several instances, on soldiers convicted of rape. 

RECIPROCITY TREATY with Canada. Ratified at Washington, June 5, 1854. It allowed 
certain privileges of trade to both parties, and either could withdraw from it upon notice of 
one year. In Dec. 1864, the President was authorized to terminate the treaty. It expired 
March, 17, 1866. It was argued against the treaty, that under its operation, the balance of 
trade proved to be against the U. S. One great advantage of it was, that American fishermen 
could have the same rights as the English in the bays and inlets of Canada and the British 
Provinces. 

REPUBLICAN PARTY, U. S. first appeared as a distinct organization in 1854. The whig 
party dissolved when the south united on the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and the 
repudiation of the Missouri Compromise. All who opposed the bill were called "anti-Ne- 
braska," and afterwards "Republicans." In 1S54, they carried most" of the free state elec- 
tions. (Greeley's History.) Their first presidential convention was held at Philadelphia, 
1856. Gen. Fremont was nominated for president but was defeated. In 1860, Republican 
Convention at Chicago nominated Abraham Lincoln for president, .who was elected. The 
south considered this a cause for seceding from the Union, In 1864, the vote of the country 
was overwhelmingly "Republican." 

REVENUE of the United States, The, up to 1863, was derived chiefly from customs and 
sales of public lands. The aggregate revenue was, in 

1840 $16,993,858 



1845 29,769,134 

1850 4:i,000,000 

1855 65,000.000 

1859 53,000^000 

1860 56,054,599 

1861 41,476,299 

1862 51,935,720 



1790 $4,399,473 

1800 10,624,997 

1805 13.520,312 

lHlO 9,299,737 

1815 15,411,634 

1820 16,779,331 

1825 21,"42,9I16 

1-30 24,2-0,888 

1835 34,163,135 | 

Revenue of the U. S. for years ending July 1, (exclusive of loans): 

Year. Internal. Customs. Total. Expenditures. 

1863 $37,640,787 $69,059,642 $112,687,290 $895,796,630 

1864 109,741,134 102,316,152 264,626,771 1,298,144,656 

1865 209,464,215 84,928,260 333,714,605 1,897,074,224 

1866 309,226,813 179,046,651 558,032,620 1,141,072,666 

REVENUE, Internal, U. S. The aggregate revenue from 1789 to 1861, was $1,800,000,000. 
Between 1817 and 1861 no internal taxes were imposed on the people of the U. S. by the 
general government. During the years 1.861-2-3, Congress passed laws for increased rev- 
enue to maintain the war. The Excise law of July 1, 1862, levied a heavy tax on about 500 
different articles. The revenue from this source in 1862 to 1866 is stated in above table. 

REVIEWS and MAGAZINES in the United States. Before the American revolution, va- 
rious attempts were made to establish religious and literary journals in several places in this 
country, particularly Boston, New York, and Philadelphia; but no one of them obtained a 
liberal support, or had a long duration. The following are some of the leading literary and 
religious reviews and magazines : 



Boston. Founded. 

American Monthly Magazine, (the first) estab- 
lished by Jeremy Gridley, continued 3 
years, about 1745 

Massachusetts Magazine, (lasted to 1795) 1784 



Monthly Anthologv, Prof. Ticknor, A. H. Eve- 
rett, Buekminster, &e. (to 1811) 1803 

Goneral Repertory and Review, (1st Araer. 
quarterly), edited at Cambridge by An- 
drews Korton 1812-13 



ret] 



AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 



47 



North American Review, commenced by W. 

Tudor 1815 

Christian Examiner, (quarterly), Charming, 

Dewey, Ware, <fcc ( . 1818 

American Biblic. Repository, founded "by E. 

Bobinson, I). D.. at Andover 1S31 

Christian Review, (Baptist), quarterly 1835 

Bosion Quarterly Review, (Brownson) 18:57 

New England Magazine, Buckingham 1833 

American Quarterly Register, Edwards 18— 

The Dial, (quarterly) Emerson, to 1843 1811 

Massachusetts Quarterly, Theo. Parker, &c... 1846 
Atlantic Monthly 1859 

NEW YOUK. 

N. Y, Magazine and Literary Repository, (to 

1792)... 1787 

Literary Review, II. C. Sands, &c. (to 18-23) 1822 

Atlantic Mas., Sands, afterwards New York 

Monthly Review 1824 

Knickerbocker Mag., <J. P. Hoffman, succeeded 

by Flint, and then L. G. Clark 1F32 

Democratic Review, (until 1841 at Washington) 1837 
American Monthly Magazine, N Y., (to 1S3S) 

Herbert, Hoffman, Benjamin 1835 

N. Y. Review, (quarterly) J. G. Cogswell, (to 

1842) 1837 

American Review, G. H. Colton 1844 

Hunt's Merchant's Magazine 1S39 

Harper's Monti ily Magazine 1850 

Putnam's Monthly 1 S53 

Galaxy 1-66 



NEW HAVEN. 

Christian Observer 1S2- 

Anierican Journal of Science and Arts, (Silli- 

man's) quarterly 1 818 

New Englander, theol. (quarterly) 1S43 

Church Review, (quarterly) 1848 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Aitkin's Pennsylvania Magazine, was the most 
popular before the Revolution ; Thos. 
Paine and Francis Hopkinson, editors. 

Amer. Museum, pub. by Matthew Carey, (to 
1792) 1787 

Literary Magazine and American Register, C. 
Brockden Brown, (to 1810) 1805 

Portfolio, Pub. monthly from 1809, by Joseph 
Dennie ; edited by Nicholas Biddle, 1812-16, 
and 1816-21 by J. E. Hall 1801 

Analectic Mag., Moses Thomas, (to 1820) 1S13 

Amer. Quar. Review, Robt. Walsh, (to 1837)... 1827 

Graham's Magazine 

Lady's Book, Mrs. Hale 

Stryker's American Register, (quarterly) 1S47 

Southern Quarterly Review, at Charleston, (to 

1S33, recommenced 1S42) 1828 

Southern Lit. Messenger, at Richmond, by T. 

W. Wh.te 1834 

Biblical Repertory and Theological Review, 

Princeton, N. J 18— 

Russell's Magazine, at Charleston, 1858, stopped 

1S60 



REVIEW, Military, IT. S. Grand review of a part of the national army at the close of 
the war, at Washington, D. C, May, 1865. The army of the west under Sherman, and of the 
east under Meade, reviewed by the President, Cabinet and Gen. Grant. About 200,000 
troops marched by the White House, occupying two days. Great numbers of citizens from 
all parts of the country were present to witness the sight. 

RHODE ISLAND, one of the United States; first settled by Roger Williams and his as- 
sociates, who left Massachusetts to escape religious persecution, and founded the town of 
Providence, in 1636. Williams obtained a patent from Plymouth Co. in 1644, including 
Providence Plantations and Rhode Island, which had been settled 1638. New charter by 
Charles II., in 1663, which has continued in force till recently, unchanged by the Revolution. 
Dorr's attempt to change or overturn this constitution by armed force, in June, 1842, de- 
feated by the military force of the government. New constitution adopted in convention, 
September, 1842. Constitution of the United States adopted May 29, 1790; this state being 
the last to accede to it. Population in 1790, 58,825; in 1810, 76,931 ; in 1830, 97,212; in 
1840, 108,130 ; in 1860, 174,621 ; in 1865, 184,695, of whom 112,207 were born in the 
state. It sent 25,355 soldiers to the war. War debt, $4,000,000. 

RICHMOND, Va. Founded in 1742. It became the capital of the State in 1779. 
Population in 1800,5,730; in 1830, 16,060; in 1850, 27,570; in 1860, 37,910, of whom 
11,700 were slaves. It was distinguished for many years for the eminent men it furnished 
to the councils of the nation. On the secession of Virginia, Richmond was made the capital 
of the "Southern Confederacy," June, 1861. During the war it was the main object 
aimed at by the " Union army of the Potomac." The place was fortified with great skill. 
It fell April 2, 1865. A severe fire broke out during its evacuation by the Confederates, 
which consumed the business portion of the city. The notorious "Libby Prison" was 
situated in Richmond. 

RIOTS in the U. S. The largest and most alarming was the riot caused by the enforce- 
ment of the draft in N. Y. city, July 13, 1863. It lasted three days. The rioters destroyed 
and burnt property to the amount of $2,500,000. They were finally put down by the police 
and military. Loss of life estimated at 1,000. Similar but smaller riots occurred in Boston, 
Portsmouth, and Holmes County, Ohio. Threatened disturbances in many other places. 
Bread riots in Mobile, Ala., Sept., 1863, by women ; also at Salisbury, N. C, March 18, and 
at Richmond, Va. Riot at New Orleans, July 30, 1866 ; a State Convention broken up by 
ex-rebels and policemen ; 30 negroes and a few whites killed. Attack on Judge Kelley at a 
public meeting in Mobile, May, 1867. Attack on negroes at Memphis, 1866. 

ROMAN CATHOLICS in the United States, in 1839, 1849, and 1859 ; from the Metro- 
politan Catholic Almanac for 1859 : 



48 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [rus 

1839 1849 1859 1839 1849 1859 

Provinces 1 3 7 1 Priejts 478 1000 2108 

Doceses 16 30 48 Churches 418 966 2334 

Bishops 18 26 45 | 

The estimated number of Roman Catholics in the U. S., in 1863, was 3,177,000. 

RUSSIA, American Intercourse wira. Commercial relations : In 1861, exports 
from Russia to U. S. were $1,290,000; imports, $800,000. 8,220 tons of shipping from 
Russia entered U. S. ports ; 9,300 tons cleared for Russia. Diplomatic relations between the 
two countries have been most cordial. July, 1861, the Emperor of Russia communicated to 
the American Government his sincere hope that the Union would not be dissolved. Reso- 
lutions passed Congress May, 1867, congratulating the Emperor on his escape from assassi- 
nation. 

S 

SANITARY COMMISSION, U. S. Organized under appointment of the Secretary of 
War, dated June 9, 1861, H. W. Bellows, D.D., Prest., Fred. Law Olmsted, Secretary. [The 
Women's Central Relief Association had been previously organized, April, 1861.] Supplies 
furnished through the Com'n estimated by Sec. at $15,000,000. Cash receipts at central 
treasury to May 1, 1866, $4,962,014.26, of which New York contributed $229,328, and Cali- 
fornia, $1,233,977. The Metropol. Fair, N. Y. produced $1,184,487 ; that at Philadelphia, 
$1,035,368 ; 12 others about $425,000. See History Sanitary Commission, 8vo. Philadel- 
phia. 1866. The Freedmen's Union Commission ree'd and disbursed for teachers at the 
South, in 1863, $318,670 ; for supplies, $490,755. Total, $809,425. 

SANITARY REFORM, U. S. The ventilation of buildings has been greatly improved 
since the publication of Perry's Essays on School Houses, 1833, and Barnard's School Archi- 
tecture, 1838. This reform was specially needed iu printing-offices, book-binderies, and 
manufactories generally. 

SANITARY LEGISLATION, U. S. Resolution authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury 
to carry out regulations of quarantine to guard against cholera, passed Congress May 26, 
1866. States and cities enact local sanitary laws. Board of Health of N. Y. city, organ- 
ized, 1866. See Sanitary Commission. 

SATIRE, U. S. Among the best American humorous and satirical publications are the 
Bighiu Papers and Fable for Critics, by J. R. Lowell; the New Gospel of Peace, castigating 
secessionists and peace democrats during the recent War ; the broadly humorous essays of 
" Artemus Ward, " Petroleum V. Nasby, and others ; and the very clever pictorial satires of 
Thos. Nast. 

SAVINGS BANKS, U. S. The number of savings banks in the New England states, 
New York, and Pennsylvania, was about 300 in 1862. The amount of deposits, $70,000,- 
0n0. Massachusetts has more banks than any other state, the number being 93 ; deposits, 
$44,785,400. There are comparatively few savings banks in the states not mentioned 
above. 

SCHOOLS, Public, in United States. Schools both English and classical were almost 
instantly established by the first settlers of New England on their arrival ; were soon made 
obligatory by law, and have since grown with the population, being, however, fewer and 
worse in the southern states. The present era of public schools commenced about 1800. 
Its important dates are : Connecticut school fund, established 1795 ; first state school sup't.. 
New York, 1812 ; first state school system, Ky., 1821 ; Colburn's arithmetic, 1821 ; second 
movement of 1825-40, commenced by publications of Carter, Gallaudet, and Johnson ; 
Cousin's report on Prussian schools, published here 1835 ; Horace Mann, sec'y of Board of 
Education in Mass., 1837; Stowe's report on European schools, 1837 ; first normal school, 
at Lexington, Mass., 1839. From 1840 to 1860, the improved principles and methods thus 
introduced have been increasingly put into practice. The following totals for the United 
States are approximate for 1858 : children of school age, 6,933,441 ; public schools, 97,621 ; 
school funds, $49,324,384 ; expended for public schools in the year, $20,159,268. 

SCIENCE in the U. S. Franklin's discoveries in electricity, 1752. American Phil- 
osophical Society established, 1769. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1780. First 
course of Chemical Lectures in the United States, by Dr. S. L. Mitchill, N. Y., 1702. Botanic 
garden and Professor of Natural History established at Harvard College, 1805. American 
Association for the Advancement of Science, formed, 1845. National Academy of Sciences, 
founded at 18 Among the important National and State publications are 

the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Com. Wilkes, with its Scientific Reports, to be in some 



SCU ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 49 

30 quarto and folio volumes ; the Reports ou the Mexican Boundaries, Pacific Railway &c ; the 
Natural History of the State of New York, in about 20 quartos, the great work of Agassiz 
on Natural History, pub. by subscription, etc, etc., See Astronomy, Observatories, &c. 

SCULPTURE, U. S. No progress was made in this art in the U. S. before the time of 
Horatio Greenough, who resided some years in Italy, and died 1S52. His chief successors 
have been Hiram Powers, Clevenger (died 1843), Crawford (died 1857), Ball Hughes, W. W. 
Story, Miss Hosmer, E. D. Palmer ; Quincy Ward ; Launt Thompson, Mead ; Akers. See Tuck- 
erman's Book of the Artists, 1867. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE, U. S. See Administrations. Each State in the Union 
has a " Secretary of State " in its government. 

SEWING MACHINE. To America unquestionably belongs the honor of giving to the 
world the first practical sewing machine. Here also, it has received its fullest development. 
Mr. Howe's patent was granted in 1846. Very little advance was made for the next six 
vears. Since that period the sales of reliable machines have been as follows : 1853, 2,509 ; 
1854, 4,469 ; 1855,' 3,515 ; 1856, 7,225 ; 1857, 12,715 ; 1858, 17,589 ; 1859, 46,245. The ma- 
chine has been improved, and adapted to all branches of sewing. Indeed it has revolution- 
ized and developed every department of needlework ; introduced new branches of industry ; 
rendered healthful, pleasant and profitable an employment hitherto proverbially unhealthful, 
and proved itself the most beneficial invention of the age. In the domestic world it ranks as 
do railroads and telegraphs in the commercial. The following table exhibits the economy 
of the sewing machine in stitching the various parts of the following garments. 

BY MACHINE. BY HAND. 

flours. Minutes. flours. Minutes. 

G-er.tlem en's shirts 1 16 14 26 

Frock coats 2 38 16 35 

Satin vests 1 14 7 19 

Slk dress 1 13 8 27 

Merino dress 1 4 8 27 

Seams of considerable length are ordinarily sewed with the best machines at the rate of a 
yard a minute, and that, too, in a manner far superior to hand sewing. The manufacture of 
sewing machines has become a well established branch of industry. The capital invested is 
immense, employing an army of mechanics, and extending the reputation of American science 
and mechanical skill over the globe. The number of machines manufactured in the U. S. up 
to 1866, was about 750,000; 200,000 are made yearly at the present time. In N. Y. City, 
Philadelphia, Cincinnati and Boston the manufacture of clothing by machine-sewing amounted 
to $40,000,000 worth in 1860. Sewing-machine manufactories in the U. S. in I860, 74 ; capital, 
$4,247,000. At the Paris Exposition of 1867, the highest prize (gold medal) was awarded to 
Wheeler & Wilson of New York for the best machines. Elias Howe, Jr., was also, as the in- 
ventor, awarded the gold medal and badge of Legion of Honor. 

SHEEP, U. S. They have generally been reared to supply mutton rather than wool. 
Of late, however, much attention has been paid to breeding them for their value in producing 
wool. The number of sheep in 1850 in the U. S. was 21,723,000 ; in I860, 22,471,000. 
Ohio, New York and Indiana, produced the most. California in 1860, had 1,075,000 sheep ; 
in 1867, 3,000,000. The ravages among sheep by dogs is very great. In 1866 about 
500,000, worth $2,000,000, were killed by dogs. 12 merino ewes from Westminster, Vermont, 
took the first two premiums at the Agricultural Exhibition at Hamburg, in 1863, against all 
the best breeds of England, France, Saxony, Prussia and Silesia. They were sold for $5,000 
to a Count of Silesia. This result, surprising to Americans, gave a new impetus to sheep 
raisin"; in the U. S. 



SHIPPING of the U S. Tonnage at different periods : — 
Years. Tonnage. 

1830 1,191,776 

1840 2,180,764 

1848 3,150,502 

1860 5,853,868 



Years. Tonnage. 

1791 502,146 

1800 972,492 

1810 1,424,783 

1820 1,2S0,166 



Years. Tonnage. I Years. Tonnage. 

1861 5,539,813 | 1865 (old) 3,516,787 

1862 5,112,165 | " (new) 1,579,994 

1S63 5,126,081 1866 (old) 942,299 

1864 4,986,081 | " (new) 3,368,479 



The above table shows the loss of American shipping, or its transfer to foreign flags, du- 
ring the rebellion. The total tonnage of the United States, June 30,1858, was 5,049,808 
tons ; of which registered for foreign trade, 2,499,741; enrolled and licensed, 2,502,086; 
steam navigation, 729,390. Increase for the year, 108,965 tons. In 1860, the tonnage of the 
U. S. was 5,353,868, tons. In the same year there were built 212,892 tons. Amount of 
licensed tonnage in 1866, 2,259,947 tons. Since the year 1860, American ship-building has 
greatly declined. In November 1866, there was but one vessel in the course of construction 
in N. Y. City, and but two in Boston. This is due to the great cost of material and labor in 
4 



50 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [shi 

seaboard cities. Ships which cost $100 per ton in N. Y. cost only $60 in the same cur- 
rency in the British Provinces (1867). In 1860, two-thirds of American imports were carried 
in American ships; in 1866 nearly three-fourths in foreign vessels. Number of ship-carpen- 
ters in the U. S. in 1860, 13,392.. 

SHIPPING. Before the war, the Stars and Stripes led the carrying trade of the world. 
Not only was there a larger tonnage afloat under our flag than under any other, but Ameri- 
can ships had the preference for enterprise, speed, and care of cargo, which gave them the 
lead in every port and on every ocean. The entire tonnage of Great Britain in 1861 was 
4,806,826 tons, and that of the United States, 5,539,813 tons. In the trade of this country 
we kept the lead without the assistance of discriminating legislation. During the five years 
ending with 1861 the carrying trade of New York amounted to $1,644,000,000, of which 
over $1,000,000,000 was done under the American flag, leaving but little more than half that 
amount for the flags of all other nations on the globe. With the advent of war there came 
a disastrous change. The few privateers fitted out in English ports, chiefly through the assist- 
ance of British capitalists, turned the scale against us, and almost the entire fleet of Ameri- 
can vessels were forced to engage in the government service, lie idle at the dock, or transfer 
their ownership to a foreign flag. Thus in the four years which followed, out of $1,700,000,- 
000 of foreign trade for the city of New York, less than $400,000,000 was done under the 
Stars and Stripes, while over $1,300,000,000 was carried under foreign flags. In 1865, the 
entire foreign commerce of New York was $429,100,229 ; of which $345,750,622 was in for- 
eign ships, and only $82,849,607 in American ships. This is a humiliating and exasperating 
record ; yet in the recent Fenian movements our government and people refused to retaliate. 
— Chr. Almanac. 

SILVER COIN, IT. S. The silver coinage of the U. S. Mint, for one year, ending June 
30, 1859, was $7,336,609. From 1793 to 1859 inclusive, it amounted to $122,694,836. In 
England, in the first ten years of Victoria, the amount of silver coined was $2,440,614. It is 
supposed that the silver coinage of the world amounts to twelve hundred millions of dollars. 

The largest amount coined in any one year in the U. S., was $9,077,571, in 1853. In the 
year ending June 30, 1863, the coinage was $1,564,297, in 3,053,150 pieces. Of this, $1,040, 
638 came from the mint at San Francisco, Cal., and the rest from Philadelphia and New York. 
The coinage in 1866, including two and three cent pieces, was $1,183,330. A tax of three 
per cent is levied on silverware in use, by act of Congress, July 1, 1862. Revenue from this 
source to the government in 1863, $18,372; in 1866, $128,522. 

SLAVERY in the United Sates. Before the War of Independence, all the states contained 
slaves. In 1783 the statement in the Massachusetts Bill of Rights, "All men are born free 
and equal," was declared in the Supreme Court at Boston to bar slavehulding in that State. 
Before 1790 the further introduction of slaves had been prohibited in five other states. On 
July 13, 1787, Congress passes unanimously the celebrated ordinance "for the government of 
the territory to the N. W. of the Ohio," which contained an "unalterable" article forbidding 
slavery or involuntary servitude in the said territory. After 1800, several of the states 
prayed without effect, to be relieved of this prohibition. In 1803 Louisiana was purchased, 
which act was considered by many as fatal to the constitution. Iu February, 1820, the cele- 
brated Missouri Compromise, drawn up by Mr. Clay, was carried, by which slavery was per- 
mitted in that state, but was prohibited in all that part of it to the north of 36° 30' N. Lat. 
In 1845, a fresh contest arose between the slaveholders and their opponents, at the annexa- 
tion of Texas. The utmost the advocates of freedom could obtain was a similar division to 
that of Missouri, Dec. 25, 1845. In 1850 another compromise was effected. California was 
admitted as a free state, but the fugitive slave act was passed (which see). In 1854 the Mis- 
souri compromise was abrogated with the admission of Nebraska and Kansas as slaveholding 
states, in the latter of which civil war ensued. See Kansas ; United States. An attempt to 
create a slave rebellion took place in Virginia, headed by John Brown, and failed, in October, 
1859. Number of slaves in 1850, 3,204,313; in 1860, 3,999,288. 

Upon the secession of the southern states, Mr. A. H. Stephens, of Georgia, declared that 
" slavery " was the corner stone of their confederacy (1861). During the war slaves were 
held to be " contraband of war" by the U. S. Government. By act of Congress, June 19, 
1862, slavery was forever excluded from the territories. Jan. 1, 1863, the great "Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation " of President Lincoln was issued, declaring all slaves in the rebellious 
states free, on the ground that it was a "fit and necessary war measure for suppressing such 
rebellion." Slavery was finally abolished from the United States by act of Congress, January 
1865. See Constitution. 

SOCIETIES and Institutions, Literary and Scientific, in the United States. See 
Academies. 



sou] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 51 

American Ethnological Society at N. Y. I American Geographical and Statistical Society, N. Y. 

American Oriental Society at New Haven. American Institute (for Agriculture and Useful 

I Arts), N. Y. 

In nearly every State of the Union there is an Historical Society, devoted to the collection 
and preservation of historical records, printed and in MS. Several of them have published 
transactions and collections. That of the Mass. Hist. Soc. comprises about 30 vols. The N. 
Y. Hist. Soc. has published 6 or V vols. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. One of the United States ; first settlement was made under Gover- 
nor Sayle, at Port Royal, in 1670, and at Charleston 1671 ; received a colony of French 
refugees exiled by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1690 ; church of England estab- 
lished by law, 1703 ; proprietary government in the two Carolinas superseded by one estab- 
lished by the people in 1719 ; the country purchased of the proprietors by the English par- 
liament in 172J, when the country was divided into North and South Carolina ; received 
colonies of Swiss, Germans, and Irish at various times. This state early resisted the claims 
of tbe mother country, and was active in the revolutionary war. Charleston and a large 
part of the State taken by the British in 1780; battle of Eutaw Springs, 1781 ; federal 
constitution adopted May 23, 1788, by 149 to 73 ; " nullification ordinance" passed Nov., 
1832. Population in 1790 was 249,000 ; in 1810, 415,115 ; in 1830, 581,458 ; in 1840, 
594,398, including 327,538 slaves. Population 1S50, whites, 274,463 ; free colored, 8,960 ; 
slaves, 384,984 ; 1860, whites, 308,186 ; slaves, 407, 185. Ordinance declaring "secession" 
from the United States, passed Dec. 20, I860. The "Star of the West" with U. S troops 
for Fort Sumter, fired on and repulsed from the harbor, Jan. 1861. Gen. Sherman marched 
unopposed through the state early in 1865. B.Perry appointed provisional governor June 
30, 1865. Act of secession repealed Sept. 15, 1865, by the state legislature. Debt of the 
state in Sept. 1866, exclusive of past due-coupons and military debt, $4,426,440. South 
Carolina included in the "Second Military District," by act of Congress 1867, and Gen. 
Sickles appointed Governor. 

SPEAKERS, House of Representatives. See Administrations. 

STEAM NAVIGATION. The Collins line of steamers from New York to Liverpool, com- 
menced running April, 1850. The Pacific of this line crossed the Atlantic in 9 days, 19 
hours, May 1851. The Adriatic, the largest of the line, first left N. Y. Nov. 23, 1857. The 
City of Glasgoiv, first of a line between Philadelphia and Liverpool, arrived Jan. 1, 1851. 
In 1865, there were 12 steamship companies employed in the transit between Europe and 
the U. S., none of which were American! The difficulty is that steamships cannot be con- 
structed in America to the same advantage as in England. See Shipping, 

STEAM-BOAT BUILDING. The annual report on commerce and navigation, gives the 
following aggregate of the number of steam-boats built in the United States since 1824 — 
thirty years — in periods of five years each : 

From 1844 to 1849 960 

" 1849 to 1854, 1203 

Total 3687 

Since 1860 steamship building has fallen off very materially (except for inland navigation). 
In 1860 the whole registered " steam tonnage" built in the U. S. was the small amount of 
97,296 tons; in 1865 it decreased to 69,500 tons. 

STRIKES. The tailors of London struck for increase of wages in April, 1834. The 
strike of the amalgamated engineers took place in 1853. A general strike among the shoe- 
makers of New England continued for several months, 1859-60. 1,700 miners strike at Do- 
ver, New Jersey, April, 1867. Moulders strike at Ironton, Ohio, May, 1867 ; riot and loss 
of life Carpenters', laborers', and plasterers' strike in New York City, April, May, 1867. 

SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH, Atlantic. A plan to unite Europe and America by the 
electric telegraph was entered at the British registration office in June 1845, by Mr. J. Wat- 
kins Brett, who made proposals to the government, which were not accepted. This plan 
was attempted to be carried out by a company in 1857 and 1858, chiefly promoted by 
Cyrus W. Field, of New York, with the concurrence of the British and American govern- 
ments. 2,500 miles of wire were manufactured and tested in March, 1857. The laying it 
down commenced at Valentia, in Ireland, on Aug. 5. The vessels employed were the Niagara 
and Susquehanna (American vessels), and the Leopard and Agamemnon (British vessels). 
After sailing a few miles the cable snapped. This was soon repaired ; but on Aug. 11, after 
300 miles of wire had been paid out, it snapped again, and the vessels returned to Ply- 
mouth. In 1858 a second attempt to lay the cable failed, through a violent storm on 
June 20-21 ; but the third voyage was successful. On Aug. 5, the junction between the 



Prom 1824 to 1 829 1 94 

" 1829 to 1834 304 

" 1834 to 1839 504 

" 1839tol844 522 



62 



DICTIONARY OF DATES. 



[sun 



two continents was completed by the laying down of 2,050 miles of wire from Valentia in 
Ireland to Newfoundland. The first two messages, on Aug. 5, were from the Queen of 
England to the President of the United States, and his reply. The event caused great re- 
joicing in both countries ; but unfortunately the insulation of the wire became gradually 
mote faulty, and on Sept. 4 the power of transmitting intelligence utterly ceased. The 
grand celebration in New York of the (supposed) completion of this enterprise, Sept 1, 1858. 
In 1865. another attempt to lay a cable was made. A new one was manufactured 2,300 
nautical miles long, and 2£ times stronger than the old one. Diameter, a little more than an 
inch. It was coiled in the mammoth ship Great Eastern. The expedition started July 23, 
1865 from Valentia Bay. 1,200 miles were successfully laid when suddenly the cable parted, 
in water 2-J miles deep. 4 attempts to grapple it were made, but the cable could not 1 
raised to the surface without much stronger wire ropes. The ships returned to England, 
but the enterprise was not given up. A new company was formed at once, called the 
"Anglo-American Telegraph Company"; capital, £600,000. A more perfect cable was 
constructed, and the Great Eastern started again with it, July 13, 1866. On the 27th she 
reached Heart's Content, Newfoundland, with the cable in perfect order. The news was re- 
ceived with great enthusiasm in both countries, and ovations tendered to Cyrus W. Field, 
the American, to whose energy the success was in great part due. The Great Eastern r 
turned to the spot where the cable of 1865 parted, and after many attempts it was discove - 
ed Sept. 2, 1866, and continued to the American side, making two cables across the 
Atlantic. One of the cables was injured near the Newfoundland shore in May, 1867, but w 3 
soon repaired, and both cables have now been in constant and successful use for 13 montl . 
(Aug. 1867.) 

SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS Completed. The cable from Key West to Cuba success 
fully laid August, 1867, by a New York company. More than sixty submarine cables have 
been completed to this date. The most important are these : 



Geographical Position. 



Time 

of 

Laying. 

1S5I Dover to Calais 

1 S53 Dover to Ostcnd 

1S54. . . .Sweden to Denmark 

" Italy to Corsica 

1S55 Italy to Sicily 

1S06... .Newfoundland to Capo Breton 

1857.... Across Norway Fjords 

" ....Ceylon to Hindustan 

185S. . . . England to Holland 

" ....England to Hanover 

" ....Soutli Australia to King's Island 

" ....Ceylon to Hindostan 

1859.... England to Denmark 

" Folkstone to Boulogne 

" ... .Malta to Sicily... .." 

" ....Liverpool to Holyhead 

" ....Across Buss's Strait 

1860 Dacca to Pegu 

" ....Barcelona to Port Mahon 

" ... .Cape San Antonio to Iviza 

1861 Toulon to Corsica 

" ....Holyhead to Howih (near Dublin) 

" ....Malta to Alexandria 

" ....New Haven (England) to Dieppe 

1862.... Fortress Monroe to Cape Charles 

" ....England to Holland 

1863 Sardinia to Sicily 

" ....Persian Cmlf to Kurrackee (H.ndostan). 

1S65 Sweden to Prussia 55 

1866. . . . Corsica to Leghorn C6 

" ....Across Puget Sound 32 

" ....Valentia to Newfoundland 1,864 

" ... .Valentia to Newfoundland (completed from 1S65, about) 1,864 

" Newfoundland to Cape Breton 85 

1867 Key West to Havana 1 91 

SUGAR. The following is the official statement of the amount of sugar imported hvo 
this country from 1851 to 1860 



Length 

in 
3 f ilex, 

27 

S0& 

12 

110 

5 

S5 

49 

•SO 
140 
280 
140 

30 
368 

24 

CO 

i.'5 
240 
110? 
180 

76 
195 

04 
"J ,535 

SO 

23 

130 

211 

1,450 



Wo. of 
Con- 
ductors. 
4 
6 
3 
6 
3 
1 
1 
I 

4 
2 
1 
1 
3 
6 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 

4 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
7 



Time in Opera - 
lion, tn Ju, . . 
1867, about. 
Hi years. 
14 " 
13 " 
13 " 
12 " 
11 " 
10 " 
10 " 
9 " 



5 " 
8 " 
7 " 
7 " 
7 " 

6 " 
6 " 
6 " 
" 
5 " 

5 " 
4 " 

6 '• 
2 " 

IS months. 

14 " 

11 " 

10 " 

10 " 



Value of Sugar. Duty paid. 

1851 $13,478,700 $4,043,600 

1852 13,977,300 4,183,200 

1853 14,168,300 4,250,500 

1854 11,604,600 3,481,300 

1S55 13,284,600 3,989,400 

1856 21,255,100 6,388,500 



Value of Sugar. Duty paid. 

1857 $41,596,2110 $12,478,800 

1S58 lS.9i6,000 4,557,200 

1859 2^345300 6,802,800 

1S60 2S,931,100 6,943,400 

Ten years $205,557,800 $57,118.7"0 



SDN ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 63 

The sugar crop of Louisiana in 1860 was valued at $24,988,000. The average for five years 
ending'"l8tU was $17,000,000. In New York State in 1865, 9,635,200 pounds of maple-sugar 
were produced. Pennsylvania produces 2,500,000 pounds a year. The sorghum-sugar plant 
has lately been introduced from China, and sugar produced from it in considerable quantities 
■agar from beet-root is also pronounced a success. 100,000 pounds were manufactured in 
Livingston County, Illinois, in 1867. 

SUNDAY LAWS. In the State of New York, the laws against selling liquors and against 
certain theatrical performances on Sundays have censed much discussion and some resist- 
ance, chiefly on the part of the German and Irish population, but are still enforced (1867). 

SUSPENSION BRIDGES, U. S. See Bridges. 

T 

TAXATION, U. S. Before the rebellion the revenue of the U. S. general government 
was raised wholly from customs and sale of lands. Subsequently, to support the war, direct 
taxation was imposed. The direct taxes in 1865 amounted to $211,129,529. See Revenue, 
Debt, &c. 

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. It is to the credit of the American people that the first 
great public movement in behalf of temperance was made in this country. Temperance so- 
cieties began to be formed in 1825-6. One of the most prominent of the first promoters of 
the reform was the Rev. Dr. Hewitt of Connecticut, who was worthily styled the Apostle of 
Temperance. The exertions of this and other energetic advocates of temperance and total 
abstinence have effected a wonderful change for the better in the general habits of the peo- 
ple. Several thousand temperance societies, under various name*, have been formed, and a 
iarge number of vessels now sail from various ports of the United States, the crews of which 
are misapplied with spirituous liquors of any kind. The movement has spread to some ex- 
tent in Europe, but by far the most successful of its promoters there was the Rev. Theobald 
Mathew, a Roman Catholic clergyman in Ireland, who administered the "total abstinence" 
pledge to about two millions of his countrymen. He commenced his ministry in this cause 
in 1830. In Germany there were 300 temperance societies in 1846. Legislation against in- 
temperance in the U. S. has been attempted in several States. The " Maine Liiw," passed 
chiefly through the influence of Ncal Dow, 1851, was adopted essentially by Connecticut 
(1862?), New York (1856?), and Massachusetts (1856 ?). It was strongly enforcedin the latter 
State, although vigorously opposed by many, 1866-7. It was repealed in Maine, 1856. 

TENNESSEE. One of the United States ; was originally included in the charter of North 
Carolina by Charles II., in 1664 ; first settlement on Wetanga river, 1757 ; attacked, and 
200 men, women, and children massacred by the Indians in 1760; the Indians chastised next 
year, but continued frequent contests with the colonists for several years. The territory 
ceded bv North Carolina to the United States in 1790; admitted into the Union as a state, 
1796. Population in 1790, 35,691 ; in 1810, 261,727; in 1830, 681,904; in 1840, 829,210, 
including 188,059 slaves; in 1850, 763,154, and 239,460 slaves; in 1860, 859,528, and 
287,112 slaves. Ordinance of " separation" passed May 6, 1861. The eastern part of the 
State was noted for its loyalty to the Union during the war. State debt in 1865, $1,213,700. 
it the state election, Aug. 1, 1867, Governor Brownlow, of the " Union" or Radical ticket, 
wis re-elected by a majority of nearly 50,000, chiefly made up by the negroes, who voted in 
this state for the first time. 

TEXAS. One of the United States ; first settled by the Spaniards at San Francisco in 
1690; made one of the federal states of Mexico, in conjunction with the adjacent state of 
Coahuila, on the formation of the Mexican republic — an unpopular union to the Texans, and 
productive of the first disagreement with the central government ; colonization of Texas by 
emigrants from the United States commenced 1821 ; war with Mexico for independence com- 
menced 1833, and ended by the defeat and capture of the Mexican president, Santa Anna, at 
San Jacinto, 21st April, 1836, which secured the independence of Texas; admitted into the 
Union as a state (the 28th), after active opposition with reference to the exclusion of slavery, 
Feb. 20, 1845. Population at that time about 200,000. [The first treaty for its annexation 
was rejected by the United States Senate, 35 to 16, June 8, 1844.] Population in 1850, 154,- 
431, and 58,161 slaves; in 1860, 416,000, and 184,956 slaves. "Ordinance of secession" 
from the United States passed Jan. 1861. Debt in 1865 $8,192,000. After the war Gen. A. 
J, Hamilton was appointed provisional governor, by Pres, Lincoln ; but at the first election 



54 



DICTIONARY OF DATES. 



LTOB 



after the restoration (1866) a secessionist (ThrockmortOD) was elected. Texas included in 
5th Military District, under Sheridan, March 1867. 

TOBACCO. In a recent lecture in England, the Dean of Carlisle stated that in 1856, 
33,000,000, pounds of tobacco were consumed in that country, at an expense of $40,0u0,000, 
over $26,000,000 of which went in duties to the government. In 1821 the average annual 
consumption was llf ounces to each person ; in 1853 it had risen to 19 ounces. In France 
much more is consumed in proportion to the population, the emperor clearing $20,000,000 
annually by the government monopoly. In Denmark the annual consumption averages 70 
ounces to each person, in Belgium 73 ounces, and in America the average is vastly higher. 
It is calculated that 2,000,000 tons, or 4,480,000,000 pounds of tobacco are annually used in 
the world, at a cost sufficient to pay for all the bread and corn used in Great Britain. It is 
boasted that 100,000,000 of the human race are smokers. In New York city it is stated 
that there are about 200,000 smokers, each using two, cigars daily, making, at an average of four 
cents each, the sum of $16,000 daily, or $5,840,000 a year, wasted in smoking in this city, 
alone. There are about 900,000,000 cigars manufactured in the same city annually, amount- 
ing, at the same price, to $36,000,000. The total exports of tobacco from the United States 
in 39 years (1821-59) amounted to $339,274,520. The production of tobacco in the north- 
ern states has increased wonderfully since 1850. In 1851), N. Y. state produced 83,000 lbs; 
in 1860, 5,765,000 lbs; Conn, produced in 1850, 1,267,000 lbs ; in 1860,6,000,000 lbs. 
The exports of -tobacco from the U. S. in 1862 amounted to $12,325,356, being almost en- 
tirely from the North. 



TREATIES of the U. S. Some of the most important : 

Alliance with France Feb. 6, 1779 

Treaty of Paris (independence secured) Sept. 3, 1783 

Treaty of commerce with Prussia 17S5 

Treaty with Morocco 1787 

Treaty of commerce with Great Britain (Jay's) 1794 
Treaty with the Six Nations and other Indian 

tribes 1794 

Treaty with Spain, by Pinckuey ; and Algiers, 

by Humphries 1795 

Treaty with Tunis ; with Prussia (by J. Q. 

Adams) 1799 

Treaty with France, U3 T Ellsworth, Patrick 

Henry &c Sept, 30, 1S00 

Treaty with Great Britain, by Monroe and 
Pinckney — rejected by the American gov- 
ernment. ,\..... 1S06 

Treaty of Ghent, with Great Britain, signed 
by J. Q. Adams, Gallatin, and H. Clay, for 
the United States, closing the " war of 1S12," 
but leaving the original dispute much as 

before 1S14 

Ratified by the United States Feb. 17, ISIS 

Treaty with the Choctaws and the Cherokees..lS!6 

Treaty with the republic of Colombia 1825 

Treaty with the Creeks, Osages. &c 1«25 

Treaty with Great Britain, idemnifyiug Amer- 
ican citizens for spoliations during the war 

with Napoleon Nov. 13, 1826 

Treaty with Brazil Marc 1 1 IS, 1829 

Treaty with Turkey.... May 7, 1S30 

TRIALS, U. S. Noted trial of Aaron Burr, on the charge of treason against the U. S. in 
preparing an expedition ngainst Mexico, held at Richmond, May 1S07. Burr acquitted. 
Trial of John Brown for treason against Virginia. (See Harper's Ferry.) The assassins of 
Lincoln tried at Washington, 1865. Trial of Capt. Wirz, for cruelty to Union prisoners at 
Andersonville, 1865 ; he was convicted, and executed shortly after. Jeff. Davis, president of 
the Southern Confederacy, admitted to bail in the sum of $100,000, by U. S. District Judge 
Underwood, Richmond Va., May, 1867, to appear before him on the charge of treason at the 
succeeding term of the Court. Trial of John H. Surratt, for complicity in the murder of Pres. 
Lincoln, lasting about thirty days, ended Aug., 1867, by the disagreement of the jury. 



Treaty with Mexico (commercial) Ap. 5, 1831 

Treaty with do April 5, 1832 

Treaty with Naples Oct. 14, 1832 

Treaty with Russia (commercial) Dec. 18, 1832 

Treaty with Great Britain, respecting the N. 
E. boundary, signed at Washington by Lord 
Ashburton and Mr. Webster ; ratified by the 

senate (39 to 9) Aug. 20, 1S42 

Treaty with China, negotiated by C. Gushing ; 

ratified by the senate Jan. 16, 1845 

Treaty of peace with Mexico, signed at Guad- 
eloupe "Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848 ; ratified by 
the senate (with modifications) ; ratified at 
Queretaro by American commissioners 
Sevier and Clifford, and Mexican minister 

Rosas , , May i 0, 1848 

Treaty with Great Britain, respecting Nica- 
ragua, on the Isihmus between North and South 
America; Bigned at "Washington by Sir H, 

L. Bulwer and J. M. Clayton June,1850 

Treaty with China signed at TierTsin. June 13, 185S 
Treaty with Japan, negotiated by Com Perry, 

signed March 31, 1854 

Another treaty with Japan, by Townsend 

Harris, signed June 17, 1857 

Treaty with Mexico, negotiated by Mr Mc- 

Lane, but rejected by the U. S. Senate 1860 

Treaty with Russia to purchase Russian 
America, ratified June 1867 



u 

UNITARIANS, U. S. Number of churches in the U. S. in 1863, 339 ; ministers, 263 ; 
members estimated at 30,000. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. See America ; and the separate States, Maine, &e. 



UN i] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 55 

The first colonial Congress, for the redress of grievance?, consisting of delegates from the 
several colonies, met at New York, June 7, 1765. The Continental Congress at Philadel- 
phia adopts Declaration of Rights, 1774 ; revolutionary war commenced at Lexington, 
April 19, 1775. See War. Declaration of Independence adopted by the Congress, July 4, 
1776. The title of " United States " adopted by Congress, Sept. 9, 1776. Independence ac- 
knowledged by Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris, Sept. 23, 1783. Constitution adopted 
Sept. 17, 1787. War against Great Britain declared by Congress, June 19, 1812. Treaty 
of Peace signed at Ghent, Dec. 3, 1814. War with Mexico commenced April, 1846. Treaty 
of peace signed May 30, 1848. War against rebellion and secession, begun by rebel attack 
on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861 ; ended by surrender of rebels in Texas, April, 1867. See 
Wars of the United States &c. ; also Naval Battles ; also Administrations, Exports, National 
Debt, Treaties, Population, &c. For succession of events, see World's Progress, p. 138 to 190. 
The following thirteen states formed the Union at the declaration of independence in 1776 : 

New Hampshire. | New York. | Delaware. I North Carolina. 

Massachusetts. I New Jersey. I Maryland. I South Carolina. 
Rhode Island. Pennsylvania. Virginia. Georgia. 

Connecticut. I I 

The following: have been added : 



Vermont (from New York) 1791 

Tennessee (from North Carolina) 1796 

Kentucky (from Virginia) 1793 

Columbia District (under the imme 

diate government of Congress) 

contains Washington, the seat of 

government 1 800 

Ohio (admitted) 1802 

Louisiana (bought from France in 

1803) 1812 

Indiana (admitted) 1 81 6 

Mississippi (from Georgia) 1817 

Illinois (admitted) 1818 

Alabama (from Georgia) 1819 

Maine (from Massachusetts) 1S20 

Missouri (from Louisiana) 1826 

Michigan .- 1831 



Arkansas 1836 

Iowa 1845 

Texas 1845 

Wiscon sin 1846 

California 1848 

Florida 1854 

Minnesota 1858 

Oregon 1859 

Kansas 1861 

New Mexico (territory ) 1848 

Utah (territory ) .* 1850 

Washington (territory) 1853 

Nebraska (territory).! 1845 State 1867 

Colorado (territory) 

Nevada (territory) 

Arizona (territory) 

Idaho (territory) 



POPULATION. 



1776 2,616,300 11810 7,239,903 11851 23.347.8S4 

1800 5,300,000 | 1831 12,856,171 [i860 31,649,869 

UNIVERSITIES in the U. S. See Colleges. Those of Harvard, at Cambridge, Mass. ; 
Yale, at New Haven ; Brown, at Providence, and Michigan, at Ann Arbor, Mich., and Vir- 
ginia, at Charottesville, are the chief institutions called universities — but they differ little 
from the other colleges. 

V 

VERMONT, one of the U. S. First settled by colonists from Massachusetts, 1723. The 
territory was claimed by New Hampshire, from 1741 to 1764 : claimed also by New York, 
and granted to that colony by Parliament in 1664. Owing to these conflicting claims, the 
state was not admitted into the Confederacy during the Revolution, but it still performed its 
part in that struggle. The British defeated at Bennington by Gen. Stark, in 1777. Claims 
of New York withdrawn on payment of $30,000, in 1790. The state admitted into the 
Union, 1791. Population in 1790, was 85,589; in 1810,217,895; in 1830, 280 679- in 
1840, 291, 948; in 1850, 314,120 ; in 1860, 315,827. War expenses $8,811,600. The state 
sent 34,650 soldiers to the army in 1861-5. 

VICKSBURG, Miss., U. S. A town on the Mississippi river, made famous during the 
war. It completely blockaded the navigation of the river, and its batteries were impregnable 
from the water side. After various attempts, Gen. Grant moved to the south of it, crossed 
the river from the west side, and marched towards the rear of the town, May 1, 1863. He 
defeats the enemy at "Pore Gibson," "Champion Hills," and "Big Black River Bridge" 
and on the 18th reaches the fortifications. He at once invested the place. After many 
assaults and constant bombardment, the garrison surrendered July 4, 1863. Number of 
prisoners, 30,000 ; guns, 220 ; small arms, 70,000. Union loss during the siege, 545 killed 
3,682 wounded, and 303 missing. 

VIRGINIA. One of the United States ; sometimes called the "Old Dominion," having 
been settled, April, 1607, at Jamestown, on James river — the first white settlement in the 
United States. Named Virginia in honor of Queen Elizabeth, who had granted the country 
to Sir Walter Raleigh. A settlement attempted by Raleigh but failed, and the grant was 



56 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [vol 

vacated on his attainder and execution. The country granted by James I. to two companies, 
the London and the Plymouth. Jamestown settled by the former, and named in honor of 
their royal patron. The colony suffered much from the Indians, and by various disasters ; 
proved loyal during the English revolution ; was the first, to proclaim Charles II ou his res- 
toration ; established the Church of England by law, 1662 ; took an early and prominent 
part in the struggle for independence. Surrender of the British army under Cornwallis, at 
Yorktown, October 19, 1782. Constitution of the United States adopted June 25, 1788, by 
89 to 79. Virginia has given birth to six presidents of the United States, viz.: Washington, 
Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Harrison, and Taylor ; and also, Patrick Henry, John Marshall, 
and many distinguished patriots. Population in 1790 was 747,610 ; in 1S10, 974,622 ; iu 
1830, 1,211,272; in 1840, 1,239,737, including 448,937 slaves. According to the census re- 
turns, the real estate, &c, of Virginia, 1850, was $530,000,000, viz. : Real estate, $278,000,- 
000 ; value of slaves, $147,000,* 00 ; other personal estate, $105,000,0(10. The returns fur- 
ther show that nearly 83,000 white persons over the age of 21, can neither read nor write ! 
The new constitution of this state, adopted in 1851, in the 111th article has the following 
clause : "And no person shall have a right to vote who is of unsound mind, or a pauper, 
or a non-commissioned office?' in the service of tlie United States." Population in 1850, 
1,421,081, including 473,026 slaves. In 1860, 1,593,199, including 495,826 slaves. The 
state "seceded" May 1861. Soon after, the western counties formed a new and loyal state. 
See West Virginia. ' Debt of the old state in 1865, $41,061,300. 
VOLUNTEERS, U. S. See Army. 

W 

WAGES in the U. S. In 1866 laws were enacted in some of the states making eight 
hours a legal day's labor unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties. Under this law, what 
a laborer would have received for ten hours' work, he can claim for eight hours' labor. 

WAR, Revolutionary, ending in the independence of the United States, commenced by 
the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. See Battles. Ended by the treaty of Paris, 1783. 
This war cost $135,193,700. 

WAR, the, of 1812, between the United States and Great Britain. 

War declared June 19, 1812 



Gen. H. Dearborn app<> nied Commander-in- 
chief. (See flatties and Naval Buttle*). 

The war opposed in New England, and levies 
of troops refused by Mass., Conn., and ft. I. 

Treaty of peace ratified June 17, 1815 



First difficulty respecting the search of Amer- 
ican vessels 1806 

Chesapeake United States frgate tired on 1807 

Non-intercourse act passed 1S09 

United States frigate President, engaged the 
British sloopof-war Little Belt, ...".May 16, 1811. 

President Madison's war inessiige to Congress, 

June 1,1812. 

WAR against Algiers, to punish piracies, etc., declared by the United States, 1815. 
Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge captured two Algerine vessels and "conquered a peace," 
July 4. 

WAR between the United States and Mexico. (The annexation of Texas to the 
United States having been completed by the vote of the Senate of Texas, Dec. 22, 1845). 
See Battles. 



American army of occupation, (3,500) under 
Gen. Taylor, took post on the Rio Grande, op- 
. posite Matamoras March 28, 1846 

Treaty of peace ratified at Queretaro, by the 
Hon. A. H. Sevier and N. Clifford, for the | 



U. S., and the foreign Mexican Minister. S'g- 

nor De la Rosa May 30, 1848 

American troops finally withdrawn from the 
city of Mexico June 12, 1S48 



WAR in the U. S. The war of the rebellion commenced April 12, 1861, by the firing of 
South Carolina forces on Port Sumter, in Charleston harbor. The battle of Bull Run, Va., 
July 21, adverse to the Union army, was decisive of a prolonged conflict. Until the summer 
of 1863, the Confederates maintained their ground successfully. But after the fall of Vicks- 
burg, and the battle of Gettysburg, the National army was almost uniformly victorious until 
the final surrender of the rebels. See Army, Battles, Volunteers, &c. 

WASHINGTON, D. C. The Capital of the United States, founded in 1791, and first 
made the seat of the Government in 1800. The House of Representatives was opened for 
the first time, May 30, 1808. Washington was taken in the late war by the British forces 
under Gen. Ross, when the Capitol and the President's house were consumed by a general 
conflagration, the troops not sparing even the National Library, Aug. 24, 1814. Gen. Ross 
was soon afterwards killed in a desperate engagement at Baltimore, Sept. 12, following. See 
United States, and Dist. Columbia. 



WAS ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 57 

WASHINGTON, GEORGE. Born Feb. 22, 1732 ; in the expedition of Braddock against 
Fort Duquesne, 1755 ; appointed commander-in-chief of the American army, 1775; elected 
president of the Convention for forming constitution 1787 ; elected President of the United 
States, 1789 ; again in 1793 ; died 1799. Washington monument at New York, corner stone 
laid July 4, 1848 ; oration by Robert C. Winthrop. Virginia monument to Washington, cor- 
ner stone laid by President Taylor, February 22, 1849. 

WEST VIRGINIA. On Oct. 24, 1861, the western counties of Virginia voted to separate 
themselves from the old state and form a new state, called West Virginia; admitted to the 
Union, June 20, 1863 ; capital, Wheeling; area, 23,000 square miles. Population by census 
of I860, 393,200. The new state sent 31,880 men to the Union army. 

WINE, U. S. In 1866, California produced 1,252,700 gallons of wine ; Kentucky, 180, 
000 ■ Indiana, 88,000; New York, 61,000; N. Carolina, 54,000; Illinois, 47,000; Connnecti- 
cut, 46,000; Virginia, 40,000; Pennsylvania,38,000. During the year ending June 30, 1866, 
9,476,814 gallons were imported into the U. S. 

WHALE FISHERY of the United States. In 1845 this trade employed 650 vessels 
aggregate tonnage, 200,000 tons; cost, $20,000,000; manned by 17,500 officers and seamen. 
" Commercial history furnishes no parallel to this whaling fleet. It is larger than those of all 
other nations combined." — Speech of Mr. Grinnell. But in recent years, by the introduction 
of petroleum and other burning fluids, and of gas, the whaling business has become reduced 
to much smaller dimensions. 

WHEAT AND FLOUR. The amount exported by the United States, from 1790 to 1838 
was 10,283,471 bushels, average, 209,666 bushels per annum. In 1845 the amount exported 
•was valued at $5,735,372 ; in 1846, $13,350,644. This was exclusive of corn, rye, &c. The 
amount was greatly increased by the scarcity in Europe, especially in Ireland. See Agri- 
culture. 

WHITEPLAINS, Battle or, U. S. Fought Oct. 28, 1776. Washington was attacked 
here by the British and Hessians, under Howe. The loss on both sides was considerable. 
The Americans retained iheir ground until the 30th, when Lord Percy arriving with British 
reinforcements, the former withdrew to North Castle and Fort Lee, on the Hudson. 

WISCONSIN. Population in 1850, 305,391 ; increase in 10 years, 900 per cent. : in 1860, 
768,485 ; increase in 10 years, 152 per cent. Debt in 1866, $2,664,550. The state sent 
96,100 soldiers to the army, 1861-5. Number of miles of railroad, 1,631 in 1865. Number 
of school-houses, 4,338; scholars, 241,590. 



YORKTOWN. A village in Virginia, memorable for the surrender of the British army 
under Lord Cornwallis, consisting of 7,000 men, to the Americans and their allies under 
Washington and Count Rochambeau, Oct. 19, 1781. This event decided the contest for 
independence in favor of the Americans. This place was fortified by the rebels, and with- 
stood the siege of Gen. McClellan, from April 4 to May 5, 1862, when it was evacuated ; 71 
spiked guns were found in the works. 

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, U. S. First one under this name 
founded in Boston, Jan. 10, 1852; in N. Y. city, June 30, 1852. They are now (1867) es- 
tablished in many of the principal cities. At a general convention of Young Men's Christian 
Associations, at Montreal, in June, 1867, 215 associations in the United States and Canada 
were represented. 

WRECKS. Arctic, U. S. mail steamer, by collision in a fog, with the Vesta, French 
steamer, off Newfoundland ; above 300 lives lost, Sept. 27 1854. Philadelphia, Liverpool 
to Philadelphia, Sept. 17, 1854. U. S. sloop of war Albany, from Aspinwall, Sept. 28, 1854, 
never heard from. Lyonnais, French steamer, New York to Havre, collision with barque 
Adriatic, 134 lives lost, Nov. 2, 1856. Steamer Niagara, burned on Lake Michigan ; 60 lives 
lost, Sept. 24, 1856. Central America, steamer, Lieut. Herndon, Aspinwall to New York, 
founders, 427 lives lost, and $2,000,000 in gold, Sept. 8, 1857. Russian line of battle ship in 
the Baltic, founders, all on board (825) lost, Sept., 1857. The total number of American sea- 
going vessels reported during 1859, as lost or missing, was 402, valued at $5,599,000, being an 
increase over the previous year of 114 vessels, and $1,128,000 in value. Of the whole number 
8 were steamers, 84 ships, 48 barks, 64 brigs, and 198 schooners. 

YACHT. The ancient thalamegus or navis lusorice was a vessel for pleasure, like the 
modern yacht. The English are very fond of yachting. Their yachts are commonly cutter- 



58 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [tan 

rigged, and with one mast. Yachting has come into vogue in the United States only since 
about 1830. The American yachts are sloops or schooners. The yacht America, modelled 
and built by a young ship-builder, George Steers, of New York (died 1856, aged 35), beat all the 
English yachts in a regatta at Cowes, Aug. 22, 1851. She was a schooner, with her greatest 
breadth abaft the beam, and with " hollow lines " forward. A yacht race from New York to 
Cowes, Isle of Wight, Dec, 1865, between three New York yachts, Henrietta, Vesta, and 
Flcetwing ; Henrietta winner by seven (?) hours. 

YANKEE. The derivation of the word is generally accredited to the Indian pronuncia- 
tion of the word English, which they render Yengeese. In New York it is applied to the 
New Englanders ; in the south to all northerners; and in Europe to all Anglo-Americans. 
In a curious book on the Round Towers of Ireland, published some years ago, the origin of 
the term Yankee Doodle, was said to have been traced to the Persian phrase Yanki douniah, 
or "Inhabitants of the New World." Layard, in his "Nineveh," also mentions Yankhidunia 
as the Persian name of America. 



BUREAU OF STATISTICS, U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



[For the following statistics we are indebted to the courtesy of Hon. Alexander Dulmar, 
Director of the Bureau.] 

CUSTOMS Duties Received in 1866. 

* During the Quarter ending March 31, 1866 $46,645,597.83 

* " " June 30, " 46,175,132.33 

* " " Sept. 30, " 50,843,774.24 

f " " Dec. 31, " 37,803,027.54 

$181,467,531.94 
* Official. t Commercial and Financial Chronicle, March 30, 1867. 



Total. 
Tonnage. 
6,363,868 
6,539,813 
6,112,165 
5,126,081 
4,986,401 
3,516,787 
1,579,994 

942,299 
3.368,479 

EXPORTS OF GOLD AND SILVER from New York during the year ending 
June 30, 1867: 

Domestic. Foreign. Total. 
In Am. Vessels. In For. Vessels. In Am. Vessels. In For. Vessels. 

Gold Bullion,... 298,854 8,425,227 none. none 8 724 081 

Gold Coin, 1,500,041 15,800,152 1,183,580 1,418,853 19,'902,'626 

Silver Bullion,. 706,081 8,186,837 none. 18,939 8 911857 

Silver Coin, 248,,978 1,581,753 307,181 1,521,062 3,'658,974 

Total, 2,753,954 33,993,969 1,490,761 2,958,854 41,797^538 



hippi: 


tfG Statistics : 


Tonnage of 


the United 


Stat i 


IS. 






Registered. 


Enrolled 


and Licensed. 


Year. 




Sail. 


Steam. 


Sail. 




Steam. 


1860, 




2,448,941 


97,296 


2,036,990 




770,641 


1861, 




2,540,020 


102,608 


2,122,589 




774,596 


1862, 




2,177,253 


113,998 


2,224,449 




596,465 


1863, 




1,892,899 


133,215 


2,660,212 




439,755 


1364, 




1,475,376 


106,519 


2,550,690 




853,816 


1865, <) 


old, 


1,031,465 


60,539 


1,794,372 




630,411 


1865, I 


new, 


482,110 


28,469 


730,695 




338,720 


1866, S 
1866, 1 


old, 


341,619 


42,776 


443,635 




114,269 


new 


, 953,018 


155,513 


1,489,194 




770,754 



COFFEE Statistics. Statement exhibiting the consumption of coffee in the 

United States during the years ending December 31, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 
1865, and 1866 : 

Year. Founds. Tear. Pounds. 

1861, 187,046,000 1864, 109,087,000 

1862, 88,990,000 1865, 128,146,000 

1863, 79,720,000 1866, 159,915,840 

(59) 



(30 



UNITED STATES TREASURY STATISTICS. 



See page 63, Reports of Revenue Commission, 1865-06. The quantities given 
for the first five years are substantially those named in the Annual Report of the 
Neio York Chamber of Commerce for 1865-66. 

The quantity for 1866 is taken from the Supplement to H. E. Moriug's Monthly 
Coffee Circular, 1867. 



CON Statistics. 














1'roduclion. 


Kxported. 




Average Price 


Year. 




Bales. 


Pounds. 


Dales. 


per pound. 


1S60-61, 




3,656,086 




3,120,622 


17.42 cents. 


1801-62, 


est. 


4,800,000 


5,064,564 = say 


12,000 


42.15 


1862-63, 


est. 


1.500,000 


11,384,986 = say 


26,000 


71 08 


1863-64, 


est. 


'500,000 


10,830,534 = say 


25,000 


$111.14 " 


1864-65, 


est. 


300,000 


6,607,186 = saf- 


15,000 


75.75 " 


1865-66, 




2,214,476 




1,554,744 


44. " 


1866-67, 


est. 


1,900,000 


est. 


1,500,000 


32.5 " 



The figures relative to production, except for 1866-67, were derived from 
Neil Bros. & Co.'s Cotton Circular for October 16, 1866. The receipts at all 
ports from September 1, 1866, to July 6, 1867, are given as 1,863,000 bales, and 
the total exports for the same period as 1,463,000 bales. Messrs. Cornwall & 
Zerega in their Circular give the receipts from September 1, 1866, to July 12, 
1867, as 1,809,500 bales. 

The number of pounds exported are taken from Table 19, page 349, Finance 
Report, 1866. The same table gives the exports for 1860-61, as only 307,528,- 
489 pounds, or say 720,000 bales. The Rev. Com. (see Report, p. 74), gives the 
exports for 1860-61, including stock on hand, as 2,812,346 bales. 



TEA Statistics. 
States during 
and 1866 : 

Year. 



Statement exhibiting the consumption of tea in the United 
the years ending December 31, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 



1861, 
1862, 
1863, 
1864, 
1865, 
1866, 



Green, Japan. 

Pounds. 

7,485,000 
13,871,600 
14,490,680 
13,564,295 
18,874,199 



Black. 
Pounds. 



Total. 
Pounds. 



18,035,000 25,520,001 

13,597,000 27,468,600 

12,415,685 26,906,365 

9,573,251 23,137,546 

10,979,234 29,853,433 

29,643,187 

See Reports of Revenue Commission, 1865-66, pp. 53, 55. The above are 
estimates made from data furnished the Commission by parties in the trade in 
New York, except for 1866, which is taken from Messrs. Montgomery's Tea Cir- 
cular. The Commission estimated the consumption for 1866 at 30,000,000 
pounds. 

The Pacific States are not included in the above, except for 1866, nor is any 
allowance made for smuggling. The estimated consumption in 1860, was one 
pound per capita. 



Year. 

1861, 
1862, 
1863, 
1864, 
1865, 
1866, 



est. 



CKt, 



LTISTICS. 
Production. 


Exported. 




Average price 


Pounds. 


Leaf, pounds. 


Manuf'd, lbs. 


Total. 


per lb., Leaf 


200,000,000 


est. 160,000,000 


14,783,363 


174,783,363 


9. cents. 


136,736,596 


est. 107,000,000 


4,071,963 


111,071,963 


11.9 " 


276,850,870 


est. 112,000,000 


7,025,248 


119,025,248 


14.9 " 


197,460,229 


est. 110,000,000 


8,586,494 


118,586,494 


14.85 " 


185,316,953 


est. 149,000,000 


7,294,165 


156.294,165 


12.6 " 


330,501,500 


190,826,248 


6,515,709 


197,341,957 


13. " 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 61 

The production for 1862, 1863, 1864 and 1865 is given as found in the Re- 
ports of the Department pf Agriculture. The estimated production for 1866 is 
taken from ihe Tobacco Circular of M. Ruder & Son. 

The quantities of leaf tobacco exported are estimated from the returns of 
commerce and navigation for the years 1861, 1862, 186:-!, 1884, and 1S65. The 
quantities of leaf for 1866, and of manufactured tobacco lor each year specified, 
are taken from the returns of commerce and navigation for those years. 

In 1862, tl.o production of only twenty-one Slates is given, Kentucky and 
the disloyal States being omitted. In 1863, 1864, and 1865 Kentucky is included, 
and ia 1866 all the States. 



WHEAT 


Statistics. 








Tear 


S. Production. 


Exported. 


Av. Price per bu 




Bushels. 


yPlieat, busfiels. 


Flour, bbls. 


at A'ew York. 


1861, 
1862, 
1863, 
1864, 
1865, 
1866, 


180,993,500 
191,068,239 
171,695,823 
159,522 827 
ldl,999,906 


31,238,057 
37,289,572 
36,160,414 
23,681,712 
9,937,152 
i, 579,103 


4,323,756 
4,882,0:;3 
4,390,055 

3,557,347 
2,604,542 
2,183,050 


$1,18 to $1.45 
1.30 to 1.50 
1.33 to 1.53 
1.48 to 1.83 
2.22 to 2.70 
1.85 to 2.75 



No returns of the production of 1861 are to be had, although inquiry was 
made at the Department of Agriculture. 

The figures relative to production in 1862, 1S63 1864, 1865, and 1866 are 
taken from the Monthly and Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, 
and embrace 22 States and Nebraska Territory, ext-ept 1S66, which embraces 29 
States and Nebraska Territory. There being no returns from California' in 1864 
and 1865, the crop for each year is estimated at 11,000,000 bushels, which is 
believed to be a low estimate, the crop for 1863 being 11,664,203 bushels. A 
barrel of flour is considered as equal to 5 bushels of wheat. 



BIOGEAPHIOAL IISTDEX 

TO 

UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



N. B. This list of remarkable persons, from the earliest period, is not, of course, intended 
to include every name mentioned in history, but merely the most important in their 
several departments. The names of Sovereigns are referred to occasionally only, as full 
lists are given in their proper place. 

This list may be useful in two ways, viz. . 

First, as an Index to the names mentioned in the Chronological Tables in the " World's 
Progress ; " and 

Secondly, to indicate, by reference to those tables, the chief political events and con- 
temporary public characters during the life of each person in the list. 

Thus : Socrates, the Greek philosopher, was born 470, and died 400 b. c. The tables 
on page 20 to 24 show who lived, and what happened, during the seventy years of Socrates' 
life. 

Milton was born a. r>. 1608, one year after the first settlement at Jamestown, Virginia : 
six years after the East India Company was founded : five years after .Tames I. ascended 
the throne ; the same year that the Protestant Union was formed in Germany ; one year 
before Gustavus Adolphus became king of Sweden ; two years before Louis XIII. became 
king of France. He was 12 years old when the Pur. tans first landed al Plymouth ; he 
was 17 when Charles L succeeded James, and he was 41 years old when Charles was be- 
headed. Among his contemporaries were Lord Bacon, Inigo Jones, Jeremy Taylor, 
Algernon Sydney, Sir C. Wren, Butler, Waller, Dryden, Henry More, Baxter, and B >y!e, in 
England ; Peter Stuyvesant, Winthrop, Cotton.and Eliot, in America ; Richelieu, Mazarine, 
Colbert, Rubens, Kepler, Descartes, Moliore, Cornei.le, Racine, Pascal, on the Contiieiit. 
He died A. d. 1674, nine years after the great plague in London, 14 years after Charles II. 
was restored, and 7 years after New York was ceded to the E: g ish. 

And thus, of any person mentioned in the Index, a great variety of particulars may he 
found at a glance, on referring to the tables. 

Abbreviations. — See list in the Introduction. Bar. {Barbarian) includes several different 
nations, some not entirely civilized, f. is used for flourished. The dates before Christ 
are indicated by b. c. ; all-olhers are A. d. In some cases the dates are necessarily left 
blank. 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Dan. Aagesend, Svind, historian .... 
Jew. Aaron, the first high-priest 
Gr. Aaron, of Alexandria, physician 

Egypt. Abbas, pasha, viceroy of Egypt (grandson of Mehemet-Ali) 
Eng. Abbot, George, archbishop of Canterbury and author . 
Amer. Abbott, Benjamin, distinguished educationist 
Amer. Abbott Jacob, author of biographical and religious works . 
Amer. Abbott, Jno. S. C, historian and biographer 
Arab. Abd'el Kader, distinguished warrior 
Turk. Abdul Medjid, sultan of Turkey . , . 

Eng. A'Becket, Gilbert A., comic writer . . 

Amer. Abeel, David, missionary and author of travels 
Nor. Abel, Nicholas H., mathematician • . , 

1 



BORN. 


DIED. 


. f. 1188 




b. c. 1570 


1453 


. f. 622 




1813 


1854 


1562 


1623 


1763 


1849 


1803 




1805 




1806 


1866 


1822 




1810 


1856 


1804 


1846 


1802 





THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



Sp. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Jew. 

Fr. 

Dan. 

Ara. 

Syr. 

Horn. 

Ital. 

Ger. 

Pruss. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Ital. 

Gr. 

Eng. 

Eag. 

Amer, 

Amur. 

Amer, 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Ire. 

Rom. 

Eng. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Rom. 

Rom. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. 

Abcnczra, an astronomer, philosopher, poet, philologist, &o. . 1119 

Aberdeen, E.vri of, statesman and antiquary . . 1784 

Abercrombie, John, author of ' IntellectualPowers ' . . 1781 

Aborcromby, Sir Ralph, ji.htary commander . . 1738 

Abernethy, John, eminent physician and medical writer . 1764 

Ablaneourt, N. P. D., translator of the Glassies . . 1606 

Aboul, Edmo..d, novelist, traveller, &c. . . . 

Abraham, the great progenitor of the Jewish nation . n. c. 1905 B. 

Abrantos, dueho=s d', biographer .... 1784 

Absalom (real name Axeel) archbishop of Dim., Sw., and Nor. 1128 

Abubeker, father-in-law and successor of Mahomet . . 561 

Abulfeda, the geographer .... 1273 

Acclus, or Atiius, a tragic poet (works not extant) . b. o. 171 

Accursius, or Accorso, an cm ucut critic 

Aooum, Fred., operative chemist (in England) . . . 1769 

Ackerni.m, Rudolph, introduced gas-lighting and lithog. in London 1764 

Achilles, one of the leaders .n the Trojan war . f. u. c. 1100 

Achilles Tatius (of Alexandria), Christian bishop and author 

Achilli, Giovanni G., protestant preacher 

Acropohta, of Constantinople, s.a.esman and historian 

Adam, Alexander, schoolmaster and author . . 

Adam, Robert, an architectural author 

Adams, John, patriot and statesman, 2d Pres. U. S. . 

, John Quincy, diplumati.it, poet, Pros. U. S. 

) Samuel, one of the patriotic lounders of the republic 

Addison, Joseph, one of the ornaments of English literature 

Adeiuug, John C, philologist and lexicographer . , 

Adolphus, John, author of history of England, &c. . 

Adrain, Robert, mathematician (at Now York, &c.) 

Adrian, the 15lh emp. (born in Spain) 

yElfric, archbishop of Canterbury, author of Anglo-Saxon works 

^lian, the historian and rhetorician 

jEneas, son of Priam, king of Troy 

yEschines, of Athens, philosopher, disciple of Socrates 

, orator 



DIED. 

1174 
1860 
1844 
1801 
1831 
1664 

3. 1S21 

1838 

1203 

624 

1345 

1229 
1838 
1834 



3d cent. 
1803 
1220 
1741 
1728 
1735 
1767 
1726 
1672 
1732 
1766 
1775 
76 

160 
f. B. c. Ilt3 



1282 
1809 
1794 
1826 
1848 
1818 
1719 
1SC6 
1845 
843 
1S8 
1005 



yEsop, of Phrygia, the prince of fabulists . 
^Etius, military commander (defeated Attila) 
Africanus, Julius, historian 
Sp.Moor , Leo, author of travels in Africa 



B. c. 

f. B. C. 



393 b. c. 
600 



Agamemnon, " the king of kings" . . 
Agathius, historian and poet . . . . f 
Agassiz, Louis, naturalist .... 
Agesilaus II., king of Sparta (defeats the Per., Egypt., and Greeks) 
Aginhard or Egiuhard, Hist, of Charlemagne 
Agis IV., the greatest of the Spartan kings 
Aglionby, one of the translators of the Bible 
Agricola, Cneius Julius, military commander . . . 
Agricola, John, a divine, founder of the Antinomians . . 
Agrippa, military commander, governor of Judea . . 
, Cornelius, philosopher, <&c. 



1487 

1807 
771 



40 
1490 

40 
1486 
1S16 



f. 



323 

4f4 

232 

1526 

l. 904 

565 

!. 361 

S39 

. 251 

1010 

93 

1566 

94 

1535 

1847 

. 456 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Aikin, John, M. D., an elegant writer, editor of poets, <fco. 

. , Lucy, biographer and historian . . 

Aime-Martia, Louis, writer on education 
Ainsworlh, Robert, grammarian and lexicographer 

, Wm. Francis, traveller, geologist, &c. 

, Wm. Harrison, novelist 



Lug. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng 



Airy, Geo. B., astrunomer-royal . 
Tartar. Akbar, Mohammed, a great Mogul sovereign . 
Eng. Akenside, Mark, a popular poet 
Swe. Akenblad, philologist . . . 

Bar. Alaric I., king of the Visigoths 
Span. Alberoni, Julius, cardinal statesman 

Eng. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne 
Ger. Albert, Prince, husband of the Queen of England 
Ital. Alberti, an eminent writer, painter, sculptor, &c. 
Ger. Albertus-Magnus, philosophic writer, tutor of Aquinas 
Bar. Alboin, the Lombard conqueror . 
ItaL Alboni, Marietta, eminent contralto singer 
Port. Albuquerque (the great) military commander 
Gr. Alcaeus, of Lesbos, a lyric poet 
Ital. Alciati, of Milan, an eminent civilian and author 
Gr. Alcibiades, a famous Athenia- general and statesman . 
Gr. Alciphron, author of Letters, &c. 
Amer. Alcott, A. Bronson, philosopher and educationist . 

Amer. , "Wm. A., writer on education and philosopher 

Eng. Alcuinus, founder of schools at Paris, &c. . 

Amer. Alden, John, one of the first Plymouth Colony 

Eng. Aldhelm, St., an eminent scholar and poet . . 

Aldus, see Munulius . . • . 

Alembert, John Le Bond d', math., hist., and philosopher 

Alexander, A. H., claiming to be Earl of Stirling 

. , Archibald, theologian and author . 

, J. Addison, theologian and commentator 

— , JameB W., theologian 

, Severus, emperor 

the Great, founder of the Macedonian Empire 



-, Nevskoi, a saint and hero ; def. of the Tartars, 

-, I., emperor (coalition against Napoleon) 

— , II., (became emperor 1855) . . 



Fr. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Bom. 

Bar. 

Bus. 

Bus. 

Bus. 

Gr. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Bar. 

B:ir. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Amer. Allen, Ethan, an intrepid officer in the Eevolution . 

Amer. , Wm., author of Amer. Biog. Dictionary 

Eng. Alleyn. Edward, actor and manager (temp. Bhakspeare) 
Amer. Allston, Washington, painter and poet 
Bar. Almamon, caliph, patron of learning 



Alexius Commenus, emperor of the East . 

Alfieri, an eminent tragic poet . . 

Alfred, justly called the Great, king 

Algarotti, a general, scholar, and critic 

Ali Bey, gov. of Egypt, revolted against the Turks 

Ali Tepelini, pasha of Jannina 

Alison, Archibald, rev., ' Essays on Taste' 

, Archibald, sir, ' History of Europe,' 



BOON. 

747 



1660 
1807 
1805 
1801 
1550 
1721 



1661 
1841 
1819 
1398 

1205 

1826 

1452 

f. B. c. 606 

H92 

B. c. 450 B. 

f. 170 

1799 

1798 

732 

1598 



1717 

i7sa 

1772 
1809 
1804 
209 
:. 356 
1218 
1777 
1818 
1018 
1T49 
849 
1712 
1728 
1744 
1757 

1737 
17S4 
1566 
1779 



DIED. 

1822 



1846 
1743 



1605 
1770 

1819 
411 
1752 

18G1 

1490 

1280 

574 

1515 

1550 
c. 404 



804 

1687 

709 

1783 

1S51 

1860 

1859 

235 

c. 323 
1262 
1825 

1118 
1803 

900 
1769 
1773 
1822 
1839 
1867 
17SS 

1626 

1S43 

833 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Sar. Almansor, caliph, patron of learning . , 

Eng. Almon, John, political writer .... 

Mex. Almonte, Juanet, general and statesman . , 

Span. Alplionso X., king of Castile, Leon, and author 

Port. Alplionso I., Henriques, founder of the Portuguese monarchy 

Amcr. Alsop, Richard, poet and linguist 

Eng. Althorp, Viscount, statesman and book collector 

Span. Alva, duke of, celebrated and barbarous military commander 

Mex. Alvarez, Juan, leader of Mexican Revolution . . 

Ger. Amalie, duchess of Saxony, dramatic poet . . 

Jew. Amaziah, king of Judah .... 

Ital. Ambrose, St., bishop of Milan, author 

Ital. Americus Vespucius (of Florence), explored the S. American 

coast ...... 

Amer. Ames, Fisher, a statesman and orator 

Amer. , Nathan P., machinist and bronze founder . 

Eng. Amherst, Jeffrey, lord, mil. com. in America, &c. . 

Rom. Ammianus, Marcellinus, historian 

Ger. Ammon, Christ. F. von, Protestant theologian . 

Gr. Ammonius, a peripatetic philosopher . . 

Eng. AnKuy, Thomas, humorous writer, 'Jno. Buncle' 

Fr. Ampere, Jean J., traveller and essayist 

Fr. , Jean Marie, mathematician and nat. philosopher 

Fr. Amyot, James, bishop of Auxerre, translator of Plutarch 

Bar. Auacharsis, a Scythian philosopher and disciple of Solon 

Gr. Anacreon, a celebrated poet . . . 

Gr. Anastasius I., emperor of the East 

Gr. Anaxagoras, a philosopher .... 

Gr. An ixarchus, a philosopher, companion of Alexander the Great b. c. 340 

Gr. Anaximaider, of Miletus, an Ionic philosopher 

Gr. Anaximenes, of Miletus, an Ionic philosopher . 

Fr. Ancelot, J. A. P. F., poet and novelist . . 

Pruss. Ancillon, J. P. F., historian and statesman . . < 

Dan. Andersen, Hans Christian, poet and novelist . 

Scotch. Anderson, Adam, commercial writer . . . 

Eng. , Sir Edmund, a judge and author . 

Swe. Andersson, Chas. John, explorer in Africa . . 

Fr. Andral, G. A., writer on anatomy and medicine 

Eng. Andre, John, British officer in American war . 

Eng. Andrews, Lancelot, bishop of "Winchester . 

Gr. Audronicus, of Rhodes, a peripatetic philosopher, 

Amer. Angell, Jos. K., author of legal works 

ling. Anglesey, Henry "VV., marquis of, general at Waterloo . 

Fr. Angouleme, duchess d', daughter of Louis XVI. 

Ital. Aiiielo, Thomas (commonly called Masanielo), a fisherman of 

Naples, who rose to great power . 

Gr. Anna Commena, daughter of the Emperor Alexis I., historian 

Aust. Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII. of France 

Eng. Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII. . . 

Eng. Annet, Peter, a deistical writer 

Car. Annibal, or Hannibal, a celebrated Carthaginian general . 

Fr. Anquetil du Perron, a classical scholar and author 



BOKN. 


DIED. 


712 


775 


1738 


1805 


abt. 1800 




1203 


1284 


1094 


1185 


1761 


1S15 


1758 


1834 


1508 


1582 


1790 




1794 




B. 


O. 809 


340 


387 


1451 


1517 


1750 


1808 


1803 


1847 


1717 


1797 


. 


300 


1766 


1850 


B. 


c. 24 


1719 


1789 


, 1800 


1864 


1775 


1836 


1513 


1593 


b. c. 592 




B, 


0. 474 




518 


B. C. 500 B. 


C. 428 


b. c. 340 




B. c. 611 B. 


c. 547 


B. 


c. 504 


1794 




1767 


1837 


1805 




1692 


1765 




1605 


. 


1856 


1797 




1751 


17S0 


1555 


1636 


. b. c. 63 




1794 


1857 


1768 


1854 


1778 


1851 


1623 


1646 


1083 


1148 


1604 


1668 


1500 


1536 


1703 


1778 


B. 0. 217 B. 


C. 183 


1731 


1805 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 






NATION 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

Amer. 

Egypt. 

Ital. 

Mace. 

Mace. 

Gr. 

Ital. 

Bom. 

Rom. 

Rom. 

Pers. 

Fr. 

Rom. 

Egypt. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Amer. 

Rom. 

Ital. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Gr. 

Scotch. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Pruss. 

Span. 

Span. 

Scotch. 

Ital. 

Mex. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. BOEN. 

Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, a learned divine . 1033 

Anson, George, lord, celebrated naval commander . . 1697 

Anspach, Eliz., margravine of, author of memoirs . . 1750 

Anster, Jno., translator of ' Faust ' .... 1793 
Anthon, Charles, classical scholar and author . . 1797 

Anthony, St., the founder of monastic institutions . , 251 

, of Padua, a divine .... 1195 

Antigonus, one of the generals of Alexander the Great 
Antipater, one of the generals of Alexander the Great . . 

Antisthenes, a philos., founder of the sect of Cynics , b. c. 423 

Antonelli, Giacomp, cardinal, premier of Pius IX. . . 1806 

Antoninus Pius, emperor . . • . 

, Marcus Aurelius, emperor, stirnamed the philosopher 121 

Antony, Mark, military commander and statesman . b. c. 86 

Anveri, a celebrated poet ..... 

Anville, Jean B. d', geographer 

Apicius, the name of three Roman epicures . . 

Apion, a grammarian and hitter enemy of the Jews 

Apollodorus, the name of several writers and statesmen 

Apollonius, Burnamed Rhodius, a poet . , 

, Pergamensis, a geometrician . . 

, Tyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher 



Appian, an historian .... 

AppletoD, Jesse, president of Bowdoin College and theolo 

Apulcius, a Platonic philosopher and writer 

Aquinas, St. Thomas, a celebrated theologian 

Arago, Dom. Fr. Jean, astronomer and statesman . 

Aram, Eugene, a learned schoolmaster, executed for murder 

Aratus, of Sicyon, mil. com. and statesman 

Arbuthnot, John, Dr., a poet . . . , 

Archelaus, Ionic philosopher . 

Archius, a poet ..... 

Archilochus, a poet .... 

Archidemes, a celebrated mathematician 

Archytaa, a mathematician . . . 

Aretino, Guido, inventor of the gamut of musio 

, Leonard, an historian . . , 

, Peter, a satirist .... 

Argall, Samuel, early colonist and deputy-governor of Virginia 
Argelander, F. W. A., astronomer 
Argensola, Lupercio, historian and poet . , 
, Bartholomew, historian . . 



Argyle, duke of, chief of clan Campbell, statesman , 
Ariosto, Lewis, a celebrated poet 
Arista, Mariano, general under Santa Anna 
Aristarchus, of Samos, mathematician and philosopher 
, grammarian and critic . . . , 



DIED. 

1109 
1762 
1828 

1S67 
356 

1231 
C. 301 
c. 319 



161 

ISO 

B. c. 30 

1201 

1782 

1st cent. 



1697 

A. D. 

f. 80 
B. c. 5th to 2d cent, 

b. c. 194 
f. b. c. 242 



f. 143 
1772 

A. D. 

1224 

1786 

1705 

C. 273 



f. B. C. 450 

f. B. c. 719 

f. B. c. 685 

b. c. 287 

B. c. 408 

995 

1369 

1492 

1572 

1779 

1565 

1566 

1678 

1474 

1802 

f. b. c. 280 

b. c. 160 



97 

1819 
2d cent. 
1274 
1853 
1759 
b. c. 216 
1735 



B. o. 212 
b. c. 360 

1414 
1556 
1639 

1613 
1631 
1743 
1533 
1S55 



Aristides, an Athenian statesman . . . 

, JElius, an orator and sophist . . , 129 

, one of the fathers of the church . . . f. 127 

Aristippus, of Cyrene, philosopher, founderof the Cyreniacs f. b. c. 392 
Aristomenes, a warrior and patriot . . . f. b. 0. 662 



467 
185 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Gr. Aristophanes, an Athenian comic poet . 

Gr. Aristotle, philosopher, founder of the Peripatetics 

Gr. Arius, of Alexandria, the founder of the Arian sect 

Span. , Moatanus, Benedict, orientalist 

Eng. Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of spinning jennies 

Fr. Arlincourt, Victor, vicomted', novelist 

Ger. Arminius, the deliverer of Germany 

Dutch. , James, a celebrated divine, founder of a sect 

Eng. Armstrong, John, M D., poet 

Arner. , John, general, statesman, and historian 

Ital. Arnaud, Daniel, troubadour . 

Fr. , Francis Baculard, dramatist and poet 

Eng. Arne, Thomas Augustus, musical composer 

Gr. Arnobius, a defender of Christianity . . 

Pruss. Arnim, L. A., poet and novelist 

Amer. Arnold, Benedict, major-general, the traitor to his country . 

Ital. , of Brescia, a learned monk, disciple of Abelard 

Eng. , Matthew, poet, professor of poetry, Oxon. 

Eng. , Thomas, D. D., theologian, historian, and philologist 

Eng. , Thomas K., author of classical text-books . 

Scot. Arnott, Niel, popular scientific writer . . . 

Gr. Arrian, historian, disciple of Epictetus . . . 

Ens. Arrow6mith, Aaron, constructor of maps and charts . 

Bar. Arsaces I., the founder of the Parthian monarchy . . 

Bar. Artaxerxes I., king of Persia 

Bar. , founder of the new Persian kingdom . . 

Flem. Artevelde, Philip van, revolutionary popular leader . 

Eng. Arthur, a prince celebrated in fable . . . 

Amer Arthur, Timothy S., author of tales and essays 

Eng. Arundel, Thos. H., earl of, importer of the Arundelian marbles 

Eng. Asbury, Francis, first Methodist bishop in the United States 

Eng. Ascham, Roger, a learned writer . 

Bar. Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general . . . 

Eng. Ashburton, Alex. Baring, lord, statesman . , 

Amer. Ashmun, John K., jurist, professor of law . . 

Eng. Askew, Anne, protestant, burned at Smithfield 

Gr. Aspasia, the accomplished wife (?) of Pericles . . 

Eng. Asser, John, historian .... 

Ger. Ast, George A. F., philologist, ' Lexicon Platonicum 1 . 

Ger. Astor, John Jacob, wealthy merchant at New York 

Amer. Atchison, David R., senator, United States, from Missouri 

Gr. Athanasius, St., one of the fathers of the church 

Gr. Athenagoras, philosopher . . 

Gr. Athenais, Empress of the "West and authoress, called also Eu< 

doxia ..... 

Gr. Afhenseus, a celebrated grammarian, the Greek Varro 

Bar. Attalus, founder of the monarchy of Pergamus, inventor of 

parchment ..... 

Gr. , Rhodius, mathematician . . . . f. 

Eng. Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester, exiled for conspiracy 

Rom. Atticus, a knight and author (works lost) 

Fr. Auber, D. F. E., fiimous musical composer 



BORN. 

o. 389 
o. 384 

1527 
1732 

1789 

1660 
1709 
1758 

171S 
1710 
f. 303 
1781 
1740 

1822 
1795 
18li0 
1788 
f. 140 



472 
1S09 



1745 
1515 



1774 
1800 



1778 
1763 
1S07 
296 
f. 177 



f. 190 



. 173 

1662 
. 109 

1784 



436 
l."98 
1792 
1856 
20 
1610 
1779 
1843 
1220 
1805 
1778 

1831 
1801 
1555 

1842 
1853 



1823 

B. o. 425 

1832 
542 

1646 
1816 
1568 
b. c. 220 
1848 
1833 
1546 

909 
1841 
1848 

S71 



b. c. 198 



1731 
B. C. 32 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



NATION 

Swiss. 
Eng. 
Fr. 
Fr. 
G. Jew. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Aubigne J. H. Merle <T, historian of Reformation 

Auckland, William, lord, statesman . 

Audoin, J. F. zoologist 

Augereau, Oastiglione, duke of, mil. com . 

Auerbach, Bcrthold, novelist 

Augustine, St., a celebrated father of the church 



the Apostle of the English — 1st archbishop of Canterbury 



Rom. Augustulus Romulus, the last emperor of the "West 

Rom. Augustus, Caius Julius Cassar Octavius— 1st emperor 

Aurungzebe, last Mogul emperor in India . . 

Rom. Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, poet . . . 

Eng. Austen, Jane, novelist . . . 

Eng. , Sarah, essayist and trans' ator . 

Amer. Austin, Stephen F., founder of first American colony in Texas . 

Fr. Auvergne, Theophilus — republican — military commander 

Ara. Averroes, philosopher, physician, and author . 

Ital. Avezzana, Joseph, patriot soldier, refugee in New York 

Ara. Avicenna, philosopher, physician and author . 

Eng. Ayscough, Samuel, compiler of Index to Shakespeare, &c. 

Scot. Aytoun, ffm. E., professor, poet, and essayist 

Fr. Azais, Pierre H. philosophic writer 

Ital. Azeglio, Massimo T. marquis d', statesman and author 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1794 




, 


1814 


1797 


1341 


1757 


1816 


1812 




354 


430 


terbury 


004 




476 


b. c. 63 


11 


1618 


1707 




394 


1775 


1817 


(abt) 1800 




s . 


1836 


1743 


1800 


. 


1197 


1797 




980 


1037 




1804 


1813 


1865 


1766 


1845 


1798 


1866 



Eng. Babbage, Charles, mathematician and machinist 

Fr. Babeuf, Franc. N. agrarian and socialist author 

Port. Baccellar, a civilian, historian, and lyric poet ... 

Gr. Bacchylides, lyric poet . . . , f. b. 

Amer. Bache, Alex. D. scientific engineer and writer . . 

Amer. Bachman, John, naturalist and theologian 

Eng. Back, Geo. Capt. R. N., Polar navigator and author 

Amer. Backus, Isaac, a divine and historian 

Amer. Bacon, Delia, writer on Shakespeare . 

Amer. Bacon, Leonard, theological writer and preacher 

Eng. , Roger, a monk celebrated for his scientific knowledge 

Eng. , Francis, Lord Verulam, the celebrated philosopher and states 

man ....... 

Dan. Baden, James, one of the founders of Danish literature . 

Eng. Baffin, Wm., navigator, discoverer of Baffin's Bay . . 

Ger. Biihr, John C. F., classical philologist . . . 

Amer. Bailey, Jacob W., professor of chemistry, botany, &c. . . 

Eng. , Nathan, a grammarian and lexicographer . . 

Eng. , Philip James, poet, author of Festus . . . 

Eng. , Samuel, metaphysician and political essayist . 

Fr. Baillet, a learned theologian, historian, and miscellaneous -writer 

Eng. Baillie, Joanna, poet and novelist .... 

Scot. , Matthew, physician and anatomist . 

Fr. Bailly, John Silvain, a learned author, and a leader in the revo- 
lution • •.... 

Eng. Baily, Francis, astronomer and mathematician . 

Amer. Bainbridge, William, naval commander . (Princeton) 



1764 


1797 


1724 


1806 


450 




1806 


1867 


1790 




1796 




1724 


1806 


1802 




1214 


1292 


1561 


1626 


1735 


1804 


1584 


1622 


1798 




1811 


1857 




1742 


1787 




1619 


1706 


1762 


1851 


1761 


1823 


1736 


1793 


1774 


1844 


1774 


1833 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. 

Amer. Baird, Robert, D. D., author of travels . . , 1798 

Scot. , Sir David, military commander . . , 1757 

Turk. Bajazet, sultan— conquered by Tamerlane . 

Amer. Baker, Edward D., U S. senator and general . (Ball's Bluff) 1811 

Ital. Balbi, Adrian, geographer and ethnographer . 1782 

Span. Balboa, Vaseo Nunez de, early navigator to South America 

Fr. Baldwin, who became emperor of the East . 

Irish. Balfe, Wm. Michael, musical composer . . 

Scot. Baliol, intriguing rival of Robert Bruce . , . 

Scot. Ballantyne, Jas., printer, publisher for Sir "Walter Scott 

Amer. Ballou, Hosea, universalist minister and author , 

Eng. Baltimore, Geo. Calvert, 1st lord, founder of Maryland 

Fr. Baluc, Jean de la, cardinal, premier of Louis XI. . . 

Fr. Balzac, Honored de, novelist . . . 

Amer. Bancroft, George, historian of the U. S., secretary of navy, &c 

Swe. Banier or Banner, a celebrated military commander . 

Irish. Banim, John, novelist .... 

Amer. Bangs, Nathan, D. D., minister of Methodist church and author 

Amer. Banks, Nath. P., speaker of House of Rep., U. S., gov. of Mass, 

Eng. Banks, Sir Joseph, navigator, president Koyal Society . 

Fr. Baraguay d' Hilliers, Achille, marshal of France 

Fr. Baiante, A. G. P. B., baron, historian . . . 

Pruss. Baratier, a Hebrew lexicographer before ten years of age 

Eng. Barbauld, Anna Letitia, a popular miscellaneous writer . 

Turk. Barbarossa, the celebrated corsair, usurper of Algiers 

Amer. Barber, Francis, officer in revolutionary army . • 

Fr. Barbeyrac, John, miscellaneous writer . • 

Amer. Barbour, James, statesman and diplomatist . . 

Amer. Barbour, P. P., statesman and judge of Supreme Court . 

Eng. Barclay, Robert, the celebrated vindicator of the Quakers . 

Ital. Baretti, Joseph, lexicographer— author of Travels, &c. 

Eng. Barham, Richard Henry, humorist — ' Ingoldsby Legends ' 

Amer. Barker, Joseph, noted financier 

Amer. Barlow, Joel, a statesman and poet ... 

Amer. Barnard, Henry, distinguished educator . . 

Amer. Barnes, Albert, theologian and commentator ,. 

Eng. — . , Joshua, an eminent Greek scholar . . 

Amer. , Daniel H. a distinguished conchologist . . 

Dutch. Barneveldt, John, statesman, (beheaded) . . 

Amer. Barney, Joshua, a distinguished naval commander . 

Fr. Barras, Paul, count de, mem. of the direct, in the Revolution 

Eng. Barre, Isaac, colonel, M. P., friend of America 

Irish. Barrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer and author 

Amer. Barron, James, commodore (in the affair of the Chesapeake) 

Eng. , Isaac, a divine and mathematician 

Eng. , Sir John, traveller, author, secretary to Admiralty . 

Irish. Barry, John, the first American commodore 

Eng. , Sir Charles, architect of houses of parliament . 

Amer. ■ , W. T., statesman and diplomatist, . . 

Ger. Barth, Henry, traveller in Africa . . . 

Fr. Barthelcmy, John James, author of ' Anacharsis,' &c. . 

Amer. Bartlett, John R., author of explorations, &c . , 



1808 
1259 

1771 

15S2 

1799 
1800 
1596 
1800 
1778 
1816 
1743 
1795 
1782 
1721 
1743 

1751 
1674 
1775 
1783 
1648 
1716 
1788 
1779 
1756 
1811 
1798 
1654 



1547 
1759 
1755 
1726 
1767 
1768 
1630 
1764 
1745 
1795 
Va. 1785 
1S21 
1716 
1805 



DIED. 

1863 

182C 

I4i; 

1861 

151. 
120. 

131-; 
183S 
1852 
1632 

1850 

1641 
1842 
1862 

1820 



1740 
1825 
1518 
1783 
1728 
1842 
1841 
1690 
1789 
1845 

1812 



1712 
1818 
1619 
1818 
1829 
1802 
1S31 
1S51 
1607 
1848 
1S03 
1860 
1S35 

1795 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Barilett, Josiah, statesman, gov. K. II., &c. 

Eng. , Wm. H., artist and author 

Amer, Barton, Benj. Smith, M. D., a learned physician and botanist 

Eng. , Bernard, the Quaker poet 

Amer. Bartram, John, an eminent botanist . • . . 

Gr. Basil, St., a celebrated father of the Greek church . . 

Eng. Baskerville. John, eminent printer and publisher 

Er. Basnage, de Beauval, James, historian 

Fr. Bassano, H. B. M., duke of, political writer and statesman 

Er. Bastiat, Frederick, political economist 

Amer. Bates, Edward, statesman and jurist . . . 

Amer. Bates, Joshua, banker, (Baring Bros.) in England, . 

Eng. Bath, William Pulteney, earl of, statesman 

Eng. Bathurst, earl of, statesman, friend of Pope, &c. 

Er. Batteus, Charles, rhetorician and miscellaneous writer 

Hung. Batthyani, Kasimir, count, statesman . . , 

Hung. , Lajos, statesman, (shot by Haynau) . 

Ger. Bauer, Bruno, an audacious opposer of Christianity . 

Ger. Baur, Eerd. Christ., professor of theology and author 

Eng. Baxter, Richard, an eminent divine and author 

Er. Bayard, Peter, military commander . 

Amer. , James A., a distinguished statesman and lawyer . 

Ger. Bayer, John, astronomer .... 

Ger. , Theophilus, chronologist and historian 

Er. Bayle, Peter, an eminent philosopher and critic, (' Bayle's D 

tionary') ..... 

Eng. Bayly, Thos. Haines, poet .... 

Eng. Beattie, James, L.L.D., poet . . . 

Er. Beanharnais, Hortense, ex-queen of Holland 

Er. , Eugene, son of the Empress Josephine, mil. com. 

viceroy of Italy, &c. 

Er. Beaumarchais, P. A. C. de, an eminent dramatist . . 

Er. Beaumont, Elie de, mineralogist and geologist . . 

Eng. , Francis, dramatic writer 

Fr. Beauzee, Nicholas, an eminent grammarian . 

Ital. Beccaria, John Baptist, an ecclesiastic and philosopher 

Ital. , Marquis, professor of political economy and author 

Amer. Beck, Lewis C, chemist and mineralogist 

Amer. , Theo. Romeyn, author of medical jurisprudence . 

Eng. Becket, Thomas a, celebrated prelate and statesman . 

Eng. Beckford, Wm., traveller and novelist (' Vathek') . 

Ger. Beckmann, Johann, ' History of Inventions,' &c. . . 

Fr. Becquerel, Antoine Cassar, natural philosopher 

Brit. Bede, styled the Venerable, a learned Saxon monk and historian 

Amer. Bedell, Gregory T., D. D., eloquent pulpit orator 

Eng. Bedford, John, duke of, military commander . . 

Amer. Beecher, Edward, theologian, (son of Lyman) . . 

Amer. , Henry "Ward, theologian and politician . . 

Amer. , Lyman, theologian and preacher . , 

Eng. Beechey, Frederick "W., admiral, Arctic voyager . , 

Pruss. Beer, Michael, dramatic poet, (brother of Meyerbeer) 

Ger. Beethoven, Ludwig von, celebrated musical composer 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1729 


1795 


1809 


1854 


1766 


1815 


1784 


1849 


1701 


1777 


326 


379 


1706 


1775 


1653 


1723 


1758 


1839 


1801 


1850 


1790 




1788 


1864 


1682 


1764 


1684 


1775 


1713 


1780 


1807 


1854 


1809 


1849 


1809 




1792 




1615 


1691 


1476 


1524 


1767 


1815 




1627 


1694 


1738 


1647 


1706 


1797 


1839 


1735 


1803 




1837 


1780 


1824 


1733 


1799 


1798 




1555 


1616 


1714 


1789 


1716 


1781 


1735 


1793 


1800 


1853 


1791 


1855 


1119 


1170 


1760 


1844 


1739 


1811 


1788 




672 


735 


1793 


1834 




14.35 



1796 


1856 


1800 


1833 


1770 


1827 



10 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Ger. Beh.aim, or Bohem, navigator and geographer . 

Eng. Behn, Aphra, dramatic writer . . , 

Russ. Bchring, Vitus, Arctic navigator . . 

Ger. Bekker, Emmanuel, philologist 

Eng. Belcher, Sir Edward, admiral, Arctic navigator 

Rom. Belisarius, a celebrated general and conqueror 

Ital. Belgiojoso, Christina, princess of, accomplished & philanthropic 

Amer. Belknap, Jeremy, D. D., historian of New Hampshire 

Scot. Bell, Henry, first successful steam navigator in Europe 

Amer. , John, statesman . . . 

Scot. , John, surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist . 

Scot. , Sir Charles, anatomist and physiologist . 

Amer. Bellamy, Joseph, D. D., a learned divine and author 

Ital. Bellarmin, cardinal, the champion of the Roman Catholic church 

Fr. Bellau, Remi, poet ..... 

Fr. Belieisle, count de, military commander . . . 

Eng. Bellingham, Richard, royal governor of Massachusetts . 

Ital. Bellini, Vincenzo, musical composer . . . 

Amer. Bellows, Henry W., Unitarian clergyman and author . 

Eng. Beloe, Wm., a divine and critic, translator of Herodotus, &c, 

Fr. Belon, William, naturalist and traveller . 

Kng. Belsham, William, historical, political and miscellaneous writer 

Ital. Belzoni, the celebrated traveller in Egypt 

Pol. Bern, Josef, general in Hungarian war against Austria 

Ital. Bembo, cardinal, one of the restorers of literature 

Eng. Bembow, John, a gallant admiral . 

Ital. Benedict, St., one of the originators of monasteries 

Ital. , XIII., pope, theological writer . 

Ital. , XIV., " " " 

Fr. Benezet, Antony, philanthropist and historian, (died in America 

Ger. Bengel, Johann A., Lutheran theologian and philologist 

Eng. Benger, Elizabeth Ogilvy, author of historical memoirs 

Amer. Benjamin, Park, poet, lecturer andjournalist . 

Sp. Jew , of Tudela, rabbi, traveller in the East . 

Bar. Benhadad, king of Syria . . . 

Scotch. Bennett, James Gordon, journalist . . 

Fr. Benserade, Isaac, a wit and poet 

Eng. Bentham, Jeremy, a political and philosophical writer 

Eng. Bentley, Richard, an eminent critic and scholar 

Amer. Benton, Thomas Hart, statesman and historian . 

Fr. B6ranger, Pierre Jean de, lyrical poet 

Fr. Berenger, A. M. M. F., statesman and jurist 

Egypt. Berenice, the name of seven different queens of Egypt and Syria 

Ger. Berghaus, Henry, mathematician and geographer . 

Swe. Bergman, professor of chemistry at Upsal . . 

Bel. Beriot, Charles A. de, violinist and composer 

Irish. Berkley, George, bishop, an eminent prelate and philosopher 

Amer. , William, governor of Virginia 

Fr. Berlioz, Hector, musical composer 

Fr. Bernadotte, J. B. J., elected king of Sweden, as Charles XIV. 

Eng. Bernard, Edward, divine, astronomer and author . . 

Amer. , Francis, governor of Massachusetts . . 



BORN. 

1459 
1640 
1680 
1T85 
1799 

1808 
3744 
1767 
1797 
1763 
17S1 
1719 
1542 
1528 
1684 
1624 
1808 
1814 
1756 
1518 
1752 
1778 
1795 
1470 
1650 
4S0 
1649 
1675 
1713 
1687 
1778 
1809 



DIED. 

1506 
1689 
1741 



565 

1798 
1830 

1825 
1842 
1793 
1626 
1577 
1761 
1672 
1835 

1817 
1564 
1827 
1823 
1850 
1542 
1702 
547 
1728 
1758 
1784 
1752 
1827 
1S64 
1173 
c. 895 



1691 
1832 
1742 
1858 

1857 



1S00 
1612 
1742 
1662 

17S2 
1780 
17S5 
. c. 1st to 3d cent 
1797 

1735 1784 
1802 
1684 1753 

1667 
1803 

1764 1844 
1638 1697 

1779 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



11 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Dutch. Bernard, John Frederick, bookseller, editor and author 

Fr, , St., preacher of Crusades and author 

Fr. , Simon, engineer and military commander 

Amer. Berrien, John McPherson, TJ. S. Senator from Georgia 



Berruyer, a Jesuit, author of a 'History of the People of God,' 

in 11 vols. 4to ....•• 
Berry, Charles F., duke of, 2d son of Charles XL, (assassinated) 
Duchess of (wife of the above), intriguing politician 



Hiram George, general, war against secession (from Maine) 1814 



Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Swe. 

Ger. 

Fr. ■ 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Ital. 

Gr. 

Fr. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. , John, an eminent Socinian writer . 

Amer. , Nicholas, a captain in the United States Navy 

Amer. ■ , " , financier and litterateur . 

Biela, 'William, baron von, astronomer . 

Amer. Bigelow, John, medical writer . , . 

Fr. 
Gr. 
Gr. 
Fr. 
Eng, 



BORN. 
1091 

1779 
1781 

1681 
1778 
1798 



Berryer, Pierre A., statesman .... 
Berthier, Alexander, a distinguished military commander 
Bertholett, Claude Louis, an eminent chemist 
Bertrand, Henri G., general in Napoleon's army 
Berwick, duke of, military commander (killed at Phillipsburg) 
Berzelius, John James, chemist .... 
Bessel, Frederick William, astronomer 

Bessieres, duke of Istria, military commander, (killed at Lutzen) 
Bethune, George W., D. D., theologian and poet 
Betterton, Thomas, famous actor .... 
Bettinelli, Xavier, an elegant miscellaneous writer . 

Betty, William Henry W., actor, the ' Young Roscius ' . 
Bewick, Thomas, naturalist and wood engraver . 

Beza, Theodore, an eminent reformer . , . 

Bezout, mathematician .... 

Bianchini, Francis, mathematician and author . . 

Bias, one of the seven sages .... 
Bichat, an eminent anatomist and physiologist . . 

Bickerstaff, Isaac, dramatist .... 
Bickersteth, Edward, theological writer . . . 

Biddle, James, a commodore in the United States Navy 



Bignon, Louis E., historian .... 

Bion, pastoral poet .... 

, of Borysthenes, philosopher, (Cyreniac) . • 

Biot, Jean B., mathematician .... 

Biibeck, George, M. D., founder of mechanics' institutions 
Amer. Bird, Robert M., M. D., novelist .... 
Amer. Birney, James G., anti-slavery politician . . 

Fr. Biron, duke of, military commander, (beheaded for conspiracy) 

Eng. Bishop, Sir Henry R., musical composer . . 

Amer. Bissell, "William H., governor of Illinois, volunteer in Mexico 
Scot. Bisset, Robert, historian and biographer . . 

Fr. Bissot, John, a revolutionist and author 

Span. Bivar, Don Rodrigo, known in history and romance under the 

name of tho Cid ..... 

Scot. Blaek, Adam, publisher M. P. provost of Edinburgh 
In.Am. Black Hawk, Indian Chief .... 

Eng. Blackstone, Sir "William, an eminent lawyer and author 



1790 
1753 
1748 
1778 
1670 
1779 
1784 
1769 
1805 
1735 
1718 
1791 
1753 
1519 
17130 
1662 
). 606 
1771 
1733 
1786 
1783 
1615 
3750 
1786 
1782 
1787 
1771 



1774 
1776 
1803 
1792 
1561 
1775 
1811 
1759 
1757 

1040 
1784 
1768! 
1723 



DIED. 
1751 

1153 
1839 
1856 

1751 
1820 

1863 

1815 
1802 
1844 
1734 



1813 
1862 
1810 
1801 

1828 
1605 

1783 
1729 

1802 
1787 
1850 
1848 
1662 
1778 
1844 
1856 

1841 
!. 300 
i. 240 
1862 
1841 
1854 
1857 
1602 
1855 

1805 
1793 



1838 
1780 



12 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Prus. 

Ger. 

Swe. 

Brit. 

ItaL 

Ital. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Dutch. 

Rom. 

Ger. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Colom. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 
Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Swiss. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Amer. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Blackwell, Eliz., first female M. D. in the United States 
.Blair, Dr. Hugh, a divine and rhetorician 

, Francis P., journalist and politician. 

, Francis P., jr., leader of Missouri free-soilers . 

, Robert, a divine and poet . . . 

Blake, John L. Rev. author of Dictionary, &c. , 

Blake, Robert, a celebrated admiral . „ 

Blanchaid, Laman, essayist and journalist 

Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poet and essayist 

Blessington, Marguerite, countess, novelist and litterateur 

Bloomfield, E. V., classical scholar . . 

, Robert, a poet .... 

Blucher, a celebrated military commander . 

Blum, Robert H, publicist and politician . . 

Blumenback, John Fred., naturalist . . 

Boadicea, the warlike queen of the Iceni 

Boccacio, one of the great classic writers of modern Italy 

Boccalina, a satirist .... 

Bochart, Samuel, an eminent divine and orientalist 

Bodin, John, a lawyer and author . . . 

Bodley, Sir Thos., founder of library . 

Boehmen, Jacob, a fanatic and author . . 

Boekh, Augustus, classical philologist 

Boerhaave, oneof the most eminentof modern physicians 

Boethius, a statesman and philosopher 

Bogatzky, Chas. Henry, theologian, (' Golden Treasury') 

Bohemond, a Norman adventurer 

Bohn, Henry G., publisher and editor 

Bojardo, Mathew M., poet, (' Orlando Innamorato') . 

Boileau, Nicholas, an eminent poet . . 

Boissard, Jean J., fabulist .... 

Boissy, Louis de, author of comedies 

, d'Anglas, F. A., count of, statesman and revolutionist 

Boleyn, Anne, wife of Henry VIIL, 
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, poet and deistical writer 
Bolivar, the heroic deliverer of his country . . 

Bonaparte, Jerome, ex-king of "Westphalia . 

, Joseph, ex-king of Naples and Spain . 

, Louis, ex-king of Holland 

, Louis Napoleon, 1st president republic of France and 

emperor .... 

■ , Lucien, Prince of Canino 

, Maria Letitia, mother of Napoleon . 

, Napoleon, emperor of France 

Bond, William C, astronomer . . • 

Bonner, bishop, the persecutor of Protestants . 

Bonnet, Charles, a celebrated naturalist . 

Bonnycastle, Charles, mathematician . . 

■ , John, " 

Bonpland, Aime, traveller and botanist . . 

Booth, Junius Brutus, tragedian . . 

Boone, Daniel, the first settler in Kentucky . . 



10RN. 


DIED. 


1821 




1718 


1800 


1791 




1S21 




1699 


1777 


17SS 


1857 


1599 


1657 


1803 


1845 


1757 


1783 


1789 


1849 


1788 


1846 


1766 


1823 


1742. 


1819 


1807 


1848 


1752 


1840 




61 


1313 


1373 


1556 


1613 


1509 


1567 


1530 


1596 


1544 


1612 


1575 


1624 


1668 


1738 


455 


526 


1690 


1744 




1111 


1434 


1494 


1636 


1711 


1743 


1831 


1694 


1758 


1756 


1826 


1507 


1536 


1678 


1751 


1785 


1831 


17S4 


1859 


1768 


1844 


1778 


1846 


1808 




1775 


3840 


1750 


1836 


1769 


1821 


1789 


1859 




1569 


1720 


1793 




1840 




1S21 




1840 


1796 


1852 


1730 


1S23 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



13 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Ger. Bopp, Francis, Sanscrit scholar . • ■ 

Ital. Bregli, philosopher and mathematician . 

Ital. Borghesi, Bartolomeo, count, antiquarian , 

Ital. Borgi, Giovanni, originator of ragged schools 

Ital. Borgia, Quasar, son of the infamous Pope Alexander VI, 

Ital. , Lucrezia, infamous daughter of Pope Alexander VI 

Ital. Borromeo, Cardinal, theological writer 

Eng. Borrow, George, author of ' Gipsies of Spain ' • 

Er. Bosc, Louis A. W., naturalist 

Eng. Boscawen, Edward, brave and skilful admiral . 

Ital. Boscovitch, mathematical and philosophical writer 

Er. Bossuet, Marie Jos., marshal of France . 

Fr. Bossuet, James B., a divine and historian . 

Fr. Bossut, Charles, mathematician . . 

Scot. Boston, Thomas, a divine and author 

Eng. Boswell, James, the biographer of Dr. Johnson 

Eng. Bosworth, Joseph, D. D., Anglo-Saxon lexicographer 

Ital. Botta, Carlo G. G., historian . . . 

Ital. Bottiger, archaeologist and antiquarian 

Amer. Botts, John Minor, politician . , 

Gr. Bozzaris, Marco, a gallant leader in the new revolution 

Amer. Boudinot, Elias, a statesman and philanthropist 

Fr. Bougainville, Louis A., military commander and author 

Fr. Boufflers, Duke of, military oommander 

Fr. Boulainvilliers, Henry, count of, historian . 

Eng. Boulton, Matthew, an eminent engineer . 

Fr. Bourcet, Peter J. de, an officer and topographer 

Irish. Boucicault, Dion, dramatist . . . 

Fr. Bourdaloue, a noted preacher . . 

Fr. Bourdon, Pierre L. M. mathematician . . . 

Fr. Bourignon, Antoinette, a fanatical author . 

Fr. Bourmont, L. A. V., count of, marshal of France 

Fr. Bourne, Vincent, an elegant Latin poet . 

Fr. Bourrienne, biographer of Napoleon . . 

Fr. Bousmard, M. de, a military engineer . 

Fr. Boussingault, Jean B. V. D., chemist , 

Ger. Bouterwek, Fred., 'Hist. Spanish Literature' 

Amer. Bouvier, John, jurist and legal author . . 

Amer. Bowditch, Nath., astronomer, mathematician, &o. 

Eng. Bowdler, Thomas, editor Shakespeare, &c. 

Amer. Bowdoin, James. LL. D., philosopher and statesman 

Amer. , John, (son of the last), ambassador to Spain 

Amer. Bowen, Francis, biographical and metaphysical author 

Eng. Bowles, William Lisle, poet 

Eng. Bowring, James, statesman, poet and linguist 

Scot. Boyd, Mark Alexander, a poet . . . 

Eng. Boydell, John, alderman, art publisher , 

Fr. Boyer, Abel, lexicographer 

Fr. , Jean Pierre, president of Hayti (died at Paris) 

Irish. Boyle, Robert, an eminent philosopher . . 

Amer. Boylston, Zabdiel, an eminent physician . 

Amer. Bozman, John Leeds, historian and jurist . . 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1791 




1507 




17S1 




1736 


1802 


160S 


1679 


15th Cent. 


1538 


■ 1584 


1803 




1759 


1S2S 


1711 


1761 


1711 


1787 


1810 


1S6- 


1627 


1704 


1730 


1S14 


1676 


1732 


1710 


1795 


17S8 




1766 


1837 




1835 


1802 




1780 


1S23 


1740 


1821 


1729 


1811 


1644 


1711 


1058 


1752 


1728 


1809 


1700 


1780 


1822 




1632 


1704 


1799 


1854 


1616 


16S0 


1773 


1846 




1747 




1834 




1807 


1802 




1766 


1828 


1787 


1851 


1773 


1S38 


1754 


1825 


1727 


1790 


1752 


1811 


1811 




1762 


1850 


1792 




1562 


1601 


1719 


1S04 


1667 


1729 


1776 


1S50 


1626 


1691 


1680 


1776 


1757 


1828 



14 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. 

Amer. 

Arner. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

A mer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Dan. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

K.A.In 

Fr. 

Mex. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

8 we. 

Bar. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Eug. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Eng. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. 

Brace, Charles Loring, philanthropist and traveller . . 1826 

Biackenridge, Henry M., jurist and diplomatist . , 1786 

Braddock, Edward, general, defeated and killed in Virginia . 1715 

Bradford, Alden, author of 'History of Massachusetts ' . 1715 

— — , Andrew, printer and publisher of first newspaper in Phila. 16S6 

, William, attorney-general of the U. S. 

, "William, first printer in Pennsylvania 

, "William, second governor of Plymouth eolony 



Bradley, Dr. James, astronomer and mathematician 
Eiadstreet, Anne, poetess, daughter of Governor Dudley 
Bradwardine, mathematician and theologian . 
Brady, Robert, physician and historian . . 

Brahe, Tycho, a celebrated astronomer . 

Brainard, David, misionary to the Indians . 

, J. G. C, a poet 

.Brant, Joseph (Thayendanega), a Mohawk chief 
Brantome, Pierre de B., biographer and chronicler 
Bravo, Leonardo, a revolutionary patriot . 
Bray, Ann Eliza, novelist . . . 

Breckinridge, John, D. D., theologian 

, John C, Vice-President U, S. . 

— , Robert J., D. D., Presbyterian theologian 

Breitkhopf, John G. E.., an eminent printer and type-found 
Bremer, Fredrica, novelist . . 

Brennus, the leader of the Gauls . . . 

Brewster, Sir David, natural philosopher . 

, William, elder of the Plymouth Pilgrims 

Bridgewater, Duke of, introducer of canals in England 

, Francis H. E., duke of, founder of 'Treatiser' 

Briggs, Charles F., novelist and journalist 

, Henry, mathematician 

Brigham, Amariah, writer on insanity and philanthropist 
Bright, John, reform politician and M. P. 
Biinvilliers, Marie, marchioness of, poisoner 
Brisson, Mathurin James, naturalist . . . 

Brittan, John, architectural and antiquarian writer 
Brockhaus, Fried. A., founder of the publishing house . 
Brodhead, John R., author of ' History of New York' 
Brodie, Sir Benj. C, F. R. S., surgeon and surgical author 
Broglio, due de, statesman .... 
Bronte, Anne, 'Acton Bell.' novelist 

, Charlotte, novelist • . 

■, Emily Jane, ' Ellis Bell,' novelist . 

Brooke, Henry, miscellaneous writer . 

, Sir James, rajah of Sarawak, and author 

Brooks, Charles T., author of ' Translations from German ' 

, Erastus, journalist and politician. . 

, James, journalist and politician . . 

, John. LL.D., governor of Massachusetts . 

, Maria, poet, (' Maria del Occidente ') . , 

Brotier, G., a Jesuit, editor of ' Tacitus ' . . 

Brougham, Henry, lord, statesman and jurist . 



1755 
1659 
1588 
1692 
1612 

1709 
1546 
1718 
1697 
1742 
1540 
1692 

(abt.) 1800 
1797 
1821 
1800 

• . 1710 
1802 
f. b. c. 390 
1785 
1560 
1736 
1756 

1536 
1798 
1811 

1723 
1771 
1772 
1814 
17S3 
1785 
1820 
1816 
1818 
1706 
1803 
1813 
1815 
1810 
1752 
1795 
1723 
1779 



1753 
1753 
1742 
1795 
1752 
1657 
1762 
1672 
1349 

1661 
1747 
1826 
1807 
1614 
1854 

1841 



1794 
1865 



1644 
1803 
1829 

1630 
1849 

1676 
1806 
1857 
1823 

1862 

1849 
1855 

1848 
1783 



1825 
1845 
1789 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



15 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Irish. Brougham, John, actor and author . . 

Fr. Brougniart, Alexander, mineralogist and geologist 

Fr. , Adolphe T., botanist, 

Fr. Broussais, F. J. V., medical and physiological writer 

Ir.Am. Brown, Alex., father of the eminent merchants 'Brown Brothers 

Amer. , Arthur, a distinguished scholar and barrister 

Amer. , (Blackwell), Antoinette L., preacher and philanthropist 

Amer. , Charles Brockden, a novelist 

Amer. , Captain John, abolitionist and martyr . 

Scot. , Dr. Thomas, metaphysician and poet 

Amer. , GoOld, grammarian, . . 

Amer. , Henry Kirk, sculptor 

Amer. , James, senator, minister to France . 

Amer. , James, eminent publisher (Boston) . 

Eng. , John, D.D., a miscellaneous writer 

Eng. , John, a divine and author . . 

Amer. , Major-General Jacob, general in war of 1812 . 

Amer. , Nicholas, principal patron Brown University . 

Eng. , Robert, eminent botanist . . . 

Scot. , Samuel, chemist and poet . . . 

Eng. , Thomas, satirist, ..... 

Scot. , Thomas, metaphysician . . 

Irish. Browne, George, count de, an officer in the Russian service 

Eng. , Sir Thomas, a physician, and philosophic writer 

Eng. , "William George, a traveller in Africa, &c. 

Amer. Brownell, Thomas C, Prot. Episcopal Bishop of Connecticut 
Eng. Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, poet, ... 

Eng. , Robert, poet, .... 

Amer. Brownson, Orestes A., metaphysical writer . . 

Scot. Bruce, James, a celebrated traveller . . . 

Scot. , Robert, the deliverer of his country . . 

Fr. Brueys, Francis Paul, admiral . . . 

Eng. Brummell, George Bryan, ' Beau Brummell' . . 

Fr. Brumoy, Peter, a Jesuit and author . . . 

Fr. Brune, William Mary Ann, marshal and revolutionist 
Eng. Brunei, Isambard K., engineer of Great Eastern, &c. . 

Fr. Brunei, Sir M. I., engineer of Thames tunnel, &c. 
Fr. Brunet, Jacques Charles, 'Bibliographer's Manual' 
Fr. Bruno, St., founder of the Chartusiau order . 
Rusa. Brunnow, Baron, diplomatist .... 
Ger. Brunswick, Ferdinand, duke of, military commander . 

Ger. , Luneburg, Charles Wm, Fer., duke of, military com 

mander ...... 

Eng. Brunton, Mary B., novelist, ' Discipline, ' &c. 

Rom. Brutus, Lucius Junius, founder of the republican government 

Rom. , Marcus Junius, conspirator against Caesar . . 

Fr. Bruyere, John de la, a celebrated writer . . 

Dutch. Bruyn, Cornelius de, traveller .... 

Bryan, Michael, ' Dictionary of Painters' . . 

Eng. Bryant, Jacob, a philologist and antiquary . . 

Amer. , "William Cullen, poet, traveller . . 

Eng. Brydges, Sir Egerton, eccentric litterateur , 



BOKN. 


DIED. 


1810 




1770 




1801 




1772 


1838 


•s ' 1764 






1805 


1825 




1771 


1810 


1800 


1859 


1777 


1820 


1791 


1857 


1814 




1766 


1835 


1800 


1855 


1715 


1766 


1722 


1787 




1828 


1769 


1841 


1781 


1858 


1817 


1856 


1663 


1704 


1778 


1820 


1698 


1792 


1605 


1682 




1814 


1779 


1865 


1809 


1860 


1S12 




1803 




1730 


1790 




1329 


1750 


1798 


1778 


1840 


1688 


1742 


1763 


1815 


1806 


1859 


1769 


1845 


1377 


1444 


1797 




1721 


1792 


1735 


1806 


1778 


1818 


B. 


C. 505 


B. 


c. 42 


1644 


1697 


1652 




1757 


1859 


1715 


1804 


1794 




1762 


1837 



16 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Fr. Buat Nancay, Louis G., count de, a learned writer , 

Fr. Bucer, Martin, one of the fathers of the Reformation , 

Ger. Buch, Leopold von, geologist . . . 

Scot. Buchan, William, a physician, and author . . , 

Scot. Buchanan, Claudius, a divine . . , 

Scot. ; George, an eminent writer 

Amer. , James, 15th president of the United States , 

Eng. Buckingham, George Villicrs, duke of, statesman . , 

Eng. -, George Villiers, son of the former , 

Eng. , James Silk, traveller and author , 

Amer. , Joseph T., journalist and author . . 

Eng. Buckland, Wm., D. D., geologist. . . , 

Amer. BuckminBter, Joseph, D. D., theologian . . 

Amer. , Joseph S., author of ' Sermons,' &c, . 

Eng. Buckstone, John B., actor and playwright . . 

Amer. Buel, Jesse, agricultural writer .... 

Polish. Buffier, Claude, a Jesuit and miscellaneous writer 

Er. Buffon, George Leclerc, count of, celebrated naturalist 

Er. Bugeaud, T. R, marshal of France . 

Ger. Buhle, J. G., ' History of Philosophy,' &c, . , 

Eng. Bull, Geo., Greek scholar and dramatist . . 

Eng. , Geo., Bishop of St. David's, theological writer . 

Aor. , Ole, famous violinist . . , , 

Swiss. Bullinger, reformer and author .... 
Amer. Bullions, Peter, D. D., author of educational works . 
Eng. Bulwer, Sir Henry L. diplomatist and political writer . 

Eng. , (now Sir Edward Lytlon), novelist and dramatist 

Eng. , Lady Bulwer Lytton, novelist . . . ' 

Aust. Buol-Schauenstein, K. F., count of, statesman . 

Russ. Bunson, C. C. J., chevalier de, diplomatist and historian , 

Eng. Bunyan, John, author of ' Pilgrim's Progress' 

Ger. Burckhardt, John Charles, mathematician . . , 

Swiss. _, John Louis, oriental traveller , 

Scot. Am. Burden, Henry, inventor and mechanic , , 

Eng. Burdett, Sir Francis, politician . . , 

Ger. Burger, G. A., poet ..... 

Eng. Burges, Geo., Greek scholar and dramatist • , 

Amer. Burges, Tristram, statesman and orator 

Eng. Burgess, Thomas, Bp. of Salisbury, classical and theological author 1756 

Eng. Burgh, James, author ' Dignity Human Nature ' 

Eng. Burgoyne, John, military commander and author . 

Irish. Burke, Edmund, a great statesman and writer , . 

Swiss. Burlamaqui, John James, writer on civil law . . 

Eng. Burleigh, William Cecil, lord, eminent statesman . . 

Dutch. Burman, Peter, critic and editor . . . 

Ger. Burmeister, Heiman, naturalist .... 

Amer. Burnap, George W., clergyman and author . , 

Scot. Burnes, Sir Alex., 'Travels in Bokhara, Cabool,' <&c. , 

Scot. Burnet, Gilbert, a divine and historian, Bishop of Salisbury 

Amer. , Jacob, pioneer of Cincinnati and author . 

Eng. , John, engraver, painter, and critic , , , 1784 

Eng. Burney, Charles, a doctor of music . . , 1726 1814 



1491 


1551 


1774 


1853 


1729 


1791 


1766 


1805 


1506 


1582 


1791 




1592 


1628 


1627 


1688 


1784 


1855 


1779 




1784 


1856 


1751 


1812 


1784 


1812 


1800 




1778 


1839 


1661 


1737 


1707 


1788 


1784 


1849 


1763 




1786 


1864 


1634 


1710 


1S10 




1504 


1575 


1791 


1864 


1803 




1807 




1797 




1791 


1860 


1628 


1688 


1773 


1815 


1784 


1S15 


1791 




1770 


1844 


1748 


1794 


1786 


1864 


1770 


1853 


1756 


1837 


1714 


1775 




1792 


1730 


1797 


1694 


174S 


1520 


1598 


1668 


1741 


1807 




1802 


1859 


1S05 


1841 


1643 


1725 


1776 


1858 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



17 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSSON. 

Eng. Burney, Frances, (see Mme. d'Arblay), novelist 

Eug. , James, admiral and author . . 

Scot. Burns, a popular and national poet 

Amer. Burr, Col. Aaron, vice-president U. S. . . 

Amer. Burritt, Elihu, 'the learned blacksmith' and philanthropist 

Amer. Burroughs, Stephen, notorious adventurer 

Eng. Burton, Robert, author of the ' Anatomy of Melancholy' 

Eng. , Win, E., actor and author 

Ger. Busching, Anthon Frederick, philosopher and geological writer 
Amer. Bush, George, D.D., theological and philosophical writer 
Amer. Bushnell, Horace, D.D., theological and metaphysical author 
Mex. Bustamente, Anastasio, president of Mexico 
Eng. Bute, John Stuart, earl of, statesman, premier 
Irish. Butler, Alban, ' Lives of Saints' 

Amer. , Andrew P., United States senator from South Carolina 

Amer. , Benj. F., statesman and jurist, attorney-general U. S. 

Amer. , Benj. F., major-general U. S. army in war for Union 

Eng. , Charles, Catholic historian and jurist 

Eng. , Joseph, bishop, an eminent prelate and author . 

Eng. , Samuel, bishop of Litchfield, editor of " jEschylus," &c. 

Eng. , Samuel, a humorous poet 

Amer. , Richard, colonel, an officer in the Revolution 

Amer. , "Wm. Allen, poet 

Amer. , Wm. O., statesman and general , 

Ger. Buttman, Philip C, philologist . 

Eng. Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, legisl. and philanth. 

Ger. Buxtorf, John, a Hebrew and Chaldaic lexicographer 

Ger. , John, (son of the preceding,) lexicographer 

Amer. Byles, Mather, clergyman and author 

Eng. Byng, Honorable John, admiral . . . 

Eng. Byron, George Gordon, lord, a popular poet 

Eng. , Honorable John, admiral . . . 

Eng. , Lady Noel, wife of the poet . . 



BORN. 
1752 
1739 
1759 
1756 
1811 
1765 
1576 
1804 
1721 
1796 
1802 
1782 
1738 
1710 
1796 



1750 
1692 
1774 
1612 

1825 
1793 
1761 
1786 
1564 
1599 
1706 
1704 
1788 
1723 
1793 



DIED. 

1840 
1820 
1796 
1836 

1840 
1639 
1860 
1893 
1859 

1851 
1792 
1773 
1857 
1858 

1832 
1752 
1840 
1680 
1791 



1829 
1845 
1629 
1644 
1788 
1757 
1828 
1786 
1860 



C. 



Fr. Cabet, Etienne, communist .... 

Eng. Cabot, John, navigator and discoverer of North America 

Eng. , Sebastian (son of John), navigator 

Port. Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, navigator 

Span. Cabrera, Don Kamon, military commander for Don Carlos 

Ital. Cadamosta, Louis da, navigator 

Eng. Cade, the noted rebel, ' Jack Cade ' 

Scot. Cadell, Thomas, publisher of Scott's works, &c. 

Fr. Cadet de Grassicourt, Charles L., chemist and philosopher 

Cadmon, Anglo-Saxon poet 

Amer. Cadwallader, John, officer in the Revolution . 

Rom. Caesar, Caius Julius, warrior, statesman, and author 

Ital. Cagliostro, Alex., count, swindling adventurer 

Fr. Cailliaud, Frederic, traveller . . . 

Fr. Caille, Rene, ' Voyage a Timboucto,' &o. . . 

2 



1788 
1477 


1856 
1557 


1500 




1810 




f. 1456 






1450 


1742 


1803 


1769 


1821 




680 


1743 


1786 


B c. 100 B. 


c. 44 


1743 


1795 


1787 






1838 






18 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. 

Ital. 
Gr. 
Eng. 
Span. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Ital. 
Amer. 
Rom. 
Gr. 
Gcr. 
Gr. 
Gr. 
Fr. 
Ital. 
Fr. 
Fr. 

Amer. 
Amer. 
Fr. 
Eng. 
Pers. 
Eng. 
Scot- 
Scot. 
Port. 
Fr. 

Amer. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Ger. 
Fr. 
Fr. 
Eng. 
Fr. 
Ital. 
Dan. 
Fr. 
Eng. 
Span. 
Gr. 
Rom. 
Ital. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Ital. 
Eng. 
Fr. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Cajeta.il, Cardinal, diplomatist and author . . 

Calaber, Quintus ..... 
Calamy, Edmund, Presbyterian divine and author . . 

Calderon de la Barca, Don Pedro, dramatist . . 

Caldwell, Charles, eminent physician and author 

, Rev. James, revolutionary patriot 

Calepino. Ambrose, author of a lexicon in 11 languages 
Calnoun, John C, senator of the United States 
Caligula, Roman Emperor .... 

Calippus, astronomer and mathematician . . 

Calixtus, Geo., Lutheran theologian . . 

Callimachus, a poet .... 

Callisthenes, philosopher and historian . , 

Calmet, Augustine, an erudite divine and author . 

Calogera, Angelo, a learned monk and author 
Calonne. Charles Alexander de, minister of state 
Calvin, John, of the Apostles of the Reformation 
Calvert, George Henry, belle-lettres author 

, Leonard, first governor of Maryland (see Baltimore) 

Cambaccres, John J. A., distinguished revolutionist 
Cambridge, Duke of, sixth son of George III. 
Cambyses, second king of Persia 

Camden, "William, an eminent antiquary and historian 
Cameron, Richard, ' Covenanter,' founder of Cameronians 

, Sir Evan, lord of Loohiel 

Camoens, Louis, the most eminent poet of his country 
Campan, Jeanne L. H. J., educationist and author 
Campbell, Alex., founder of a religious sect . . 

■ , George, a divine and author 

, John, a multifarious writer, 'Admiral,' &c. 

, John, 2d duke of Argyle and Greenwich 

, John, lord chancellor, jurist, ■ Lives of Chancellors 



■ , Sir Colin, British com. in India, &c, Lord Clyde 

, Thomas, poet, ' Life of Petrarch,' &c. 

Camper, Peter, an eminent naturalist . 

Campiston, John G. de, dramatist . . . 

Cange, Charles Dufresne, sieur du, historian J . 

Canning, George, statesman, orator, and poet . . 

Canrobert, Franc. C, general in Crimea 

Cantu, Cesare, historian, poet, and philosopher . . 

Canute, King of Denmark and of England, ' the Great ' 

Carefigue, A. H. A., historian . . 

Capell, Edward, editor of Shakespeare 

Capmany, Don Antonio, historian . . . 

Capo d' Istria, president of Greece, 1827-31 . . 

Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor . , 

Caraccioli, Neopolitan admiral, hanged by Nelson 

Caractacus, prince of the Silures, a brave warrior. 

Carausius, usurper of Empire in Britain 

Cardan, Jerome, philosopher, mathematician and physician 

Cardigan, J. P. B., earl of, general of cavalry at Balaklava 

Cardonne, Dennis D., an eminent orientalist 



BORN. 


DIED 


1510 


1593 


f. 


250 


1600 


1666 


1600 


1687 


1772 


1853 


1734 


1781 


1435 


1511 


1782 


1850 


12 


41 


f. b. c. 330 




1586 


1656 


f. B. c. 150 




B. 


C. 328 


1672 


1757 


1699 


1768 


1734 


1802 


1509 


1623 


1803 






1676 


1753 


1824 


1774 


1850 


» n 


c. 521 


1551 


1623 




1680 




1719 


1517 


1579 


1752 


1822 


1792 




1709 


1796 


1708 


1775 


1678 


1743 


s ' 1778 


1861 


1791 


1863 


1777 


1844 


1722 


1789 


1656 


1723 


1610 


1688 


1770 


1827 


1809 




1805 




995 


1035 


1799 




1713 


1781 


1754 


1810 


1776 


1831 


188 


217 


1770 


1799 


(abt.) 100 




250 


293 


1501 


1576 


1797 




1720 


1783 






BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



19 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Fr. Car§me, Mark Antony, famous cook . . 

Eng. Carew, Bamfylde Moore, 'king of the beggars ' 

Eng. Carew, Thomas, poet .... 

Amer. Carey, Alice, author of poems and tales . . 

Eng. , Henry, earl of Monmouth, translator . 

Amer. *, Henry C, political economist 

Amer. , Matthew, philanthropist, publisher, <fcc. 

Eng. , William, missionary to India . . 

Ital. Carissimi, James, musical composer . 

Irish. Carleton, Win., novelist . . , 

Ivish. , Sir Guy, military commander, and governor of Canada 

Ital. Carli, John Rinaldo, count de, author 

Eng. Carlisle, G. "W. F., 7th earl of, statesman and author 

Eng. , Sir Anthony, physician and medical writer 

Span. Carlos, Don, son of Philip II., (hero of Schiller's tragedy; 

Span. , Don Maria Isidor, pretender to the throne . 

Ger. Carlotta, wife of Maximilian, emperor of Mexico 

Scot. Carlyle, Rev. Alex, D. D., ' Memoirs of his Times ' . 

Scot. ■ ; Thomas, historian and metaphysician . 

Gr. Carneades, philosopher, founder of the 3d Academy, 

Fr. Carnot, Lazarus Nicholas, revolutionist . . 

Eng. Carpenter, Laut, Unitarian minister and author . 

Eng. , Wm. B., physiologist 

Fr. Carrel, Armand, historian and metaphysician 

Gua. Carrera, Rafael, ruler of Guatemala 

Amer. Carroll, Chas., last surviving signer of the Dec. of Indep. 

Eng. Carter, Elizabeth, a learned translator 

Amer. , Nathaniel H., a scholar and traveller 

Eng. Cartwright, Thomas, puritan divine . 

Ger. Carus, C. G., writer on anatomy and physiology 

Amer. Carver, John, 1st gov. Plymouth colony 

Amer. , Jonathan, traveller and author 

Eng. Cary, Henry F., poet, translator of ' Dante' 

Span. Casas, Bartholomew de las, philanthropist and historian 

Amer. Cass, Lewis, statesman and diplomatist . . . 

Amer. Cassin, John, ornithologist 

Fr. Cassini, John Dominic, astronomer . . . 

Ital. Cassiodorus, Marcus Aur. statesman and historian 

Rom. Cassius, Longinus Caius, conspirator against Caesar 

Eng. Castell, Edmund, divine and lexicographer 

Ital. Castiglione, Balthasar, statesman and author . . 

Port. Castro, Inez de, wife of Pedro, king of Portugal 

Ital. Catalini, Madame, eminent vocalist , . 

Eng. Catesby, Mark, naturalist . , . 

Bus. Catherine I., wife of Peter the Great . . 

Rus. II., empress the " Great " and the vicious 

Span.E. , of Arragon, wife of Henry VIII. . 

Span. , of Braganza, queen of Charles II. of England 

Eng. Howard, queen of Henry VIII. . . 

It. Fr. de Medici, wife of Henry II. of France . 

Eng. , Parr, 6th and last wife of Henry VIIL . 

Rom. Catiline, Lucius Sergius, patrician conspirator 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1784 


1833 


1693 


1770 


1589? 


1639 


1822 




1596 


1661 


1793 




1760 


1839 


1761 


1822 


1600 


1672 


1798 




1724 


1808 


1720 


1795 


1802 


1864 


1768 


1840 


1545 


1568 


1788 


1855 


18— 




1721 


1805 


1795 




. 218 b. 


C. 128 


1753 


1823 


1780 


1840 


18— 




1800 


1836 


1814 




1737 


1832 


1717 


1806 




1830 


1535 


1603 


1789 




1732 


1780 




1621 


1772 


1840 


1474 


1564 


1782 


1866 


1813 




1625 


1712 


470 


516 


B. 


C. 42 


1606 


1685 


1468 


1525 




1355 


1782 


1849 


1680 


1749 


1682 


1727 


1729 


1796 


1483 


1536 


1638 


1703 


1521 


1542 


1519 


1589 




1548 


B. 


C. 62 



20 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Rom. 

Rom. 

Rom. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ital. E. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Rom. 

Gr. 

Ital. 

Rom. 

Gr. 

Hal. 

Rom. 

Irish. 

Span. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Soot. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Fr. 

Ger. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ger, 

Swe. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Catinat, Nicholas, military commander 

Catlin, George, artist and traveller among Indians . 

Cato, Marcus Fortius, the censor, statesman and author 

, Marcus Porcius, ofUtica, statesman 

Catullus, Caius Valerius, poet . . . . 

Cauchy, Aug. Louis, mathematician . . 

Caulaincourt, A. A., Duke of Vicenza, diplomatist . 

Caussin, Nicholas, a Jesuit, author of the ' Holy Court * 
Cavaignac, Louis E., general-in-chief of the republic, 1848 
Carallo, Tiberius, electrician, author Natural Philos. 
Cave, Edward, printer, bookseller and author . . 

Cavendish, Sir William, courtier and writer 

, Thomas, navigator . . . 

Cavour, Camillc di, count, Sardinian statesman 
Caxton, William, the introducer of printing into England 
Caylus, A. C. P., count de, miscellaneous writer . 
Cazales, James A. M. de, an eloquent orator . . 

Cecil, Rev. R., religious writer . . . 

, Robt., earl of Salisbury, statesman . 

, Win., Lord Burleigh, statesman . . 

Cecilia, a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, patron of music 



BORN. 

1637 



DIED. 
1712 



Cecrops, 1st king of Athens .... 

Cellini, Benvenuto, artist, jeweller, patron of music . 
Celsus, Auielius Cornelius, a celebrated physician 

, an Epicurean philospher . . . 

Cenci, Beatrice, Roman maiden, tragically famed . . 

Censorius, a critic and grammarian . . . 

Centlivre, Susanna, a dramatic writer . . . 

Cervantes-Saavedra, Michael, author of ' Don Quixote' 
Cesare, Giuseppe, cavaliere de, historian . . 

Cesarotte, Melchior, a voluminous author 
Chalmers, Alex., ' General Biographical Dictionary,' &c. 

, George, miscellaneous writer . 

, Thomas, D. D., theologian and political economist '. 

Chambers, Robert, publisher and author . 

, Sir "William, an architect . . . 

, William, publisher and author 

Chambord, H., count of, last scion of the house of Bourbon . 
Chamisso, A. von, author of ' Peter Schlemihl,' &c. 
Champollion, the younger, 'Monuments de l'Egypte,' &c. 

, Figeac, historian and antiquary . 

Channing, Edward T., essayist and reviewer 

, William Ellery, D. D., theologian and philanthropist 

, William Henry, Unitarian minister and author . 

Chantry, Sir Francis, sculptor 

Chapin, Edwin H., eloquent clergyman and orator 
Chapman, George, poetical translator . . 

Chapone, Hester, miscellaneous writer . . 

Chaptal, J. A. C, chemist .... 
Charlemagne, emperor of the West and King of France 
Charles V. the Great, see Prescott's History, &c. 
Charles XII., king, a celebrated warrior . 



b. c. 232 b. c. 147 
b. C. 95 b. c. 46 
b. c. # S6 

17S0 1857 

1773 1807 

1583 1651 

1802 1857 

1749 1809 

1691 1754 

1505 1557 

1564 1591 

1809 1861 

1410 1492 

1720 1765 

1752 1805 

1748 1810 

(abt.) 1550 1612 

1520 1598 
2d cent. 

b. c. 1500 



(abt.) 



1500 
f. 30 
f. 50 

f. 240 
1667 
3547 
1783 
1730 
1759 
1744 
1770 
1802 
1726 
1800 
1820 
1781 
1790 
1779 
1790 
1780 
1810 
1781 
1814 
1557 
1727 
1756 
742 
1500 
16S2 



1570 



1599 

1723 
1616 
1856 
1808 
1854 
1825 
1846 

1796 



1856 
1842 

1841 

1634 
1801 
1832 
814 
1588 
1761 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



21 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Charles Edward, grandson of James II. and Pretender 

Fr. , J. A. C, natural philosopher . . 

Fr. Charlevoix, Peter F. X., a Jesuit historian 

Araer. Chase, Philander, bishop of Prot. Kpis. Church, Ohio , 

Amer. , Salmon P., senator of United States and governor of Ohio 

Fr. Chasles, V. E. Philarete, miscellaneous -writer . 

Dutch. Chass6, David H., baron, military commander 

Fr. Chastelet, Gabrielle, marchioness, scientific author 

Fr. Chasteilux, F. J., marquis de, general and author 

Fr. Chateaubriand, F. P., vicomte de, poet, statesman and traveller 

Fr. Chatel, Abbe, Fer. F., theological reformer 

Fr. Chatelet, Paul du Hay, lord of, (Bertrand Duguesclin) , 

Eng. Chatham, Wm, Pitt, earl of, statesman . . . 

Eng. Chatterton, Thomas, famed for precocious learning , 

Eng. Chaucer, Geoffrey, the father of English poetry . . 

Amer. Chauncey, Charles D. D., president of Harvard College 

Amer. , Commodore Isaac, naval commander . . 

Amer. Chesebro, Caroline, novelist and essayist , 

Amer Cheever, Geo. B., congregational clergyman and author . 

Eng. Cheselden, William, an eminent anatomist 

Eng. Chesterfield, Philip D. Stanhope, earl of, statesman and writer 

Ital. Cherubini, M, L. C, musical composer 

Fr. Chevalier, Michael, engineer, traveller and statesman . ' 

Fr. Chevreul, M. E., chemist , 

Amer. Child, Lydia Maria, author of various works , 

Eng. Chillingworth, Wm., theologian and author 

Gr. Chilo, Euphorus of Sparta, one of the seven wise men . f, 

Amer. Chipman, Nathaniel, jurist and statesman . . 

Eng. Chitty, Joseph, author of numerous works on law -. . 

Pol. Chlopicki, J., military commander, dictator of Poland . 

Amer. Choate, RufuB, advocate, jurist and senator 

Fr. Choiseul-Stainville C. A. G., duke of, statesman and author 

Eng. Choules, John Overton, D. D., Baptist minister and author 

Swe. Christina, queen, (daughter of G. Adolphus) , , 

Afric. Christophe, a slave, afterwards King of Hayti . 

Gr. Chrysiphus, a stoic philosopher . . , b. c 

Gr. Chrysostom, John, Christian father and orator 

Amer. Church, Benj,, military commander and author . 

Eng. Churchill, Charles, a satirical poet . . . 

Eng. Cibber, Colley, tragic and comic actor and poet 

Rom. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, one of the greatest of orators . b, 

Ital. Cimarosa, Dominic, dramatic and music composer , 

Gr. Cimon, an Athenian general 

Rom. Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintins, the patriot , , f. b 

Rom. Cinna, Lucius, Cornelius, partisan of Marius , f. b 

Ital. Cirillo, Dominic, a botanist and physician , ' . 

Amer. Clair, Arthur St., a distinguished officer in the revolution 

Fr. Clairaufc, Alexis Claude, geometrician 

Amer. Clap, Thomas, president of Yale College , 

Scot. Clapperton, Hugh, traveller in Africa . . 

Eng. Clare, John, poet 

Eng. Clarendon, G. W. F, Villiers, earl of, statesman , 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1720 


1788 


1746 


1825 


1682 


1761 


1775 


1852 


o 1S08 




1709 




1765 


1S49 


17C6 


1749 


1734 


178S 


r 1769 


1S48 


1795 


1857 


1593 


1636 


1708 


1778 


1752 


1770 


1328 


1400 




1671 




1840 


1807 




1688 


1T52 


1691 


1773 


1760 


1840 


1806 




1786 




1802 




1602 


1C44 


b, c. 598 




1752 


1843 


1776 


1841 


1772 


1854 


1799 


1859 


1762 




1S01 


1856 


1626 


1689 


1767 


1820 


C. 280 


2C7 


344 


407 


1639 


1718 


1731 


1764 


1671 


1757 


, c, 105 b 


c. 43 


1754 


1801 


B. 


c. 449 


. c, 456 




s. c. S7 




1734 


1799 




1818 


1713 


1765 


1703 


1767 


178S 


1827 


1793 


1864 


1800 





22 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS, 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Clark, Louis Gaylord, editor of ' Knickerbocker' . . 

Amer. , Willis Gaylord, poet and essayist . 

Amer. , Wm., general, explorer of Rocky Mountains . 

Eng. Clarke, Dr. Adam, a celebrated theologian and commentator 

Eng, -, Dr. Edward Daniel, traveller and mineralogist 

Amer. Clarke, James Freeman, clergyman and author 

Eng. , Mary Cowden, author of ' Concordance to Shakespeare 

Amer. , McDonald ' the crazy poet,' . , . 

Eng. , Rev. Samuel, 'Annotations on the Bible' . 

Eng, , Samuel D., theologian and philosopher . . 

Eng. , Sir James, medical author . . . 

Eng, Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist , . . 

Rom. Claudius, Appius, decemvir ... 
Eng. Claverhouse, John Graham of, Viscount Dundee 
Span, Clavigero, Francis X., historian of Mexico . . 

Amer. Clay, Cassius M., anti-slavery politician 

Amer. , Clement C, ex-senator of U. S. from Alabama . 

Amer. — — , Henry, statesman and diplomatist . . . 

Amer. Clayton, John, an eminent physician and botanist . 

Amer. Clayton, John M., senator and secretary of state . 
Gr. Cleanthes, a stoic philosopher . . . 

Amer. Cleaveland, Parker, mineralogist and chemist 
Amer. Clemens, Jeremiah,U. S. senator from Alabama . 

Clement, the name of 14 popes and 3 antipopes 

Gr. , of Alexandria, a ' father of the church ' . 

Gr. Clementi, Muzio, musical composer . . 

Gr. Cleobolus, one of the seven wise men 

Ital. Cleon, an Athenian politician and demagogue . . 

Egypt. Cleopatra, a voluptuous queen . . . 

Swiss. Clerc, Jean le, theological writer 

Fr. Am. , Laurent, the oldest living teacher of deaf mutes . 

Amer. Clinton, Dewitt, governor and benefactor of New York 

Amer. , James, general Amer. Rev. 

Amer. , George, governor of New York and vice-president of U 

Eng. Clive, Robert, lord, military commander 

Fr. Cloquet, Hyppolite, (brother of Jules), anatomist . 

Fr. Clot, or Clot-Bey, surgeon and medical writer in Egypt 

Amer. Cobb, Lyman, lexicographer and author . . . 

Eng. Cobbett, William, political writer 

Eng. Cobden, Richard, statesman and reformer . . 

Eng. Cobham, Sir Jno. Oldcastle, lord, martyr . • 

Eng. Cochrane, Earl Dundonald, naval commander . . 

Eng. Codrington, Sir Edward, vice-admiral . . 

Eng. Coffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, (b. in Nantucket) 

Eng. Cogan, Thomas, physician and miscellaneous writer . 

Eng. Coke, Sir Edward, a learned judge . . , 

Fr. Colbert, John Baptist, an eminent statesman . . 

Amer. Colburn, Warren, mathematician, arithmetician, &c. . 

Amer. , Zerah, precocious arithmetician . , 

Amer. Colden, Cadwallader, an eminent botanist, astronomer, &c. 

Amer. , Cadwallader D., statesman, biographer of Fulton, &c, 

Eng. Coleridge, Hartley, author and poet 



BOKN. 


DIED. 


1S00 




1810 


1841 


1770 


1838 


1760 


1832 


1767 


1821 


1810 




,' &c. 1809 




1798 


1842 


1627 


1701 


1675 


1729 


1761 


1846 




B. C. 450 


1627 


1701 


1720 


1793 


1810 




1789 




177T 


1852 


1705 


1773 


1796 


1856 


. f. 260 




1780 


1858 


1814 






220 




1832 


. f. 559 






B. C. 442 




B. C. 30 


1656 


1736 


1785 




1769 


1828 


1736 


1812 


r. S. 1739 


1812 


1725 


1774 


1787 




1795 






1863 


1762 


1835 


1804 


1865 


1360 


1417 


1775 


1860 


1770 


1851 


1759 


1839 


1736 


1818 


1549 


1634 


1619 


1683 


, 1793 


1823 


1804 


1840 


1688 


1776 


1769 


1834 


1797 


1849 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



23 



NATION, 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr- 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ital. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Fr. 

Mex. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Span. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Chin. 

Eng. 

Gr. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Scot. 

Fr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Ir. Am 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 



NAME AMD PROFESSION. 

Coleridge, Henry Nelson, litterateur 

, Sarah, daughter of Samuel T., author 

. Samuel T., poet and metaphysician 

Coligui, Gaspard de, admiral 

Collingwood, Cuthbcrt, lord, admiral 

Collins, William, a popular poet . . 

Coleman, Benjamin, a learned divine, (in Boston) 

, George, dramatic writer . . 

, George, (the younger), dramatist 



BORN. 

(aht.) 1800 
. 1803 
1772 
1517 
1748 
1720 
1673 
1733 
1762 

(abt,) 1800 
1789 



Colombat, de l'Isere, medical writer . . 

Colton, Calvin, clergyman and political writer . 

, C. C, author of 'Lacon' . .. . . 1773 

, George H., author of 'Tecumseh,' &c. . . 1818 

, Walter, Rev. author of voyages and travels . . 1797 

Columbus, Christopher, the discoverer of America . 1441 

Combe, Andrew, medical and physiological writer . . 1797 

■, George, phrenologist and philosopher . , 1778 

Comines, Philip de, statesman and historian . . . 1445 

Comonfort, Ygnacio, President of Mexico . . 1812 

Comstock, John L., author of popular school-books . . 1789 

Compte, Auguste, metaphysician, founder of " Positiveism " 1798 

Conant, Thomas J., D. D., biblical scholar and critic . . 1802 

Concha, Jose de la, captain-general of Cuba . . 1800 
Conde, Louis II. of Bourbon .... 1621 

Condillac, Stephen Bonnet do, metaphysical writer . 1715 

Condorcet, M. J. A. N., Marquis of, metaphysician . . 1743 

Cone, SpeDcer Houghton, baptist clergyman . . 1785 

Confucius, a celebrated philosopher . . . u. c. 550 

Congreve, Sir William, inventor of the ' Congreve rocket ' . 1772 
Conon, an Athenian general .... b. 

Conrad, Robert T., judge, politician and poet . . . 1810 

Considerant, Victor, socialist philosopher . . 1805 
Constable, Archibald, publisher of Scott's poems, miscellany, &c. 1776 

Constant, Benjamin, statesman and metaphysician . . 1767 

Constantine, (the Great), the first Christian emperor . 274 

, VII., (Porphyrogenitus) emperor and author . 905 

, XII. (Paleologus), the last of the Greek emperors 1403 

Conway, Thomas, maj. gen. in Revolution a ' cabaler,' &c. . (abt 

Conybeare, Wiliiam D., clergyman and geologist . 1787 

, William G. (son of the above), author of ' Life of St. Paul' 

Cook, Eliza, poetess . . . . 1818 

, James, a celebrated circumnavigator . . 1728 

Cooke, George F., an eminent actor . . . 1756 

, George Musgrove, ' History of Party' . . 1S14 

, John Esten, novelist and poet . . , 1830 

, Philip P., poet ..... 1816 

■ 1 T. P., actor . . . . ... 1786 

Cooper, Bramsley, surgeon and author , . , 1792 

, James Fenimore, novelist, traveller and historian , 1789 

, Peter, merchant and philanthropist founder of Institute 1791 

, Samuel, D. D., a divine and political writer . . 1725 

Sir Astley Paxton, physician and medical writer . 1768 



DIED. 

1843 
1852 
1834 
1572 
1810 
1756 
1747 
1784 
1836 

1857 
1832 
1847 
1851 
1506 
1847 
1858 
1509 

1858 
1857 



1686 
1780 
1794 
1855 

1828 

o. 390 

1856 

1827 

1830 

337 

959 

1453 

,) 1778 

1857 

185T 

1776 
1812 
1865 

1830 
1864 
1853 
1851 

1783 
1841 



24 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Cooper, Thomas, chemist, jurist, and politician (in Amer.) . 

Eng. , Thomas A., actor ..... 

Irish. Ooote, Sir Eyre, commander in India , ' . , 

Pruss. Copernicus, Nicholas, a celebrated astronomer, the reviver of the 
Pythagorean system of the universe 
Copley, John Singleton, Lord Lyndhurst (born in Boston, U.S.) 
Corday d'Armans, M. Charlotte de, guillotined in Revolution 
Corinna, a poetess, flourished in the fifteenth century before Christ 
Coriolanus, Caius Marcius, a warrior . , 
Cormenin, L. M. de la Haye, vicompte de, political writer 
Cornaro, Louis, a noble author of a book on temperance 
Cornbury, Ed. Hyde, lord, governor of New York 
Corneille, Peter, an eminent dramatic writer . , 
, Thomas (brother of Peter), poet and dramatist 



Eng. 

Fr. 

Ger. 

Rom. 

Fr. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 



Cornelli, Mark Vincent, a Venetian geographer and historian 
Cornwallis, Charles, tnarquis, military com, in Amer. and India 

Span. Cortez, Fernando, the brutal conqueror of Mexico 

Amer. Corwin, Thomas, statesman, sec. of treasury, gov. of Ohio 

Ital. Cosmo I. de Medici, grand duke of Tuscany . 

Ital. " II. " " " 

Ital. " III. «' « « 

Ital. Costa, Paolo, litterateur , , 

Eng. Costello, Dudley, author and journalist , 

Irish. , Louisa Stuart, author of memoirs 

Dutch. Coster, John Lawrence, one of the supposed inventors of printing 

Ger. Cotta, Baron F., publisher and statesman 
Cottenham, C. J. Pepys, lord chancellor 
Cottin, Sophie, Madame, a novelist . , 

Cottle, Amos, versifier . . . , 

, Jos., publisher ' Recollections of Coleridge ' 

Cotton, Charles, humorist and poet , , 
, John (of Boston), a learned divine , 



Eng. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Fr. 



, Sir Stapleton, Viscount Combermere, general 

Coulomb, Charles Augustine de, philosopher . 
Fr. Eng. Courayer, P. Francis le, lioman Catholic theologian 



Courier, Paul Louis, poet and satirist . 

-, Paul Louis, political writer 

Court de Gebelin, Anthony, an antiquarian and author 

Cousin, Louis, historian .... 

, Victor, statesman and metaphysician . 

Coverdale, Miles, Bishop of Exeter, trans. Bible 

Cowley, Abraham, poet . . 

Cowper, William, lord chancellor . . 

, William, poet . . 

Amer. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, episcopal bishop and poet . 

Amer. , Samuel H., presbyterian author and clergyman 

Amer. Coxe, Tench, writer on political economy . 
Encr, , William, traveller and historian . 

Cozzens, Fred S., author of essays and poems . 

Crabb, George, philologist, author of synonyms 

Crabbe, Rev. George, poet • . . 

Cramer, John Andrew, miscellaneous writer . 



Fr. 
Fr. 
Fr. 

Fr. 
Fr. 

Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 



Amer. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Ger. 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1759 


1840 


1776 


1849 


1726 


1783 


1473 


1543 


1772 


1863 


1708 


1793 


B. 


C. 488 


178S 




1467 


1565 




1723 


1606 


1684 


1625 


1709 




1718 


1738 


1805 


1485 


1554 


179-1 




1519 


1594 


1590 


1621 


1642 


1723 


1771 


1836 


1803 


1865 


1815 




1370 


1440 


1764 


1832 


1781 


1851 


1773 


1807 




1800 


1770 


1853 


1630 


1687 


1585 


1652 


1773 


1865 


1736 


1806 


1681 


1776 


1772 


1825 


1774 


1825 


1725 


17S4 


1627 


1707 


1792 


1867 


1485 


1565 


1618 


1667 


1664 


1723 


1731 


1800 


1818 




1793 




1756 


1824 


1747 


1828 


1818 




1778 


1854 


1754 


1832 


1728 


1788 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



25 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Cramer, J. Baptist, musical composer . . 

Eng. , Francis, " " . . . 

Amer. Cranch, "Wm. jurist, judge U. S. District Court D. C. 

Eng. Cranmer, Thomas, a celebrated reformer 

Eng. Crashaw, Richard, poet and divine 

Bom. Crassus, Marcus Lucinius, (the rich) military commander 

Amer. Crawford, "William H., statesman and jurist 

Fr Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, tragic poet 

Ger. Creuzer, Geo. Fred., philologist and antiquary 

Fr. Crevier, John Baptist Lewis, historian 

Croesus, King of Lydia, famed for riches . 

Croft, "Wm., musical doctor and composer . . 

Croker, John Wilson, statesman and author 

, Thos. Crofton, author of ' Fairy Legends,' <fec. 

Croly, Bev. George, poet and novelist . 

Cromweli, Oliver, military commander and statesman . 
■ , Thomas, earl of Essex, successor to Wolsey 

Crowe, Catherine, author of ' Nightside of Nature ' 

Cruikshank, George, artist, chiefly caricature 

• , Robert, humorous artist 



Eng. 

Irish. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Eng. 



Cruden, Alexander, author of a 'Concordance to the Bible' 

Cudworth, Ralph, philosopher . 

Amer. Cufiee, Paul, philanthropic sea-captain ... 
Scot. Cullen, William, an eminent physician . 

Cumberland, Richard, a multifarious writer . 

, William Augustus, duke of, military commander 



Eng. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Scot. 
Irish. 



Cumming, John, popular preacher and theological author . 
, Rouallyn "W. G., sportsman, traveller, and author 



Cunningham, Allan, poet, biographer, &c. : 

Curran, John Philpot, a celebrated barrister and orator 
Amer. Curtis, Benj. R., jurist and judge of Supreme Court U. S. 

Amer. ■ , Geo. Ticknor, political writer and jurist 

Amer. , Geo. "Wm., essayist, traveller, and critic 

Rom. Curtius, Rufus Quintus, historian. . . 

Amer. Cushing, Caleb, statesman and jurist . . 

Amer. Cushman, Charlotte S., actress .... 

E. Am. , Robert, one of the founders of Plymouth 

Amer. Custis, Geo. W". Parke, adopted son of "Washington 
Fr. Cuvier, George, baron, one of the greatest of naturalists 

Fr. , Fred., (brother of the baron) naturalist 

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, an eminent father of the church 
Cyril, of Alexandria, saint and patriarch, and theol. writer . 

, of Jerusalem, saint and archbishop, and author . 

, St., the apostle of the Sclavi . . . 

Pers. Cyrus, the Elder, founder of the Persian empire 

Pers. , the Younger, (son of Darius Nothus) king of Persia . 

Pol. Czartoryski, Adam, prince, head of the Polish nation 

D 

Fr. Dacier, Anne, a celebrated classical scholar . . 

Fr. Daguerre, Louis J. M., inventor of daguerreotyping , 
Amer. Dahlgren, John A., naval officer and author . '. 



BOKN. 


DIED. 


1771 


1858 


1772 


1848 


1779 


1855 


1489 


1556 




1650 


. B 


C. 53 


1772 


1834 


1674 


1762 


1771 


1858 


1693 


1765 


b. c. 6th Cent. 


1657 


1727 


1780 


1857 


1798 


1854 


1780 


1860 


1599 


1658 


1490 


1540 


1780 




1794 


1856 


1701 


1770 


1617 


1688 


1759 


1818 


1712 


1790 


1732 


1811 


1721 


1765 


1810 




1820 




1768 


1842 


1750 


1817 


1809 




1812 




1824 




1800 




1816 




1580 


1615 


1781 


1857 


1769 


1832 


1773 


1838 




258 


376 


444 


315 


380 




822 


B. 


C. 559 


B. 


c. 400 


1770 


1860 


1651 


1720 


1789 


1851 



26 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. 

Amer. Dahlgren, Col. Ulric, milit. officer .... 1842 1864 

Swe. Dahlman, Fred C, historian . 1785 

Amer. Dale, Richard, commodore in Revol. war . . . 1756 182- 

Swe. Dalin, Glaus von, the father of Swedish poetry . . 1708 1753 

Amer. Dallas, Commodore A. J., naval commander . . . 1791 1844 

Amer. ■, Geo., M., vice-pres. U. S. and diplomatist , , 1792 

Amer. , John Alexander, secretary treasury U. S.' . . 1759 1817 

Eng. Dalton, John, chemist and mathematician . . . 1766 1844 

Ger. Damm, Christian Tobias, Greek lexicographer . . 1699 1778 

Eng. Dampier, William, an eminent navigator . . . 1652 1711 

Amer. Dana, James D., mineralogist, geologist, &c. . . . 1813 

Amer. , Richard H., poet and essayist . - . 1787 

Amer. , Richard H. Jr., advocate and traveller . . 1815 

Amer. ; — , Samuel L., agricultural chemist . . . 1795 

Venet. Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice .... 1110 1205 

Amer. Dane, Nathan, jurist and legal author . . . 1752 ] 835 

Eng. Daniell, John F., chemist ..... 1790 1845 

Eng. , W., R. A., author of pictorial works on India . 1837 

Ger. Dannecker, sculptor (' Ariadne,' &c.) . . . 1758 1841 

Ital. Dante Alighieri, the sublimest of the Italian poets . 1265 1321 

Fr. Danton, Geo. Jacques, leading revolutionist . . . 1759 1794 

Ital. Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet and dramatist (d. at N Y.) . 1749 1838 

Eng. D'Arblay, Madame, (Fanny Burney) novelist . . . 1752 1840 

Eng. Darling, Grace, famed for rescue of nine persons wrecked . 1815 1S42 

Amer. Darlington, Wm., botanist and politician . . . 1782 
Eng. Daubeny, Chas. J. B., natural philos. and geologist 

Aust. Daun, Leopold Joseph Mary count de, military commander . 1705 1766 

Fr. Dannou, P. C. F., statesman and litterateur . . . 1761 1840 

Eng. Davenant, Sir Wm., dramatist . 1605 1688 

Amer. Davidson, Lucretia M., a youthful poetess of uncommon genius . 1S08 1S40 

Amer. Davidson, Margaret Miller (sister of above), poet . . 1823 1838 

Amer. Davies, Charles, mathematician .... 1798 

, Samuel, president of Princeton College, theol. writer . 1724 1761 

Ital. Davila, Henry Catharine, an historian . . . 1576 1631 

Amer. Davis, Andrew J., clairvoyant and writer on spiritualism . 1826 

Amer. , Charles H., mathematician and naval officer . 1S07 

Amer. , Jefferson, general and U. S. senator from Mississippi . 1808 

Eng. , John, a navigator, discoverer of Davis Straits . 1605 

Amer. , Matthew L., biographer of Burr, &c. . . . 1766 1850 

Fr. Davoust, Louis N., one of Bonaparte's generals . . 1770 1823 

Eng. Davy, Sir Humphrey, eminent chemist . . . 1778 1829 

Amer. Day, Stephen, the first printer in New England . . 1611 166S 

Amer. Dayton, Wm. Lewis, jurist and statesman . . . 1807 

Amer. Deane, Silas, minister of the U. S. to France . . 1758 1789 

Amer. Dearborn, Henry, a distinguished officer of the two American wars 1751 1829 

Amer. De Bow, J. D. B., journalist and statistician . . 1820 

Fr. Debruce, William Francis, a bookseller and bibliographer . 1731 1782 

Swiss. Decandolle, A. P., botanist .... 1778 1841 

Amer. Decatur, Stephen, a gallant commodore in the U. S. navy . 1779 1820 

Eng. Decker, Thomas, dramatic poet .... 1638 

Eng. Dee, John, mathematician and astrologer . . . 1527 1618 

Eng. Defoe, Daniel, miscellaneous writer ... 1661 1731 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



27 



NATION. NAME AND PKOFESSION. 

G. Am. DeKalb, John, baron, raaj.-gen. in Am. revol. army 

Eng. De la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist 

Fr. Delambre, John Baptist Joseph, astronomer 

Amer. Delancey, William H., Epis. Bishop "West New York 

Fr. Delavigne, Casimir, dramatist . 

Er. Delille, James, a celebrated poet 

Fr. Delisle, Joseph Nicholas, an eminent astronomer 

Swiss. Delolme, Jean L., author of a work on the English Constitution 

Swisz. Deluc, Jean Andre, natural philosopher 

Pol. Dembinski, Henry K., general in Hungarian revolt 

Gr. Demetrius Phalereus, Athenian orator and statesman . 

Maced. , Poliorcetes, one of the successors of Alex, the Great 

Gr. Democritus, a celebrated philosopher 

Eng. De Morgan, Augustus, mathematician 



Demosthenes, one of the greatest of orators 
Denbam, Lieut.-Col. Dixon, an enterprising traveller 
Denina, Charles John Maria, an historian 
Denman, Thomas, lord chief justice of England . 

Amer. Dennie, author and editor of ' Portfolio,' &c. 

Amer. Dennis, John, critic, embalmed in ' Dunciad ' . . 

Fr. D'Eon, Chevalier, equerry to Louis XV. 

Eng. DeQuincy, Thomas, essayist and critic . . . 

Derby, Edw. G. S. Stanley, fourteenth earl of, statesman 
Derzhavine, Gabriel R., a poet and statesman 
Desaix, Louis Charles Anthony, military commander . 
Descartes, Rene, an eminent philosopher . 
Desmoulins, Camille, revolutionist and author . 

Dessalines, John James, Emperor of Hayti . . 

De Soto, Fernando, discoverer of the Mississippi 
Destouches, Philip Nericault, dramatic writer 
Deurhoff, "William, founder of a sect, and an author 

Dan. Am. De Vere, Maximilian Scheie, philologist and essayist . 

Eng. Devereux, Robert, third Earl of Essex, parliamentary general 

Fr. De Vigny, Alfred, count, poet and novelist 

Amer. Dewees, "W. P., medical writer 

Ger. De "Wette, William M. L., theologian and biblical critic 

Amer. Dewey, Orville, Unitarian divine and essayist 

Dutch. De "Witt, John, an eminent statesman 

Port. Diaz, Bartholomew, discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope 

, del Castillo, Bernal, adventurer and chronicler 

Dibdin, Charles, a dramatic and musical composer . 

, Thomas (son of Charles), dramatist and songwriter 

-, Thomas Frognall, bibliographer . 



Gr. 
Eng. 
Ital. 
Eng. 



Eng. 

Russ. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Afric. 

Span. 

Fr. 

Dutch 



Span, 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
Eng. 



Dick, Thomas, author of ' Christian Philosopher' 

Dickens, Charles, novelist 
Amer. Dickinson, Daniel S., statesman . . . 

Amer. , John, author of ' Farmer's Letters ' 

Fr. Diderot, Denis, first editor of ' Encyclopedic Methodique' 
Fr. Didot, Francis A., a celebrated printer and type-founder 

Fr. , Firmin, publisher and member of Deputies 

Fr. , Arnb. Firmin, publisher and traveller 

Egypt. Didymus, who wrote from 3,000 to 6,000 works 



BOKN. 

1732 
1796 
1749 
1797 
1794 
1738 
1688 
1740 
1727 
1791 
s. c. 345 

B. C. 460 
1806 

b. c. 381 
1786 
1731 
1779 
1768 
1757 
1728 
1786 
1799 
1743 
1768 
1596 
1762 
1760 
1500 
1680 
1650 
1820 
1592 
1799 
1768 
1780 
1794 
1625 

(abt.) 1560 
1748 
1771 
1770 
1772 
1812 
1800 
1732 
1713 
1730 
1764 
1790 
f. b. c. 30 



DIED. 

1780 
1855 
1822 
186- 
1843 
1813 
1768 
1806 
1817 
1864 
. c. 282 
. c. 2S3 



B. C. 322 
1828 
1813 
1854 
1812 
1783 
1810 
1859 

1816 
1800 
Ki50 
1794 
1806 
1542 
1754 
1717 

1646 
1863 
1841 
1849 

1672 
1500 

1814 
1841 
1847 
1859 

1865 
1808 
1784 
1804 
1836 



28 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PHOFESSION. 

Pruss. Diebitsch-Zabalkansky, count, military commander . 

Ger. DitFenbach, John Fred., surgeon and surgical author . 

Span. Diez, John Martin, a patriotic military commander 

Eng. Dilke, Charles \V., journalist, editor of Athenasum' . 

Ger. Dindorf, William, philologist . . . 

Maced. Dinocrates, an architect; built Alexandria, <fcc. . . 

Rom. Diocletian, Valerius, emperor . . . 

Gr. Dio-Chryeostom, a rhetorician and philosopher . . 

Swiss. Diodati, Giovanni, theologian, translator of Bible 

Gr. Diodorus Siculus, a historian ... 

Gr. Diogenes, the cynic, philosopher . . . . 

Gr. , Laertius, biographer . . . 

Gr. Dion-Cassius, author of ■ Roman History ' . 

Gr Dionysius, a geographer .... 

Gr. , of Alexandria, saint and bishop of the Church . 

Gr. , the Areopagite, learned Athenian Christian 

Gr. , the elder, tyrant of Syracuse 

Gr. , of Halicarnassus, critic and historian . 

Gr. , the younger, tyrant of Syracuse . . 

Eng. Disraeli, Isaac, ' Curiosities of Literature' . . 

Amer. Dix, Dorothea L., philanthropist, founder of asylums . 

Amer. , John Adams, U. S. senator from New York, &e. 

Eng. Dixon, William Hepworth, author and critic 

Amer. Doane, Geo. W., Prot. Epis. Bishop of New Jersey, poet, &e. 

Eng. Dobell, Sydney, poet ..... 

Eng. Dodd, Dr. William, miscellaneous writer (executed for forgery) 

Eng. Doddridge, Philip, a gifted and pious divine and writer 

Eng. Dodsley, Robert, publisher and author 

Ger. Doebereimer, J. "W., chemist 

Span. Dominic De Guzman, founder of preaching friars . 

Rom. Domitian, emperor .... 

Scot. Don, David, botanist .... 

Ital. Donatello (Doneto di Bellodi Bardi) sculptor . 

Ital. Donizetti, Gaetano, musical composer . . 

Eng- Donne, John, poet and theologian . . 

Eng. Donovan, Edward, writer on natural history . 

Ital. Doria, Andrew, the deliverer of his country, (Genoa) 

Amer. Dorr, Thomas W., politician, elected (?) governor of Rhode Island 

Fr. En. D'Orsay, Count Alfred, author, artist, and ' beau' . 

Hind. Dost-Mohammed, emir of Caboo . . 

Eag. Douce, Francis, antiquarian and author . . . 

Scot. Douglas, Gawin, a poet and translator . . 

Amer. , Frederick, abolitionist, politician and editor , 

Sent. , Sir Howard, general, military and naval author 

Amer. , Stephen Arnold, United States senator from Illinois 

Amer. Dow, Lorenzo, an eccentric preacher . 

Amer. Downes, John, commodore in the United States navy 

Amer. Downing, Andrew J., author of works on landscape gardening 

and horticulture ..... 

Amer. Dowse, Thomas, a leather dresser, collector of a rare library 

Gr. Draco, an Athenian legislator 

Eng. Drake, Dr. Nathan, physician and essayist . 



BOKN. 


DIED. 


1785 


1831 


1792 


1847 


1775 


1825 


1810 


1864 


1802 




f. B. C. 350 




245 


313 


f. b. c. 30 




1576 


1649 


f. B. c. 10 




b. c. 413 


b. c. 323 




155 


f. 140 




265 




A. d . ls't cent. 


b. c. 430 


b. o. 367 




52 


b. o. 367 


b. c. 343 


1767 


1848 


1821 




1799 


1859 


1824 




) 1729 


1777 


1702 


1756 


1703 


1764 


1780 




1170 


1221 


52 


96 


1S00 


1840 


1383 


1466 


1797 


1848 


1573 


1631 


1798 


1837 


1468 


1560 


id 1S05 


1854 


1798 


1852 


1785 


1863 


1762 


1834 


1474 


1521 


1817 




1776 


1861 


1813 


1861 


1777 


1834 


1786 


1855 


S 




1815 


1852 


1772 


1856 


. f. 623 




1766 


1S36 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



29 



NATION, 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

E. Am. 

Eng. 

Dutch. 

Eng. 

Er. 

Fr. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Rom. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Er. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Er. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Er. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Swiss. 

Er. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Soot. 

Eng. 

Er. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet 

, Samuel G., historian of the Indians, Boston, <&o 

, Sir Erancis, a celebrated ciroumnavigator . 

Draper, John "W., chemist and physiologist . , 

Drayton, Michael, poet, ' Poly-olbion ' 

Drebbel, Cornelius van, inventor of the thermometer , 

Drew, Samuel, methodist divine and theological author 

Drouyn de l'Huys, Edward, statesman . , 

Droz, Joseph, historical and political writer 

Drummond, Captain Thomas, inventor of Drummond lights 

■ , Sir William, scholar, author and diplomatist 



-, William, poet 



Drusus, Claudius Nero, general in Gaul and Germany 
Dryden, John, an eminent poet . 
Duane, William, politician and author of ' Aurora ' , 
Ducange, Charles Dufresne, historian and philologist 
Ducas, Michael, Byzantine historian . .' , 

Duchatel, C. M. T., count, statesman and author . 
Duchesne, Andrew, a historian . , , 

Duclos, Charles Pineau, an historian 
Duganne, Augustine J. H., poet, novelist and politician 
Dugdale, Sir "William, antiquarian author . 
Duguesclin, Bertrand, military commander , , 

Duhalde, Jean B., geographer . , 

Dumas, Alexandre, novelist, traveller, &c 

, Alexandre, (the younger), novelist and dramatist 

. i . , J. B., chemist , 

Dumont d'Ur-ville, J. S. C„ circumnavigator , 

Dumont, John, traveller and political writer , 

— . , P. S. L., writer on legislation 

Domouriez, Charles Francis Duperier, military commander 
Dunbar, George, professor at Edinburgh, 'Greek Lexicon' 

, William, poet .... 

Duncan, Adam, viscount, successful admiral . , 

, William, logician and translator • 

Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, statesman 
Dundonald, Earl of, (' Lord Cochrane ') admiral , 
Dunglisson, Robley, M. D., medical author . , 

Dunlap, William, painter and historian 
Dunning, John, Lord Ashburton, lawyer , , 

Duns Scotus, John, scholastic theologian . 
Dunstan, Saint, abbot of Glastonbury and politician 
Dupin, A. M. J. J., jurist and statesman . 

, Charles, baron, jurist and statesman 

— " — , Louis Elie, an ecclesiastical historian 

Duponceau, P. S., philologist, jurist, &c, (at Philadelphia) 

Dupont, Samuel Francis, admiral . 

Dupuytren, surgeon and anatomist 

Duquesne, Abraham, a gallant admiral 

Durand, Asher Brown, painter and engraver . , 

Durbin, John P., methodist divine and author , 

Durer, Albert, painter and engraver , , 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1795 


1820 


1798 




1545 


1596 


1811 




1563 


1631 


1572 


1634 


1765 


1833 


1805 




1773 


1850 


1797 


1S40 


1700 


1835 


1585 


1649 


b. c. 38 


9 


1631 


1700 


1760 


1835 


1610 


1688 


, 15th oent. 


1803 




15S4 


1640 


1704 


1722 


, 1823 




1605 


1686 


1314 


1380 


1674 


1743 


, 1S03 




1824 




, 1800 




1790 


1842 




1726 


1759 


1829 


1730 


1823 


1774 


1S51 


1465 


1535 


1731 


1804 


1714 


1760 


1741 


1811 


1775 


1860 


179S 




1766 


1839 


1731 


17S3 


1274 


1308 


925 


988 


1783 


1865 


1784 




1637 


1719 


1760 


1S44 


1803 


1865 


1778 


1835 


1610 


1688 


1796 




1800 




1471 


1528 



30 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Durfee, Job, priest and author .... 

Eng. Durfey, Thomas, dramatic author . . 

Eng. Durham, J. G., Lambton, earl of, governor-general of Canada 

Fr. Duroe, Michael, Duke of Friuli, military commander 

Amer. Dwight, Dr. Timothy, an eminent divine and writer 

Amer. , Theo., author and journalist 

Amer. , Theo., (son of the above), ethnologist and historian 

Amer. Duyckinck, Evert Aug. , author and critic 

Amer. , Geo. Long, author and critic . . 

Scot. Dyce, Alex., author and critic , 

Eng. Dyer, John, poet, 'The Fleece' . . . 

Eng. Dymond, Jona, writer on ethics and philanthropist 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1790 


1847 


1628 


1723 


1792 


1840 


1772 


1813 


1752 


1817 


1765 


1846 




1866 


1816 




1823 


1863 


1797 




1700 


1758 


1796 


1720 



Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 



Ger. 

Flem. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 



E 

Eastburn, Manton, Episcopal Bishop of Mass. . . 

Eastlake, Sir Charles L., painter and art-critic . 

Eaton, Amos, botanist . . 

, Wm.| military officer and consul in Africa . 

Eckerman, John Peter, litterateur . . , 

Eckford, Henry, eminent shipbuilder . 

Eckhard, John George, an antiquary and historian. , 

Edgeworth, Maria, novelist .... 
Edward, the Black Prince, a warrior . . . 

, Bela B,, theologian and miscellaneous author . 

Edwards, Bryan, an historian ; . 

, John "W., jurist and writer on spiritualism 

, Jonathan, an able divine and metaphysician 

, Milne, (son of "W. F.,) naturalist 

-, W. F., anatomist aDd physiologist (born at Jamaica) 



Eginhard, an historian, biographer of Charlemagne 
Egmont, Lamoral, count, patriot and martyr . . 

Ehrenberg, C. J., naturalist ..... 

Eichborn, F. C, theologian and jurist . . . 

Eldon, Lord, lord chancellor of England . . 

Elgin, T., Bruce, earl of, diplomatist — remover of ' Elgin' marbles 
Elizabeth, queen ...... 

Eliot, Samuel, author of ' History of Liberty' 
Ellenborough, Edw. Law, lord chief-justice 

, Edw. L, earl of, governor-general of India , 

Ellery, Wm., signer of Declaration of Independence . . 

Ellesmere. Fr., Egerton, earl of, statesman and author . 
Ellet, Eliza F., biographer and critic 
Elliot, John, ' the apostle to the Indians ' . 
Elliotson, John, physician and physiologist 
Elliott, Charles Loring, portrait painter 

Charles Wyllys, author of ' History of New England' 

■ , Ebenezer, poet ' Corn Law Rhymes' , 

, J. D., commodore in American navy 

, Stephen, naturalist .... 

Ellis, Geo. E., Unitarian clergyman and author . 

-^-, Sir Henry, antiquary and author . , 



(abt.) 



1801 




1793 




1776 


1842 


1764 


1811 


1792 


1852 


1775 


1832 


1674 


1730 


1767 


1849 


1330 


1376 


1802 




1743 


1800 


1799 




1703 


1757 


1777 




771 


840 


1552 


1568 


1795 




1781 


1854 


1750 


1838 


1771 


1841 


1533 


1603 


1821 




1750 


1818 


1790 




1727 


1820 


1800 


1S57 


1604 


1690 


1795 




1812 




1817 




1781 




1785 


1845 


1771 


1830 


1815 




1777 





BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



31 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Ellis, "Wm. Rev., missionary and author . • (abt 

Eng. Elliston, Robert W., actor . 

Amer. Ells-worth, Elmer E.,. military officer in Union army . 

Amer. , Oliver, a distinguished chief-justice of the TJ. S, 

Eng. Elmes, James, architect and author . . , 

Scot. Elphinstone, Mount Stuart, history of India 

Fr. Elssler, Fanny, danseuse .... 

Dutch. Elzevir, Louis M. G. B., and A., printers 16th and 17th centuries 

Amer. Embury, Emma E., poet .... 

Amer. Emerson, Geo. B., educator and author . . 

Amer. , Ralph Waldo, poet and essayist . . 

Eng. "William, a distinguished mathematician . , . 

Irish. Emmet, Robert, ' United Irishman' (executed) 

Irish. , Thomas Addis, an eminent lawyer and orator . 

Amer. Emmons, Eben, geologist and author 

Amer. , Nathaniel, D. D., theologian and author . . 

Gr. Empedocles, a Pythagorean philosopher 

Encke, John Francis, astronomer . . . 

Amer. Endicott, John, governor of Massachusetts . . 

Ger. Endlicher, Stephen L., botanist and linguist , . 

Eng. Enfield, "William, miscellaneous 'writer . . 

Fr. Enghien, Louis H. de Bourbon, duke of, (executed) 

Fr. Eondu Beaumont, chevalier, an eccentric writer and soldier 

Gr. Epaminondas, an illustrious Theban general 

Gr. Epictetus, a stoic philosopher 

Gr. Epicurus, founder of the Epicurean sect of philosophers . I 
Dutch. Erasmus, Desiderius, a celebrated scholar and author . 

Ger. Erastus, Thomas, founder of ' Erastianiem' theology . 

Gr. Eratosthenes, astronomer, geologist, poet and philosopher I 

Span. Ercilla, Don Alonzo, a poet . • . . 

Span. Ericcira, Ferdinand, a statesman and historian . 

S. Am. Ericsson, John, inventor and engineer in America . . 

Eng. Erigenus, John, a learned writer of the ninth century . 

Pruss. Erman, A. G., ' Travels in Siberia,' &c. . . . 

Ger. Ernesti, John Augustus, an eminent critic . . 

Scot. Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian .... 

Scot. , Ralph, divine, ' Gospel Sonnets' . . 

Scot. , Thomas, lord, a celebrated forensic orator , 

Assyr. Esarhaddon, son and successor to Sennacherib, king of Assyria 

Span. Escobar y Mendoza, Anthony, a celebrated casuist 

Span. Espartero, J. B., Duke of Vittoria, statesman and soldier 

Amer. Espy, James P., meteorologist and author . , . 

Fr. Esquirol, J. E. D., writer on insanity . , . 

Ger. Ess, L. Van, theological writer .... 

Eng. Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, a warrior , , 

Fr. Estaing, Charles H., count d', naval commander . , 

Aust. Esterhazy, Prince Paul, wealthy statesman . . 

EDg. Etheredge, Sir George, comic author and dramatist , 

Afric. Euclid, an eminent geometrician . , , f. 

Fr. Eugene-Francis, prince, a great warrior in the German service 

Span. Eugenie, Marie de Gusman, Empress ofFrance . 

Swiss. Euler, Leonard, an eminent mathematician . . 



BORN. 


DIED. 


t.) 1795 




1774 


1831 


1837 


1861 


1745 


1807 


1782 




1778 


1859 


1811 




3S 

1806 


1863 


1797 




1803 




1701 


1782 


1780 


1803 


1764 


1827 


1798 


1863 


1745 


1840 


1791 


1865 


1589 


1665 


1804 


1849 


1741 


1797 


1772 


1804 


1728 


1810 


B. 


c. 363 


. f. 40 




i. C. 342 B. 


c. 371 


1467 


1536 


1524 


1583 


J. c. 276 b. 


c. 196 


1525 


1595 


1614 


1699 


1803 




1806 




170T 


1781 


1680 


1756 


1685 


1752 


1750 


1823 


b. c. 7th cent. 


1589 


1669 


1792 




1785 


1860 


1772 


1840 


1770 


1847 


1567 


1601 


1729 


1794 


1636 


1694 


b. c. 300 




1663 


1736 


1826 




1707 


1783 



32 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PEOPESSION. 

Gr. Euripides, a celebrated tragic poet 

Gr. Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, a learned father of the church, and 

ecclesiastical historian . . . 

Rom. Eutropias, an historian . . , 

Rom. Eutyches, an ecclesiastic, founder of a sect . 

Amer. Evans, Oliver, inventor and engineer . , 

Amer. Evarts, Jeremiah, (see Amer. B. C. for Missions) . 

Eng. Evelyn, John, miscellaneous writer 

Amer. Everett, Alex. H., essayist and diplomatist 

Amer. , Edward, statesman, diplomatist, and author 

Ger. Ewald, Geo. H. A. von, orientalist and theologian 
En. Am. Ewbank, Thos., writer on practical mechanics 

Amer. Ewing, Thos., statesman and jurist . 

Eng. Exmoutb, Edw. Pellew, viscount, admiral . 



Eng. Faber, George Stanley, theological writer , , 

Eng. , Frederick Wm., Roman Catholic priest and theological 

author . . , , 

Rom. Fabius, Quintus M. V., a skilful warrior , . 

Ger. Fabrieius, John Albert, a critic and bibliographer . 

Ital. , John Christian, a celebrated entomologist 

Ital. Fabroni, Angelo, a learned biographer 

Eng. Fabyan, Robert, chronicler . . . 

Ital. Facciolato, or Facciolati, Jac, philologist , , 

Pruss. Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, an experimental philosopher 

Eng. Fairfax, Edward, poet, translator of Tasso 

Eng. , Thomas, lord, a general in the civil war . 

Eng. Falconer, William, a poet .... 

Ital. Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice, (beheaded) 

Eng. Falkland, Lucius Cary, viscount, politician and author 

Eng. Fanshawe, Sir Richard, poet and diplomatist 

Irish. Faraday, Michael, chemist .... 

Port. Faria y Souza, Manuel, an historian and poet 

Eng. Farmer, Hugh, theologian .... 

Amer. Famham, Mrs. Eliza W., traveller and philanthropist 

Irish. Farquhar, George, a dramatist . . 

Amer. Farrnr, John, mathematician and author , , 

Fr. Faucher, Leon, political economist . . . 

Fr. Fauriel, Claude, historian and belles-lettres author 

Ger. Faust, John, one of the inventors of printing . 

Fr. Favre, J. C. Jules, lawyer and politician , . 

Eng. Eawkes, Francis, a poet and translator . 

Amer. Fay, Theo. S., author and diplomatist 

Fr. Fayette, Mary M., countess of, miscellaneous writer 

Eng. Fellows, Sir Charles, traveller in the East 

Amer. Felton, Cornelius C, scholar and critic, president of Harvard 

College ..... 

Fr. F6n61on, Francis de Salignac de la Motto de, an able writer and 

one of the most virtuous of men . 

Swe. Ferbcr, John James, an eminent mineralogist . 



BORN. 


DIED. 


B. C. 480 B. 


C. 406 


and 






340 


. f. 360 




1755 


1819 


1781 


1831 


1620 


1651 


1790 


1847 


1794 


1865 


1803 




1792 




1789 




1757 


1833 



1773 



1854 



B. 


o. 204 


1668 


1736 


1742 


1807 


1732 


1803 


1450 


1515 


1684 


1760 


1686 


1736 




1633 


1611 


1671 


1730 


1769 




1355 


1610 


1643 


1608 


1636 


1790 


1867 


1588 


164T 


1714 


1787 


1815 


1864 


1678 


1707 


1779 


1653 


1803 


1854 


1772 


1S44 




1466 


1809 




1632 


1693 


1807 




1632 


1693 


1799 





1S07 



1651 
1743 



1862 



1715 
1790 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



33 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Scot. Ferguson, Adam, an historian and moral philosopher . 

Scot. , James, a self-educated astronomer, philosopher, &c. 

Scot. Fergusson, James, architect and writer on art 

Span. Ferreras, John de, a celebrated historian . 

Scot. Ferrier, Mary, novelist .... 

Fr. Fesch, Joseph, senior, priest, cardinal, archbishop of Lyons 

Amer. Fessenden, Thos. Green, author and journalist 

Amer. , Wm, Pitt, IT. S. senator from Maine, ex sec. treas. 

Ger. Feuerbach, Ludwig, philosopher and author 
Ger. Feurbach, Paul John A. von, statesman and jurist . 

Span. Feyjoo y Montenegro, an able miscellaneous writer 
Ger. Fichte, John G., philosopher . . . 

Ital. Ficino, Marsilius, a Platonic philosopher . . 

Amer. Field, Cyrus "W., promoter of Atlantic telegraph 
Amer. Field, David Dudley, jurist and advocate 

Amer. , Henry Martyn, clergyman, journalist, and author 

Eng. Fielding, Copley Vandyke, painter in water colors 

Eng. , Henry, a humorous novelist and dramatist 

Ital. Fiesco, John Louis, the conspirator against Doria 

Amer. Fillmore, Millard, 13th president U. S. . 

Amer. Finney, Charles G., preachor and theological writer . 

Pers. Firdusi or Ferdusi, poet, author of 60,000 verses 

Amer. Fisk, Wilbur, president Wesleyan University, ' Travels,' &c 

Amer. Fitch, John, inventor, pioneer of steam navigation . 

Horn. Flaminius, Titus Quintus, general and consul . 

Rom. — — — , Caius, general, consul, and censor of tribune 

Eng. Flamsteed, John, first astronomer royal 

Eng. Flatman, Thomas, poet . 

Eng. Flavel, John, an eminent non-cenformist divine . 

Fr. Flecbier, Esprit, a celebrated prelate 

Ger. Pleischer, H. L., orientalist .... 

Scot. Fleming, John, naturalist 

Scot. Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, statesman and author . 

Eng. , Giles, poet .... 

Eng. — , John, a dramatist . • 

Eng. , Phineas, poet .... 

Fr. Floury, Andrew Hercules de, a cardinal and statesman 

Fr. — — , Claude, a divine and historian 

Amer. Flint, Eev. Timothy, novelist and historian 

Fr. Florian, John Peter Claris de, miscellaneous writer 

Ger. Flugel, G. L., philologist and historian . . 

Ger. , John G., lexicographer 

Ger. Follen, C. T. C, theologian and philologist (in U. S.) . 
Fr. Fonblanque, J. S. M., jurisprudence 
Fr. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bouvier de, miscellaneous writer 
Amer. Foote, Andrew Hull, admiral and author . 

Eng. , Samuel, a comic writer and actor . 

Eng. Forbes, Edward, naturalist and author . . 

Eng. , John, M. D., medical writer . . , 

Amer. Force, Peter, journalist and historian . . 

Ital. Forcellini, Giles, a Latin lexicographer . . 

Eng. Ford, John, an early dramatic author . . 

3 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1724 


1816 


1710 


1776 


1808 




1652 


1735 


1782 


1854 


1763 


1839 


1771 


1837 


1806 




1804 




1775 


1833 


1701 


1764 


1762 


1814 


1433 


1499 


1819 




1805 




1822 




1787 


1855 


1707 


1754 




1547 


1S0O 




1792 




940 


1020 


1792 


1839 


1743 


1798 


b. c. 230 b. 


C. 517 


B. 


C. 217 


1646 


1719 


1633 


1688 


1627 


1691 


1632 


1710 


1801 




1785 


1857 


1658 


1716 


1580 


1627 


1576 


1625 


1584 


1650 


1653 


1743 


1640 


1722 


1780 


1840 


1755 


1794 


1802 




1788 


1855 


1796 


1846 


1787 


1865 


1657 


1757 


1806 


1863 


1721 


1771 


1815 


1864 


1787 




1790 





1586 



1640 



34 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Ford, Richard, author of works on Spain . 

Ital. Foresti, E. Felice, patriot and litterateur . 

Amer. Forrest, Edwin, actor . . . 

Eng. Forster, John, journalist and author . 

Ger. , John R., traveller and naturalist 

Amer. Forsyth, John, diplomatist and statesman . 

Eng. Fosbrooke, Rev. T. D., archaeologist (Ency. Antiq.) 

Ital. Foscari, Francesco, 45th doge of Venice 

Ital. Foscolo, Nicol Ugo, poet and musical author . 

Eng. Fostt-r, John, essayist 

Fr. Fouche, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, a brutal revolutionist 

Ger. Fouque, Fried H. L. de la Motte, author of ' Undine, 1 &c. 

Fr. Fourier, Charles, founder of the ' social ' system 

Fr. , Francis M. C, writer on social science 

Amer. Fowler, Orson S., phrenologist 

Eng. Fox, Charles James, one of the greatest of statesmen and orators 

Eng. , George, the founder of the society of Friends or Quakers 

Eng. , John, a divine, author of the ' Book of Martyrs ' . 

Eng. , Sir Charles, engineer, builder of Crystal Palace . 

Ital. Fra Diavolo (Michael Pezza), Neapolitan bandit . . 

Francia, Jose G. R., dictator of Paraguay . . 

Amer. Francis, John W., physician and author . . 

Ital. , Saint, founder of ' Franciscans ' . 

Savoy. , de Sales, saint and bishop . . . 

Irish. , Sir Philip, political writer 

Amer. Franklin, Benjamin, a celebrated philosopher and statesman 

Eng. , Sir John, admiral and Arctic explorer 

Scot. Frazer, Simon, Lord Lovat, Jacobite leader, beheaded . 

Pruss. Frederick II., the Great, King, an able general and author . 

Amer. Freeman, James, D.D., first Unitarian minister in U. S. 

Amer. Frelinghuysen, Theo., statesman .... 

Amer. Fremont, John Charles, explorer and statesman . 

Amer. Freneau, Philip, poet and journalist . . . 

Eng. Frere, John Hookman, poet and diplomatist . . 

Ger. Freytag, G. W. F., ' Arabic Dictionary,' &c. . 

Eng. Frobisher, Sir Martin, a celebrated navigator . . 

Fer. Froebel, Julius, traveller and author 

Fr. Froissart, John, a chronicler and poet 

Amer. Frothingham, Richard, Jr., historian and journalist . 

Eng. Fry, Elizabeth, philanthropist . . . 

Amer. — , Wm. Henry, composer and journalist . . . 

Eng. Fuller, Andrew, an eminent Baptist minister . 

Amer. , Richard, D. D., Baptist preacher and author 

Amer. , Sarah Margaret, Marchioness d'Ossoli, litterateur . 

Eng. , Thomas, a divine and historian 

Eng. Fullerton, Lady Georgiana, novelist 

Fr. Furetiere, Anthony, a philosopher 

Amer. Furness, William Henry, D. D., Unitarian preacher and author 

Ger. Furst, Julius, orientalist and philologist 

Swiss. Fuseli, Henry, painter and writer on art . 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1796 


1858 


1793 


1858 


1806 




1812 




1729 


1798 


1780 


1841 


1770 


1842 


1372 


1457 


1777 


1827 


1770 


1843 


1763 


1820 


1777 


1843 


1772 


1386 


1772 


1837 


1809 




ors 1748 


1806 


1624 


1690 


1517 


1587 


1810 




1769 


1806 


1757 


1840 


17S9 


1861 


1182 


1226 


1567 


1622 


1740 


1808 


1706 


1790 


1786 


1S47 


1667 


1747 


1712 


1786 


1759 


1835 


1787 


1862 


1813 




1752 


1832 


1769 


1846 


1778 






1594 


1806 




1333 


1400 


1812 




1780 


1845 


1815 


1864 


1754 


1815 


1808 




1810 


1850 


1608 


1661 


1812 




1620 


1683 


>r 1802 




1805 




1741 


1825 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



35 



G 



NATION. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Gadsden, Christopher, revolutionary statesman 
, James, statesman and negotiator 



Gage, Thomas, last royal governor of Massachusetts . . 

Gagnier, John, an orientalist and author . . . 

Gail, J. B., philologist ..... 

Gaillard, Gabriel Henry, miscellaneous writer and historian 
Amer. Gaines, Major-General E. P., military commander . . 

Rom. Gaius, or Caius, jurist and legal writer . . . 

Gr. Galen, Claudius, a celebrated physician . . . 

EnAm. Gales, Joseph, founder of ' National Intelligencer ' . 

Ital. Galileo, an illustrious philosopher and astronomer 

Gall, John Joseph, a celebrated physiologist, and founder of the 
science of phrenology .... 

Gallagher, William D., journalist and poet 

Gallatin, Albert, statesman, diplomatist, philologist, and ethnol. 
Amer. Gallaudet, Thomas H., founder of the first American asylum for 
deaf and dumb ..... 

Gallitzin, the name of several distinguished princes 
, Demetrius Aug., a noble missionary priest 



Ger. 



Amer. 
S. Am 



Buss. 
Russ. 
Scot. 
Ital. 



Gait, John, novelist ...... 

Galvani, Louis, a physician and experimental philosopher, dis 
coverer of galvanic electricity .... 
Port. Gama, Vasco, navigator, first who doubled the Cape of Good Hope 
Jew. Gamaliel, a Pharisee, doctor of the law . . 

Ger. Gans, Edward, jurist 
Span. Garcia, Manuel, musical composer 
Span. Garcias- Lasso de la Vega, the prince of Spanish poetry 
Spau. Garcilasso de la Vega, one of the conquerors of Peru 
Eng. Gardiner, Stephen, Roman Catholic prelate 
Ital. Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriotic general and leader 
Pr. Garnier, Count Germain, jurist . 

Eng. Garrick, David, a celebrated actor and dramatist . 

Amer. Garrison, William Lloyd, abolitionist politician . . 1805 

Eng. Garth, Sir Samuel, physician and poet . . . 1718 

Eng. Gascoigne, Sir William, the judge who imprisoned Henry, Prince 

of Wales, for a misdemeanor .... 
Eng. Gaskell, Eiizabeth C, novelist ..... 
Fr. Gassendi, Peter, a celebrated philosopher . . . 

Gaston de Foix, duke of Nemours, general, 
Amer. Gates, Horatio, a distinguished oflicer in the Revolution 
Fr. " Gavarni," real name Sulpice Paul Chevalier, caricaturist . 

Eng. Gay, John, a popular poet ..... 
Fr. Gay-Lussac, N. F. chemist .... 

Span. Gayangos, Pascal de, Oriental scholar and historian . . 

Amer. Gayarre, Charles A., historian .... 
Eng. Gell, Sir William, scholar and antiquary (Pompeii and Rome) 
Ger. Gellert, Chrisiian Furchtegott, a poet and miscellaneous writer 
Rom. Gellius, Aulius, grammarian .... 

Fr. Genest, or Genet, Edward C, diplomatist 



BOSN. 


DIED. 


1724 


1805 


1788 


1858 




1787 


1670 


1740 


1755 


1829 


1728 


1806 


1777 


1819 




1st cent. 


131 




1786 




1564 


1642 


1758 


18'J8 


1808 




1761 


1S49 


1787 


1851 


16th to 17th cent. 


1770 


1840 


1779 


1839 


1737 


1798 


ie 


1524 




88 


1798 


1841 


1779 


1832 


1503 


15"36 




1559 


1483 


1555 


1806 




1754 


1821 


1716 


1779 



1350 


1413 


1820 


1865 


1592 


1655 


1489 


1512 


1723 


1806 


1801 




1688 


1732 


1778 


1850 


1809 




1805 




1777 


1836 


1715 


1769 


A. D. 


2d oent. 


1765 


1834 



36 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION, 

Bar. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Rom. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Gor. 

Swiss. 

Ger. 

Ital. 

Amer 

Ens. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Genghis-Khan, a celebrated conqueror 

Genlis, Stephania Folicite, Countess de, miscellaneous writer 

Geoffrey of Monmouth, an historian of the 12th century 

Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire Etienne, zoologist . 

Gerando, Baron de, writer on education, &c. . 

Gerard, Etienne Maurice, count, marshal of France 

Germanicus, Tiberius Drusus Caesar, military commander 

Gerry, Elbridge, a distinguished patriot, vice-president U. 8 

Gerson, John Charlier de, an ecclesiastic and author 

Gerstacker, Fried, novelist and traveller 

Gervinus, George Gottfried, historian and politician 

Gesenius, Fred. Hein. William, orientalist and biblical critic 

Gessner, Conrad, an eminent naturalist . . 

, John Matthias, a philologist 



Giannone, Peter, an historian 

Gibbee, Robert Wilson, physician and author 

Gibbon, Edward, one of the greatest of England's historians 
Amer. Gibbs, Josiah "W., philologist 

Amer. Gibson, Colonel John and Col. George, both officers in the T 
lution ...... 

Eng. , Thomas Milner, statesman . . 

Amer. Giddings, Joshua Reed, statesman . . . 

Eng. Gifford, William, a critic and poet . . 

, John, an historical and political writer . 

Gieseler, John K. L., church historian 

Gilbert, James W., writer on banking 

, Sir Humphrey, one of the earliest adventurers in Amer. 



Eng. 
Ger. 

Eng. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
Eng. 



Gilfillan, George, clergyman and author 

Gill, John, a divine, oriental scholar and author 
Amer. Gillespie, Wm. M., professor and author on engineering 
Scot. Gillies, John, ' History of Greece,' &c. 

Gilman, John T., noted governor of New Hampshire . 

, Samuel, Unitarian clergyman and author . 



Amer 

Amer, 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Ital. 



Gilpin, Bernard, ' apostle of the North ' . . 

, Wm., writer on the picturesque 

Gilray, James, engraver and caricaturist 

Gioberti, Vincenzo, philosopher, priest, and statesman 

Gioja, Melchior, writer on economical sciences 

Sw. Am. Girard, Charles, naturalist 

Fr.Am. , Stephen, merchant, banker, millionaire . 

Fr. Girardin, Emil de, journalist 

Eng. Gladstone, Wm. Ewart, statesman and author . 

Eng. Glanvill, Joseph, divine, philosopher, and author . 

Eng. Gleig, Geo. Robt., clergyman and author 

Welsh Glendower, Owen, chieftain 

Eng. Gliddon, Geo. Robins, Egyptologist and author 

Ger. Gluck, Cliristop W. von, musical composer 

Swe. Gmelin, John Frederick, chemist 

Fr. Godfrey, of Bouillon, or Boulogne, a celebrated leader in th 

Crusades 

Amer. Godman, John, M. I)., a distinguished naturalist, &c. 

Eng. Godolphin, Sidney, earl of, statesman 



BORN. 

1164 

1746 

1772 
1770 

1773 

1814 
1363 
1816 
1805 
1786 
1516 
1691 
1676 
1809 
1737 
1790 



1807 
1795 
1757 
1T58 
1792 
1794 

1S13 
1697 
1816 
1747 
1759 
1731 
1517 
1724 
1757 
1801 
17o7 
1822 
1750 
1802 
1809 
1636 
1796 
1349 
1809 
1714 
1748 



1794 
1640 



DIED. 

1227 
1830 

1844 

1842 

1852 

19 

1429 



1842 
1565 
1761 
1758 

1794 



1865 
1826 
1818 
1854 
1863 
1583 

1771 

1836 
1828 
1858 
1583 
1804 
1815 
1852 
1829 

1831 



1680 

1415 
1857 
1787 
1805 

1100 
1830 
1712 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



37 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Span. Godoy, Manuel de, statesman, ' prince of the peace ' . 

Amer. Godwin, Parke, journalist and historian . . 

Eng. , "William, novelist and metaphysician . . 

Ger. Goethe, John Wolfgang, poet and novelist 

Ital. Goldoni, Charles, the Italian Moliere 

Irish. Goldsmith, Oliver, celebrated poet and miscellaneous writer 

Dutch. Golius, James, orientalist and lexicographer 

Span. Gonsalvo, of Cordova, a celebrated warrior 

Eng. Good, John Mason, physician and author . . . 

Amer. Goodrich, Chauncey A., scholar and divine 

Amer. , Frank B., (son of Samuel G.,) author 

Amer. , Samuel Griswold, ' Peter Parley,' voluminous author 

Amer. Goodyear, Charles, inventor and India-rubber patentee 

Scot. Gordon, ' lord George,' political agitator 

Eng. , Win., author of History of the United States 

Eng. Gore, Catharine G., novelist 

Eng. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, ' lord proprietor of Maine' 

Hung. Gorgey, Arthur, general in the Revolution, (supposed traitor) 

Gr. Gorgias, an orator and sophist .... 

Russ. Gortchakoff, Michael, prince, general in Crimea, «fcc. . 

Russ. , Alexander, prince, diplomatist . . 

Amer. Gorton, Samuel, enthusiast and author . . 

En.Am. Gough, John B., lecturer on temperance . . . 

Irish. , Hugh, viscount, general in India. &c. . . 

Amer. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist and physician . , 

Amer. , Hannah F., poet . . . ( 

Eng. , John, naturalist and author . , . 

Fr. Gourgaud, Gaspard, baron, one of Napoleon's generals 

Eng. Gower, John, one of the earliest English poets 

Rom. Graochus, Tiberius Sempronius, a celebrated democrat 

Rom. , Caius Sempronius .... 

Ger. Graefe, or Graevius, an erudite classio writer . 

Scot, Grahame, John, viscount of Dundee, lord Grahame of Claver 
house, general ..... 

Scot. , James, a poet ..... 

Scot. , James, author of ' History of the United States ' 

Fr. Grammont, Count Philibert, licentious author of Memoirs' 

Fr. Grandville, J. S. G, caricaturist and artist 

Fr. Granier, Adolphe, journalist and historian 

Scot. Grant, Anne, (of Laggan,) novelist, essayist, &c. 

Scot. — , James, journalist and author . . . 

Scot. , James, novelist .... 

Span. Granvelle, Ant. Pierre, cardinal de, statesman . . 

Eng. Granville, G. G. Leweson Gower, 2d earl of, statesman 

Eng. , John Carteret, earl, statesman 

Ital. Gratian, a monk, compiler of the canon law . , 

Irish. Grattan, Henry, a distinguished orator and statesman . 

, Thomas Colley, novelist . . , 

Dutch. Gravesande, ¥m. Jacob, a geometrician and philosopher 

Amer. Gray, Asa, botanist, prof, in Harvard, author of ' Flora,' &c. 

Amer. -, Henry Peters, painter. 

Eng. , John Edward, naturalist .... 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1767 


1851 


1816 




1755 


1836 


1749 


1S31 


1707 


1793 


1731 


1774 


1596 


1667 


1443 


1515 


1761 


IS'27 


1790 


1S00 


1826 




1793 


1863 


1800 


I860 


1750 


1793 


1730 


1807 


1799 






1647 


1818 




f. B. C. 


5th cent 


1792 


1861 


1800 




1600 


1677 


1817 




1779 




1805 




abl.) 1800 


1S65 


1804 




17S3 


1852 




1402 




b. c. 183 




B. c. 121 


1632 


1703 


164-3 


1689 


1765 


1811 


1770 


1842 


1621 


1707 


1803 


1847 


1805 




1755 


1838 


1806 




1822 




1517 


1586 


1816 




1690 


1793 


f. 12th cent. 


1750 


1821 


1796 


1864 


1688 


1742 


1810 




1819 




abt.) 1800 





38 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amei. 

Fr. 

Ital. 

Scot. 

Irish. 

Scot. 



Eng. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Dutch. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Dutch. 

Fr. 

Amer 

Ger. 

Ital. 

Ger. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Gray, Thomas, poet ..... 
Graydon, Alex., author of ' Revolutionary Memoirs ' . 

Greeley, Horace, journalist and politician 
Gregory I., the Great, pope, author 

, VII., the Great, pope Hildehrand, celebrated deBpot 

. , David, philosopher and mathematician 

, George, D. D., miscellaneous writer . 

, James, philosopher and mathematician . . 

, Nazianzen, St. Christian, writer . . 

■ — ofNyssa, St. Christian, writer . . . 

-, Olinthus, mathematician and religious writer 



of Tours, historian 

Green, Ashbel D. D., clergyman and author 

, Horace, physician, author of medical works . 

Greene, Chas. G., journalist and politician . . 

, Geo. Washington, scholar and critic . . 

, Matthew, poet .... 

, Nathaniel, maj. gen., distinguished in the Revolution 

, Nathaniel, author and journalist 

, Robt., dramatist .... 

Greenhow, Robert, historical writer . . 

Greenleaf, Simon, jurist and author . . . 

Greenough, Horatio, sculptor and author . . 

Greville, Sir Fulke, (Lord Brooke), statesman and author 
Grey, Earl, statesman, whig premier for "William IV. 

, Lady Jane, the accomplished victim of another's ambition 

Griesbach, John James, an eminent theologian and philologist 
Griffin, Edward D., D. D., theologian , 

, Gerald, novelist .... 

Grimke, Thomas S., jurist .... 

Grimm, J. M. C, miscellaneous writer . . 

Griscom, John, educator, philanthropist . 
Griswold, Alex, V., bishop Prot. Epis. Church, New England 

, Rufus Wilmot, author and critic 

Gronovius, James, an erudite critic 

Grose, Francis, antiquary and author 

Gross, Samuel D., physician, surgeon, and author 

Grote, George, author of History of Greece . . 

Grotefend, G. F., philologist 

Grotius or DeGroot, Hugh, an eminent scholar 

Grouchy, Emanuel, count, marshal of France 

Grundy, Felix, senator of the U. S. 

Gryph, Andrew, a dramatist , 

Guarini, John Baptist, a poet .... 

Guericke, Otto, experimental philos., inventor of the air-pump 

Guerrazi, Francesco D., author and politician 

Guiccardini, Francis, an historian 

Guillotin, Joseph T.. benevolent physician, inventor of the guillotine 1738 

Guise, Charles of, cardinal, a bigoted and ambitious statesman 1525 

, Francis of Lorraine, duke of, celebrated warrior . 1519 

, Henry of Lorraine, duke of, an ambitious warrior . 1550 

Guizot, Francis, statesman, historian, and metaphysician . 1787 



BOBN. 

1716 
1752 

1811 
514 

16G1 
1754 
1648 
328 
331 
1774 
544 
1762 
1802 
1804 
1811 
1696 
1741 
1797 
1560 
1800 
1783 
1805 
1554 
1764 
1537 
1745 
1770 
1S03 
1786 
1785 
1774 
1766 
1815 
1645 
1731 
1805 
1794 
1775 
1583 
1776 
(Tenn.) 1777 
1616 
1537 
1602 
1805 
1482 



DIED. 
1771 

1818 

604 
1085 
1710 
1808 
1685 

3S9 

396 
1841 

593 
1848 
1866 



1737 
1786 

1592 
1854 
1858 
1852 
1628 
1845 
1554 
1812 
1837 
1840 
1834 
1S63 
1852 
1843 
1857 
1716 
1791 



1836 
1645 
1847 
1840 
1664 
1612 
1686 

1540 
1814 
1574 

1563 
1588 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



39 



NATION 

Nor. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Pol. 

Eng. 

Swe. 

Swe. 

Swe. 

SWe 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Ger. 

Pruss. 

Er. 

Eng. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Guiscord, Eobert, a Norman warrior . . . 

Gunter, Edmund, a mathematician, inventor of the Gunter scale 
Gurney, Joseph John, philanthropist . (Soc 

Gurowsky, Adam de, count, publicist and author 
Gurwood, John, Col., editor ofWellington's Despatches 
Gustavus 1., (Gustavus Vasa) king of Sweden 

II., Adolphus, king of Sweden ; able warrior 

III., king of Sweden , . , 

IV., Adolphus, king of Sweden 



Guthrie, James, secretary of the treasury to Pierce 

, William, author of a history of England, Scotland, &c 



Guttenberg, John, one of the inventors of printing 
Gutzlaff, Charles, traveller and historian of China 
Guyon, Jeanne M, B., de la Motte, mystical teacher and writer 

, Richard D., general in the service cf Hungary, &c. 

Sw.Am.Guyot, Arnold H., writer on physical geography 
Eng. Gwynn, Eleanor, (' Nell Gwynn ') mistress of Charles II. 
Hg. AvuGyulai, Erancis, count, commander of Austrian army in Italy 
Eng. Habington, Wm„ poet .... 

Amer. Hackett, Horatio B,, biblical critic , , , 

Amer. , James H., actor , , 

Pers. Hafiz, Mohammed, the Anacreon of Persia , , 

Ger. Hagenbach, Karl L,, ecclesiastical historian , , 

Ger. Hahn, August, theological writer , , , , 

Ger, , Simon Frederick, an historian . , , 

Ger, Hahneman, founder of 'Homeopathy ' in medicine 

Ger. Hahn-Hahn, Ida, countess of, traveller and novelist 

Eng. Hakluyt, Richard, author of voyages, &c, of the English , 

Scot. Haldane, Robert, philanthropist and theologian , 

Scot. Haldeman, S, S., naturalist and philologist , , 

Amer, Hale, Benj,, D.D., educator and author , , 

Amer. ~, David, journalist, founder of N. Y, Journal of Commerce 

Amer, -, Nathan, revolutionary patriot, executed as a spy 

Amer, -, Nathan, journalist, Boston Daily Advertiser 

Amer, , Sarah J., poet and prose writer , . , 

Eng. -, Sir Matthew, eminent and incorruptible judge 

Fr. Halevy, J. F, C,, musical composer 

Eng. Halford, Sir Henry, physician and medical writer 

Eng. Haliburton, Thos. C, , humorous writer, ' Sam Siick ' 

Eng. Hall, Capt, Basil, author of Travels, &c. 

Amer. — — , Gordon, first American missionary in Bombay . 

Amer. — — , James, jurist and author . , , 

Amer. — — -, James, geologist and palaeontologist . , , 

Eng. , Joseph, bishop of Norwich, theological author , 

Eng. — — , Rev, Robert, theologian and pulpit orator . , 

Eng. Hallam, Henry, historian , , 

Amer, Halleck, Fitz Greene, poet . , , 

Swiss. Haller, Albert von, miscellaneous writer , , 

Eng. Halley, Edmund, an eminent astronomer and mathematician 
Eng. Halliwell, James Orchard, archaeologist and author 
Scot. Halyburton, Thomas, theological writer . • 

Carth. Hamilcar Barca, a Carthaginian general . , 



BOKN. 


DIED. 


1015 


1085 


e 1581 


1619 


nds) 1788 


1S47 


1805 


1866 


1791 


1845 


1496 


1560 


1594 


1633 


1746 


1792 


1778 


1837 


1793 




1708 


1770 


1400 


1463 


1803 


1851 


1648 


1717 


1813 


1856 


1807 




1650 


1687 


1798 


1866 


1605 


1645 


1808 




1800 






1389 


1801 




1807 


1857 


1692 


1729 


1755 


1843 


1805 




1553 


1616 


1764 


1842 


1812 




1797 




e 1791 


1849 


1758 


1776 


1784 


1863 


1795 




1609 


1676 


1799 


18C2 


1766 


1S44 


1803 


1865 


1788 


1844 


1784 


1826 


1793 




1811 




3574 


1656 


1764 


1831 


. 1777 


1859 


1795 




1708 


1777 


1656 


1741 


1820 




1674 


1712 


B. 


c. 229 



40 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Irish. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Carth. 

Carth. 

Nor. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Sar. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Er. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

En. A. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, first secretary of treasury, U. S. 

— - , Elizabeth, a talented miscellaneous writer 

, James, statesman, U. S. senator from South Carolina 

, Sir "YVm., diplomatist and antiquary 

, Sir Wm., metaphysician .... 

, Sir Wm. Rowan, mathematician and philosopher 

, Thos., C.tpt., novelist, ' Men and Manners in America' 

, William Richard, archaeologist . , 



Hammer, Baron von, historian and orientalist . 

Hammond, James, poet ..... 

, James II., U. S. senator from South Carolina 

Hampden, John, a celebrated patriotic statesman . 

Hampton, Wade, general in revolution 

Hancock, John, a distinguished patriot, president of Congress 

Handel, Geo. Frederick, one of the greatest musical composers 

Hannibal, or Annibal, general against Rome 

Hanno, navigator ..... 

, the Great, general and statesman . . 

Hanstein, G„ mathematician and astronomer . , 
Harbaugh, Henry, author of religious works , 
Hardenbergh, Karl A. von, statesman 
Harding, Chester, portrait painter 
, James D., artist and author on art 



Hardinge, Henry, viscount, general and governor-general of India 

Hardwicke, Charles, theological writer 

Hare, Julius Charles, archdeacon, theological writer 

, Robert, chemist and physicist 

Harlan, Richard, M. D., naturalist 

Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, celebrated statesman 

Haroun Al Raschid, caliph, a patron of learning 

Harper, James, John, J. Wesley, and Fletcher, publishers, born 

Harrington, James, political writer .... 

Harriott, Thos., mathematician and voyager to Virginia , 

Harris, James, compiler of the first Cyclopedia, &c. 

— . , John, theological writer , 

, Thaddeus Wm„ naturalist . 

Harrison, Gen. Wm. H., military commander and president U. S. 
Harvard, John, founder of Harvard College 
Harvey, William, discoverer of the circulation of the blood 
Hase, Henry, classical antiquary .... 

, Karl Aug., theological author . , . 

Hassenclever, John Peter, painter (Dusseldorf school) . 
Haslam, John, writer on insanity .... 
Hastings, marquis of, military commander , 

, Warren, governor-general of British India . 

Hauser, Casper, a mysterious " wild boy " . , 

Haussez, Baron, minister of Charles X., traveller , , 

Hatton, Sir Christopher, lord chancellor 

Hauy. Rene Just, mineralogist . . . , 

Havelock, Henry, general in India . . , 

Haven, Alice B., author of juvenile books . , , 

Haviland, John, architect . . , • 



BORN. 

1757 
1758 
1786 
1730 
1788 
1805 
J7S9 
1777 
1774 
1710 
1807 
1594 
1755 
1737 
1684 
C. 247 

B. C. 

1784 
1817 
1750 
1792 
1798 
1785 
1821 
1795 
1781 
1796 
1661 

17-95, 
1611 
1560 
1670 

1804 
1795 
1773 

1569 
1789 
1800 
1810 
1764 
1754 
1733 

1778 

1742 
1795 
1828 
1792 



DIED. 

1804 
1816 
1857 
1803 
1856 

1842 
1859 
1856 

1742 

1643 

1835 

1793 

1758 

b. c. 183 

5th cent. 

B. c. 202 



1822 
1866 
.1863 
1856 
1859 
1S55 
1858 
1S43 
1724 
808 
7, 1801 ,'4 
1677 
1621 
1719 
1858 
1856 
1841 
1688 
1658 
1842 

1853 
18-14 
1825 
1818 

1S33 

1591 
1822 
1857 
1866 
1852 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



41 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Hawes, Joel, Congregational clergyman and author . . 

Eng. Hawke, Edward, lord, a lorave and successful admiral . 

Eng. Hawksworth, Dr. Joan, miscellaneous writer . 

Eng. Hawkins, Sir John, a navigator, originator of the slave trade 

Eng. , Sir John, author of ' History of Music,' &c. . . 

Ainer. Hawks, Francis Lister, Episcopal divine and historian . 

Amer. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, novelist .... 

Ger. Haydn, Joseph, a celebrated musical composer . . 

Eng. Haydon, Beuj. A., historical painter .... 

Amer. Hayes, Isaac, Arctic navigator and author . 

Eng. Hayley, "William, a poet and miscellaneous writer 

Amer. Hayne, Robert Y., governor of South Carolina and senator IT. S. 

Amer. Haynes, Lemuel, colored preacher and patriot 

Eng. Haywood, Abraham, translator of ' Eaust ' 

Eng. Hazlitt, William, essayist and critic .... 

Eng. Head, Sir Erancis B., author of Travels, &c. 

Eng. , Sir George, author of ' Rome,' &c. 

Amer. Headley, Joel T., author of biographies and histories 

Amer. Heath, Win., major-general in the revolution, author of Memoirs 

Eng. Heber, Reginald, a divine and poet 

Eng. , Richard, bibliomaniac and book collector 

Ger. Hecker, Fred. K. F., politician 

Amer. , Isaac F., Roman Catholic clergyman and author 

Eng. Heckwelder, John, Moravian missionary and author 

Ger. Hederick, Benjamin, a lexicographer . . . 

Amer. Hedge, Fred. H., clergyman and author 

Ger. Hcdwig, John, a physician and botanist 

Ger. Heeren, A. H. L., historian .... 

Ger. Hegel, G. W. F., metaphysician .... 

Ger. Heine, Henry, poet and litterateur . . . 

Ger. Heineocius, Jno. G.. juridical author 

Rom. Helena, St., wife of Constantius Chlorus, emperor . 

Gr. Heliodorus (of Emessa) the first romance writer . fl. 

Fr. Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete, famed for intrigue with Abelard 

Eng. Helps, Arthur, essayist and dramatist 

Fr. Helvetius, Claude A., philosopher 

Ger. Helvicus, Christopher, a chronologist 

Eng. Hemans, Felicia D., poetess .... 

Eng. Henfey, Arthur, botanist ... , 

Ger. Hengstenberg, E. W., metaphysician, antiquary and theologian 

Eng. Henley, John, clergyman and author, 'orator Henley' 

Flem. Hennepin, Louis, missionary and explorer of N. A. 

Eng. Henningsen, Chas. Fred., author and soldier . 

Fr. Henry IV., an able and popular monarch . ■ 

Amer. , Caleb S., clergyman and author 

Amer. , Joseph, physicist, director of Smithsonian Institute 

Amer. ■ , Matthew, author of ' Comment, on the Bible ' 

Port. , the Navigator, prince, 3d son of John I. 

Scot. , Robert, an historian 

Amer. , Patrick, an orator and patriot 

Amer. Hentz, Caroline Lee, novelist 

Rom. Heraclius (horn in Cappadocia). emperor of the East 



BOBN. 


DIED. 


17S9 


1867 


1713 


1781 


1715 


1773 


1520 


1595 


1719 


1789 


1798 


1866 


1804 


1862 


1732 


1809 


1786 


1846 


1745 


1820 


1791 


1835 


1758 


1834 


1800 




1778 


1830 


1793 




1782 


1855 


1814 




1737 


1814 


1783 


1826 


1773 


1833 


1811 




1819 




1743 


1823 


1675 


U748 


1805 




1730 


1799 


1760 


1842 


i770 


1831 


1799 


1856 


1681 


1741 


247 


327 


4th cent. 




1101 


1164 


1817 




1715 


1771 


1581 


1617 


1794 


1835 


1800 




1802 




1692 


1756 


1640 


1699 


1815 




1553 


1610 


1804 




1797 




1662 


1714 


1394 


1463 


1718 


1790 


1736 


1799 




1856' 


575 


641 



42 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Gr. Heraclitus, a philosopher .... 

Eng. Herbert, Edward, Lord of Cherbury, diplomatist andphilosophe 

Eng. Herbert, George, clergyman and poet 

Eug.Am , Henry Wm. novelist and miscellaneous author 

Eng. , Sidney, statesman 

Eng. -. , Wm., (3rd Earl of Pembroke) poet . 

, Wm., dean of Manchester, poet and philosopher 

Herder, John Godfrey, a philosophical writer 
Heriot, George, goldsmith, founder of school 
Hermann, Ch. F., philologist, ' History of Philosophy' &c 
, J. G. J., philologist 



Eng, 
Gel-. 
Scot 
Ger. 
Ger. 
Gr. 



Hermogenes, a rhetorician .... 
Amer. Herndon, Win. L., naval commander and explorer 

Herod, Agrippa I, King of Judea, (grandson of Herod the Great) b 

, the Great, King of the Jews 

Gr. Herodian, an historian .... 

Gr. Herodotus, the earliest of the Greek historians whose works ar 
extant ...... 

Herold, L. G. P., musical composer . . . 

Herrera, Anthony, an historian . . . 

, Jose J. de, president of Mexico ... 

Herriek, Robert, poet .... 

Herschel, Caroline L., astronomer . . . 

, Sir William, one of the greatest of astronomers 

Herschell, Dr. Solomon, chief rabbi of the Jews in England 

, Sir J. F. W., astronomer and natural philosopher 



Fr. 

Span. 

Mex. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Jew. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Russ. 

Gr. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 



Hervey, James, a pious and amiable divine and writer 
■ -, Thomas K., poet and prose writer 



Herzen, Alexander, publicist, editor and author . 

Hesiod, a poet, contemporary of Homer . . 

Heyne, C. G., a learned critic and writer . . 

Heywood, Thomas, humorist and dramatist . . 

Ilickes, George, a theologian and philologist 
Amer. Hickok, Laurens P., metaphysical author 
Amer. Hicks, Elias, preacher of the Society of Friends 
Amer. Hildreth, Richard, author of History of the United States 
Fr. Hilaire, Geoff. St., naturalist . , 

Eng. Hill, Rowland, author of cheap postage in England 
Eng. Hill, Rowland, Rev., eccentric clergyman . 

Eng. , Rowland, viscount, general in Spain and at "Waterloo 

Eng. , Sir John, a botanist and multifarious writer . 

Amer. Hillard, George S., author and journalist 

Jew. Hillel, the elder, compiler of the Talmud . . 

Amer. Hillhouse, James A., poet .... 

Eng. Hind, John Russell, astronomer 

Eng. Hinton, John Howard, author of History of United States 

Gr. Hipparchus, astronomer . '. . . 

Gr. Hippocrates, the father of medicine . . . 

Hippolytus, Saint, ecclesiastical writer 
Amer. Hitchcock, Edward, D. D., theologian and geologist . 

, Roswell D., theologian, orator, and patriot 

Eng. Hoadley, "Williarn, a celebrated prelate and author 



BORN. 


DIED. 


B. c. 504 




ir 1581 


1648 


1593 


1632 


1807 


1858 


1810 




1580 


1630 


1778 


1847 


1744 


1803 


1563 


1624 


1804 




1772 


1848 


. f. 180 




1S13 


1859 


) B. c. 7 


A. D. 44 


B. c. 71 


4 


. f. 230 




b. c. 484 




1792 


1833 


1659 


1625 




1851 


1591 


1674 


1750 


1848 


1738 


1822 


1760 


1842 


1713 


1758 


1799 


1859 


1812 




b. c. 907 




1729 


1812 


1650 




1642 


1715 


1798 




1748 


1830 


1807 


1863 


1772 


1844 


1795 




1744 


1833 


1772 


1842 


1716 


1775 


1808 




B. c. 112 




1789 


1841 


1823 




1800 




B. C. 


2d cent. 


b, c. 460 




A. D 


3d cent. 



1793 



1761 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



43 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Hobart, John Henry, bishop of New York . 

Eng. Hobbes, Thomas, a philosopher and translator. 

Eng. Hobhouse, John Cam., Lord Broughton, author and statesman 

Fr. Hoche, Lazarus, a military commander 

Amer. Hodge, Charles. Rev., theological writer . . 

Amer. Hoe, Richard M., an inventor of printing presses . 

Swiss. Hofer, Andrew, a Tyrolian patriot . . . 

Eng. Holland, Barbara, novelist . . , 

Eng. Hoffman, David, lawyer and author . . , 

Amer. Hoffman, Charles Fenno, poet and novelist . 

Scot. Hogg, James, ' the Ettrick Shepherd,' poet 

Hung. Hohenlohe, prince of, prelate, and alleged miracle worker 

Dan. Holberg, Louis, baron de, an historian 

Amer. Holbrook, John E., naturalist 

Eng. Holcroft, Thomas, a dramatist and miscellaneous writer 

Eng. Hole, Matthew, writer on the Liturgy 

Eng. Holingshed, chronicler . . . 

Amer. Holland, JosiahG-., journalist, poet and essayist 

Eng. , Lord, statesman and litterateur . , 

Eng. , Philemon, a translator . . , 

Amer. Hollis, Thomas, benefactor of Harvard College . 

Amer. , Thomas, philanthropist (life, 2 vols., 4to) . 

Eng. Holman, James, a blind traveller and author . . 

Amer. Holmes, Abiel, D. D., 'Annals of America' 

Amer. , Oliver Wendell, physician, poet and essayist . 

Eng. Holt, Sir John, lord chief justice 

Amer. Holyoke, Edward Aug., physician and naturalist . 

Scot. Home, Henry, Lord Kaimes, ' Criticism' . 

Scot. , John, a divine, dramatist and historian 

Gr. Homer, the greatest of poets, supposed to have flourished 
Eng. Hone, Wm., author of ' Every Day Book,' aDd political works 
Eng. Hood, Samuel, viscount, a naval officer 

Eng. , Thomas, poet and humorist . . . 

Dutch. Hoogvliet, Arnold, a poet . . . 

Eng. Hook, Robert, a mathematician . . , 

, Theo. E., novelist and humorist . . 

Hooke, Nathaniel, author of a Roman history . 

Hooker, Joseph D., physician and botanist . 

, Richard, an eminent divine . . 

, Sir W. J., botanist . , 



Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Amer, 



Hoole, John, a poet and translator 
Hooper, John, one of the first Protestant martyrs . 
Hope, Thomas, a miscellaneous writer, " Anastasius " 
Hopital, Michel de 1', chancellor of France 
Amer. Hopkins, Ezek., first commodore U. S. Navy 



i John H., protestant episcopal bishop of Vt. and author 
— , Mark, clergyman and author 
— , Samuel, an eminent divine and author 



Amer, 
Amer. 
Amer, 

Amer. , Stephen, signer of the Declaration of Independence 

Amer. Hopkinson, Francis, signer of the Dec. of Independence and author 1737 

Amer. , Joseph, jurist and statesman 

Rom. Horace, Quintus Flaccus, eminent poet 



BORN. 

1776 

1588 
17S6 
1768 
1797 
1812 
1765 
1770 
1784 
1806 
1772 
1793 
1685 
1795 
1744 
1640 

1819 
1773 
1551 
1659 
1720 
1787 
1763 
1809 
1642 
1728 
1696 
1724 
b. c. 907 
1779 
1724 
1798 
1687 
1635 
1788 
1690 
1816 
1553 
1785 
1717 
1495 
1770 
1505 
1718 
1792 
1802 
1721 
1707 



1770 
b. c. 65 



DIED. 

1830 
1797 

1797 



1810 
1844 
1S54 

1835 
1849 
1754 

1809 
1730 
1582 

1840 
1636 
1731 
1774 
1857 
1837 

1709 
1829 
1782 
1808 

1842 
1836 
1845 
1763 
1702 
1841 
1763 

1600 
1865 
1803 
1555 
1831 
1573 
1802 



1803 
1785 
1791 
1842 



44 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION 

Flem. 

Eng. 

ling. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Kom. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Horn, Philip de Mont, count of, soldier and statesman 
Home, George, a learned prelate, bishop of Norwich 

, Richard H., poet and essayist 

, Thomas Hartwell, biblical critic and historian 

Horner, Francis, statesman and essayist 
, Leonard, geological writer 



Horsley, Samuel, a prelate and mathematician 

Hortensius, Quintus, orator 
Amer. Hosack, David, M. D., medical and scientific writer 
Hcb. Hosea, prophet ..... 
Fr. Houdin, Robert, conjurer . . . 

Fr. Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor . . , 

Fr. Houssaye, Ars6ne, miscellaneous writer 
Amer. House, Samuel G, physician and philanthropist 
Amer. Houston, Sam., general, governor, and ex-governor of Texas 
Eng. Howard, John, a celebrated philanthropist 

Amer. , John Eager, l evolutionary soldier and statesman 

Amer. Howe, Elias, jr., inventor of sewing machines 

Eng. , Geo. Aug., general in colonial war . . 

Eng. , Richard, lord, earl, admiral . 

Eng. , Sir Win., commander-in-chief in America . 

Eng. Howell, James, author of 'Letters' . . . 

Eng. Howitt, Mary (wife of "Vv"m.), novelist and poet 

Eng. , "William, traveller, essayist, <fcc. . . 

Eng. Howley, William, arch bis! op of Canterbury . 

Eng. Hoyle, Edmund, writer on games . . . 

Swiss. Huber, Francis, naturalist 

Fr. Hue, Evariste R., Catholic missionary and author , 

Eng. Hudson, Henry, discoverer of Hudson river , 

Fr. Huet, Peter Daniel, an erudite prelate and author 

Ger. Hufeland, Chris. W., medical author 

Fr. Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian line of French kings 

Irish-Am. Hughes, John, Catholic Archbishop N. Y. 

Fr. Hugo, Victor M., novelist, poet, and statesman 

Amer. Hull, Commodore Isaac, naval commander (Const, and Guer, 

Amer. , Wm., general in War of 1812 . 

Ger. Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, baron, statesman and author 

Pruss. , F. H. A., baron, traveller, geographer, and nat. pb.il. 

Scot. Hume, David, an historian and philosopher 

Eng. , Jos., statesman and reformer ■ . . 

Amer. Humphrey, Heman, theologian and author . 
Amer. Humphreys, David, poet and diplomatist . . 

Hung. Hunniades, John, a celebrated warrior 
Amer. Hunt, Freeman, author aid journalist . 

Eng. , James Henry Leigh, poet and essayist . 

Eng. , Leigh, poet and essayist . . . 

Amer. , Thomas S., chemist and geologist 

Scot. Hunter, John, surgeon and medical author 

Amer. , Robert M. T., U. S. senator from Virginia 

Kng. Huntington, Selina, countess of, patron of Methodists 

Eng , Wm., Antinomian preacher 

Amer. , Jeded. V., poet and novelist . 





BOEN. 


died. 




1522 


1568 




1730 


1792 




1803 






1780 


1862 




1778 


1817 




1785 


1864 




1736 


1806 




B. c. 114 B. 


c. 50 




1769 


1835 




8th cent 


. B. c. 




1805 






1741 


1828 




1815 






1801 




as 


1793 


1862 




1726 


1790 




1752 


1827 




1819 






1724 


1758 




1725 


1799 

1814 




1596 


1666 




1804 






1795 






1765 


1848 




1672 


1769 




1750 


1831 




1813 


1S60 
1611 




1630 


1721 




1762 


1836 




946 


996 




1798 


1864 




1802 




r.), & 


c. 1775 


1845 




1753 


1825 




1767 


1835 


phil. 


1769 


1859 




1711 


1776 




1777 


1855 




1779 


1859 




1753 


1818 




1400 


1456 




1804 


1S58 




1784 


1859 




1785 


1859 




1S26 






1728 


1792 




1809 






1707 


1791 




1744 


1813 


i 


1815 





BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



45 



NATION 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Irish. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Dutch. 

Fr. 

Ind. 

Gr. 

Jew. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Huntington, Fred. D., clergyman and author . 
Hurd, Richard, bishop of Worcester, <&c. . 
Huskisson, Rohon William, able statesman . 
Huss, John, the great Bohemian reformer . 
Hutcheson, Francis, a philosophical writer 
Hutchinson, Anne, founder of N, E, Antinomians , 
, John, Colonel (Life by his widow) 



-, Thomas, a distinguished gov. of Maa.s. and historian 



Hutten, TTlrich von, scholar and reformer 
Hutton, Charles, an eminent mathematician 

, James, a geologist and philosopher 

Huygens, Christian, a scientific; author 
Hyde de Neuville, F. G., baron de, politician 
Hyder Ali, a celebrated warrior 
Hypatia, Neo, Platonic philosopher , 
Hyrcanus I. and II., high priests . 



EOEN. 


DIED. 


1S19 




1720 


1808 


1709 


1830 


1376 


1416 


1694 


1747 




164:! 


1017 


1664 


Q 1711 


1780 


148S 


1523 


1737 


1823 


. 1726 


1797 


1629 


1705 


1776 


1857 


1717 


1782 


, 370 


415 


1st and 2d cent. 



Iamblichus, Nop, Platonic philosopher , . 

Turk. Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy of Egypt , 

Gr. Ibycus, a lyric poet . . . . f. b. c. 

Span. Ignatius de Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits 

, Saint, primitive father of the church 

, St., patriarch of Constantinople . 

Eng. Inchbald, Elizabeth, dramatist and novelist , 

Port. Inez de Castro, queen of Portugal 

Amer. Ingersoll, Charles J., statesman and historian 

Amer. ■■ , Joseph R., statesman and lawyer 

Scot. Inglis, Henry D., traveller and author . 

Eng. Ingram, Rev. Dr. James, Saxon scholar 
Amer. Inman, Henry, portrait and landscape painter 
Amer. . — , John, journalist and litterateur . 

Innocent, the name of thirteen popes . . 

Irenasus, saint, a Gallic bishop, and author 
Eng. Ireland, Samuel ' Picturesque Tour ' , 

Eng. — , "YV. H., author of the ' Shakespeare Forgeries' , 

Gr. Irene, a Byzantine empress .... 
Eng. Ireton, Henry, son-in-law of Cromwell, and one of Lib genera 
Amer. Irving, John Treat, author of travels and novels 

Amer. , Peter, author (brother ofWashington) 

Scot. 1 ^, , Rev. Edward, theologioal'writer . . 

Amer. — , Theodore, author of Conquest of Florida' 

Amer. , Washington, historian and essayist . . 

Amer. — , William, one of the authors of Salmagundi . 

Span. Isabella, the Catholic, queen of Spain, patron of Columbus 

Span. — — : II., queen of Spain .... 

Gr. Isaeus, an orator , , , . . 

Heb. Isaiah, the greatest of the Hebrew prophets . . 

Er. Isambert, Franc A., politician and jurist . . 

Gr. Isocrates, an orator . . ...... • 

Span. Ituibide, emperor of Mexico . . . 



A. D. 


4th 


cent. 


17C9 




1848 


550 






1491 




1556 
107 


779 




877 


1756 




1821 
1355 


1782 




1862 


17S6 






1795 




1835 


1774 




1S50 


1801 




1846 
1850 


402 


to 


1687 


2d cent. 


1750 




1800 


1777 




1835 


752 




803 


3610 




1651 


1810 






1771 




1888 


1792 




1824 


1809 






1783 




1S59 


1766 




1S21 


1451 




1504 


18S0 






c. 418 






b. c. (abt) 800 


1792 




1857 


c. 486 






1784 




1824 



46 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. 

Amer. Ives, Levi S., ex-protestant episcopal bishop of North Carolina 1797 

Amer, Izard, Ralph, statesman (of South Carolina) ... 1742 



1804 



Amer, Jackson, Charles T., chemist, mineralogist, geologist. . 

Amer. , James, eminent physician . , , 

Amer, — , Gen. Andrew, military commander, president U. S. 

Amer. ■ ~, Patrick T., eminent merchant , 

Amer. , Thomas Jonathan (' Stonewall '), rebel general 

Eng, -, "William (' of Exeter') musical composer 

Heb. Jacob, the Patriarch ..... 

Ger. Jacobi, Fred. H,, philosopher, novelist, &c. , , 

Ger. Jacobs, Fred., classical philologist . , . 

Fr. Jacotot, Jean J., educational writer , , 

Fr. Jacquard, Jos. M., inventor of the Jacquard loom , 

Fr. Jacquemont, Victor, traveller and naturalist , 

Dutch. Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph, a botanist . . . 

Ger, Jahn, John, an eminent oriental scholar , 

Eng. James, G. P. R., novelist and historian . . . 

Amer, — , Henry, philosophical writer 

Amer, — =— , John Angell, congregational clergyman and author 

, St., the Elder, apostle , , 

— =— , St., the Less, " . . . , 

Eng. Jameson, Anne, essayist and writer on art , 

Scot, , Robert, naturalist and author . . , 

Pers. Jami, or Djami, poet .... 

Scot. Jamieson, John, D, D., miscellaneous author . , 

Fr, Janin, Jules, litterateur .... 

Dutch. Jangen, Cornelius, founder of a sect . . , 

Ital, Januarius, patron saint of Naples , , , 

Amer, Jarves, James J., traveller and author 
Amer. Jarvis, Samuel F., D. D., historian and theologist , 

Fr. Jasmin, Jaques, barber-poet , . . , 

Amer. Jasper, William, heroic soldier of the Revolution , 

Arn er# , John, a distinguished patriot and statesman , 

Amer. Jay, William, judge, anti-slavery philanthropist , 

Eng, 1 Wiliam, D. D., religious writer . . , 

Fr, Jeanne dArc, ' Maid of Orleans,' heroine . , 

Ger. Jean, Paul, see Richter, novelist and metaphysician , 

Irish. Jebb, John, Bishop of Limerick, theological writer 

Amer. Jefferson, Thomas, a patriotic statesman, 3dprcs. of the U, S, 

Scot, Jeffrey, Francis, lord, essayist and critic . 

Eng. Jeffreys, George, infamous judge . , . 

Hind, Jejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee, Parsee merchant and philanthropist 

Aust. Jellachich, de Buzim, baron, ban of Croatia , , 

Eng. Jenkinson, B. B., earl of Liverpool, premier , 

Eng. Jenkyns, William, non -conformist (' on Jude ') , , 

Eng. Jenner, Edward, introducer of the vaccine innoculation 

Eng. Jenyns, Soame, poet and miscellaneous writer , , 

Scot. Jerdan, "William, journalist .... 

Heb. Jeremiah, prophet . . . . . fl. 



1805 




1777 




1767 


1845 


1780 


1847 


1826 


1863 


1730 


1803 


D. c. 1836 B. 


c. 1689 


1743 


1819 


1764 


1847 


1770 


1840 


1752 


1834 


1801 


1832 


1727 


1817 


1753 


1817 


. 1801 


1860 


1811 




1785 


1859 




44? 




66? 


1797 


1860 


1774 


1854 


1414 


1492 


1759 


1838 


1804 




1585 


1638 


272 


305 


1818 




1786 


1851 


1798 


1864 


1750 


1779 


1745 


1829 


1779 


1858 


.1769 


1853 


, 1412 


1431 


1763 


1825 


1736 


1775 


1743 


1826 


1773 


1850 


1648 


1689 


1783 


1859 


1801 


1859 


1770 


1828 


1612 


1685 


1749 


1823 


1704 


1787 


1782 




, b. 0. 678 


670 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



47 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Jerome, St., one of the fathers of the church 

, of Plague, reformer, companion of Hubs . 

JeiTold, Douglas, essayist 

Jervis, sir John, earl St. Vincent, admiral . . 

Jewell John, learned prelate and author . 

Jewsbury, Maria J., essayist . . . 

Joan of Arc, 'the greatest of heroines' , 

Joanna, queen of Naples . . 

Joel, the prophet .... 

Johannes Secundus (Johannes Everard), poet 

Johannot, ToDy, artist and designer . 

John, the Evangelist .... 

, of Gaunt (or Ghent), duke of Lancaster 

, king of Saxony and author , . 

, 111., Sobieski, king of Poland, and general 

, Edward, historian of N. England 

Johnson, Samuel, a divine and writer i;. the cause of liberty 

, Samuel, ' the Colossus of English literature 1 

, Alex. 15., philologist and miscellaneous writer 

, Andrew, president U, S, , , 

— , Reverdy, jurist and statesman 

, Richard M., general and statesman, vice-president 

, Samuel, first pres dent Columbia College and author 

: — , Walter R.. physicist , . v 



U. S 



Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Ital. 

Heb. 

Hoi. 

Fr. 

Heb. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Pol. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Tr. Amer. Johnson, Sir William, geaeral and governor in North America 

Amer. Johnston, Albert Sydney, rebel general , ,' 

Scot. , Alex. K., geographer . • , 

Scot. — : — , George, writer and naturalist 

Scot. — , James F. W,, chronielsr and agricultural author 

Fr. Joinville, Jean, sire de, chronicler 

Fr. — , Francois, prince de, third son of Louis Philippe 

Fr.Am. Jollier, Louis, one of the discoverers of the Mississippi 
Ital. Jomelli, Nicholas, dramatic and musical composer 
Swiss. Jomini, Henry, baron de, military writer , , 

Heb. Jonah, the prophet .... 

Amer. Jones, Anson, last president of the republic of Texas 

Eng. , Inigo, an eminent architect . . . 

Amer. , Jacob, commodore in the V. S. navy 

Scot. , John Paul, captain in the navy of the United States 

Eng. — , Owen, architect and decorator 

Eng. , Thomas Rymer, writer on anatomy and physiology 

Eng, ■ — ■ , Sir William, an eminent poet, scholar, and lawyer 

Eng. , Rev. William, ' of Nayland, 1 Hutchinsonian divine 

Eng. , William, divine and author 

Eng. Jonson, Benjamin, celebrated poet and dramatist 
Icel. Jonsson, Finnur, Icelandic historian . . 

Irish. Jordan, Dorothy, actress, mistress of William IV. , 

Dan. Jorgenson, Jorgen, adventurer and author , 

Eng. Jortin, Dr. John, learned theologian and author , 

Fr. Josephine, empress of the French (born in Martinico) 

Jew. JoBephue, celebrated historian and warrior . , 

Heb. Joshua, successor of Moses as leader of the Israelites 



BORN. 


DIED. 




420 




1416 


1782 


1857 


1774 


1823 


1522 


1571 




1833 


1410 


1131 


C. 800 




1511 


1536 


1833 


1852 




100 


1340 


1399 


1801 




1629 


1696 


1600 


1672 


1649 


1703 


1709 


1784 


1786 




1808 




1796 




1780 


1850 


1696 


1772 


1794 


1852 


1715 


1744 


1S03 


1862 


1804 




1798 


1855 


1796 


1855 


1224 


1319 


1818 






1730 


1714 


1744 


1775 




f. B 


. c. 862 


1798 


1858 


1572 


1652 


1770 


1850 


1736 


1792 


1809 




1S10 




1746 


1794 


1726 


1800 


1726 


1800 


1574 


1637 


1704 


1789 


1762 


1814 


1119 


1830 


1698 


1770 


1761 


1*14 


37 


95 


B. 


C. 1500 



48 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



NATION. NAME AND PEOFESSION. 

Heb. Josiah, 17th king of Judah . , 

Heb. Jotham, king of Judah . 

Fr. Jouflroy, Thco. S., metaphysician and statesman 

Fr. Jourdan J. B., marshal of France 

Jovianus, Flavius C, emperor . . 

Ger. Juan, or John, of Austria, don, warrior , 
Mex. Juarez, Benito, statesman and president , 

Juba, king of Numidia . 

, king of Mauritania and historian , 

Jew. Judah, Hakkadosch, famous rabbi and Talmudist 
Heb. Judas Maccabeus, patriot 
Amer. Judd, Sylvester, author of ' Margaret ' 
Amer. Judson, Adoniram, missionary in India 

Amer. , Ann Hazeltine, first wife of the above , 

Amer. , Emily Chuhbuck, third wife of above, an 

Fanny Forester ') . , 

Amer. -, Sarah Boardman, second wife of above 

Dan. Juel, Nicholas, celebrated admiral , , 

Jugurtha, Numidian king , 

Bom. Julian, Flavius Claudius, Roman emperor and author, 

tate' ..... 
Fr. Julien, A. J,, orientalist , . . 

Swiss. Jullien, Louis G., musical composer, &c. , 

Hind. Jung-Bahadoor, prime minister of Nepaul , , 

Ger. Junge, Joachim, philosopher , , 

Gen Jung-Stilling, John H., mystic author , , 

Dutch. Junius, Adrian, voluminous writer , , 

Fr. Junot, Andoche, duke d'Abrantes, military officer 

Fr. , Madame, duchess d'Abrantes, biography, &c. 

Fr. Jussieu, A, L. de, botanist 

Gr. Justin Flavius, A, J. ' the Elder,' Byzantine emperor 

Rom. , Latin historian , 

Gr. , Martyr, one of the fathers of the church 

Gr. Justinian, Flavius A. J., ' the Byzantine ' emperor 
Rom. Juvenal, Decius Junius, the most vehement of satirists 



d author 



Apos- 



. f. 



BOEN. 


DIED. 


. c. 647 


B. C. 609 


. c. 783 


b. o. 742 


1796 


1842 


1762 


1833 




364 


1546 


157S 


1807 






b. c. 46 




b. c. 18 


129 


194 




b. c. 160 


1813 


1853 


1788 


1850 


1789 


1826 


1817 


1854 


1803 


1845 


1629 


1697 




B. c. 104 


331 


363 


1799 




1812 


1860 


1816 




1587 


1657 


1740 


1817 


1512 


1575 


1771 


1813 


1784 


1839 


1748 


1836 


450 


527 


C, 200 




91 


165 


482 


565 




128 



Ger. 
Ger. 
Fr. 

Swe. 



Scot, 

Amer, 

Ger. 

Russ. 

Fr. 



Kaempfer, naturalist, traveller and historian . , 

Kaestner, Abraham Gothelf, mathematician and astronomer , 
Kalb, baron de, who generously aided the American cause 
Kalm, Peter, traveller and botanist 
Kamehameha (or Famehameha) I. first king of the Sandwich 



Islands . ... 

— , II. king, introduced Christianity 

, III. introduced Constitution . , 

, IV. (Alex. Liholiho) 

Kames, Henry Home, lord, judge and author . 

Kane, Elisha Kent, arctic explorer and author 
Kant, Emanuel, metaphysician 

Karasmin, Nicholas M, historiographer of the empire 
Karr, J. B. Alphonse, miscellaneous author 



(abt) 



1651 


1716 


1719 


1799 


1717 


1780 


1715 


1779 


1800 




1824 




1817 


1854 


1834 




1596 


1827 


1820 


1857 


1724 


1804 


1765 


1826 


1808 





BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



49 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. 

Eng. Kater, Henry, mathematician . 1777 1835 

Irish. Kavanagh, Julia, novelist . . . . . 1824 

Eng. Kean, Charles John, actor . . . ' . 1811 

Eng! ■ •, Edmund, tragedian ..... 1787 1833 

Eng. , Ellen Tree, wife of C. J. Kean, actress . . 1805 

Amer. Kearny, Philip, Union general in war against rebellion . 1815 1S62 

Eng. Keats, John, a poet ..... 1796 1820 

Eng. Keble, John, divine and poet ..... 1790 

Irish. Keightley, Tbos., miscellaneous author . . . 1800 

Keith, Geo. K.Elphinston, admiral .... 1746 1820 

Scot. , James, an officer in the Russian and Prussian service 1696 1758 

, Thos., mathematician, (' Use of Globes ') . . 1759 1824 

Fr. Kellerman, Frank C, duke of Valmy, general . . 1735 1820 

Fr. , Franc Ftienne, son of above, general . . J770 1835 

Irish. Kelly, Michael, composer and singer . . . 1702 1826 

Eng. Kemble, Charles, actor ..... 1775 1854 

Eng. , Frances Anne, actress and author . . 1811 

Eng. , John M., scholar and historian . . . 1807 1857 

Eng. , John Philip, celebrated tragedian . . 1757 1S23 

Ger. Kemfelen, "Wolfgang, baron, author of the automaton chess-player 1754 1S06 

Eng. Kempis, Thomas a, supposed author of the 'Imitation of Christ' 1380 1471 

Eng. Ken, Thos., bishop of Bath and Wells, theological writer . 1637 1711 

Amer. Kendall, Amos, statesman and author . . . 17S9 

Amer. , George W., journalist and author . . . 1810 

Amer, Kendrick Asahel C, Greek scholar and author . . 1809 

Scot. Kennedy, Grace, writer, (Father Clement) . - . . 1782 1825 

Amer. Kennedy, John Pendleton, statesman and novelist . . 1795 

Eng. Kennet, "White, learned prelate and author . . . 1660 1728 

Eng. Kennicott, Benjamin, a divine and Biblical critic . . 1718 1783 

Ir.-Am.Kenrick, Francis P., Catholic prelate and author . . 1797 1863 

Kent, Edward, Aug., duke of, father of Queen Victoria . 1767 1S20 

Amer. , James, jurist, chancellor of New York . . . 1763 1847 

Amer. , William, judge, esteemed jurist . . . 1861 

Eng. Kenyon, Lloyd, lord, jurist ..... 1732 1802 

Eng. , John, poet ..... 3783 1856 

Ger. Kepler, John, eminent astronomer .... 1571 1630 

Eng. Keppel, Aug., viscount, admiral .... 1726 1786 

Scot. Kerr, Robert, miscellaneous writer .... 1814 

Amer. Key, Francis S., author of 'Star Spangled Banner' . 1779 1843 

Eng. Kidd, Wm,, noted pirate, executed .... 1701 

Eng. Killigrew, Henry, dramatist .... 1612 1690 

Scot. Kilmarnock, Wm. 4th, earl, Jacobite, beheaded . . 1702 1746 

Amer. Kimball, Richard B., author , . •. . 1818 

Amer. King, John A., ex-governor of New York . . . 1789 1867 

Amer. , Rufus, statesman and diplomatist . . , 1755 1827 

Amer. , Thomas Starr, author ..... 1824 1864 

Amer. , William R., diplomatist, senator, and vice-president . 1786 1853 

Eng. Kinglake, Alex. Wm., M. P., author of 'Eothen' . . I8u2 

Irish. Kingsborough, Lord, patron of great work on Mexican antiquities 1795 1837 

Eng. Kingsley, Charles, clergyman, novelist and poet . , 1819 

Amer. Kip, "Wm. Ingraham, Prot. Epis. bishop and author . 1811 

Amor. Kirkland, Caroline M., author of travels and essays . . 1864 

4 



50 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Ei.g. Kitchine.William, writer on Cookery . , 

Eng. Kitlo, John, biblical scholar and author . 

Hung. Klapka, George, patriot, soldier and author . 

Pruss. K.aproth, Henry J., philologist ar.d ethnologist 

Fr. Kleber, John Baptist, military officer . . 

Ger. Klopstock, the 'Milton of Germany' 

Ger. Kuapp, Geo., Christ, theologian 

Amer, , Samuel L., miscellaneous writer . 

Eng. Knight, Charles, publisher, editor, and author 

Eng. , Richard Payne, miscellaneous writer . 

Irish. Knowh-s, Jas. Sheridan, dramatic author and actor 

Eng. Knox, Dr. Vicesimus, divine and miscellaneous author 

Amer. , Henry, military officer and statesman 

Ger. Knypbausen, baron, general in British service 

Ger. Koch, Christopher William, historian 

Fr. Kock, Charles Paul de, novelist and dramatist 

Ger. Kohl, Johann George, traveller and author 

Dan. Koppen, Adolph Lous, historical writer and lecturer 

Ger. Korner, or Koerner, Charles T., poet 

Pol. Kosciusko, Tnaddeus, warrior and patriot, served in the Ameri 

can army during the Revolution 

Hung. Kossuth, Lajos (Loui: ), late governor of Hungary 

Ger. Kotzebue, Augustus Frederick Fer. von, historian, &c. 

Hung. Kraitsir, Charles, philolog-st 

Pol. Krasinski, Valerian, count, author 

Ger. Krummacher, Fred. Adoiph., poet and theologian 

Ger. , Fred. William, religious writer . . 

Russ. Krueenstern, Adam Jean, navigator . . 

Ger. Kugler, Franz Theodore, writer on art, &c. . 

Ger. Kuhnoel, Christ. F., critic .... 

Ger. Kunth, Charles S., botanist .... 

Russ. Kutusoff, Michael L. G., field-marshal 

It. 

Fr. Labat, Jean B., missionary and historian . 

Ital. Lablache, Luigi, renowned vocalist 

Eng. Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton, statesman 

Fr. Laborde, A. L. G., comte de, traveller, &c. 

Fr. Labruyere, see Umpire . 

Fr. Lacepede, Bernard G. S. Delaville, count de, naturalist 

Fr. Lacordaire, Jean B. H., Catholic theologian and author 

Fr. Lacretelle, Charles, traveller and litterateur 

Fr. Lacroix, Sylvestre F., mathematician 

Lactantius, a father of the Church styled the Christian Cicero 

Rom. Laelius, Caius, publicist, tribune, prator and consul 

Fr. Laennel, an eminent physician .... 

Fr. Lafarge, Marie C, notorious as a poisoner 

Fr. La Fayette, G. M., marquis, &c, military commander and states 
man ..... 

Fr. j George W., statesman . . 

Fr. Lafitte, Jacques, wealthy banker and statesman 

Fr. , Jean, corsair, privateer, or pirate 



BOKN. 


DIED. 




1827 


1804 


1864 


1820 




1784 


1835 


1754 


1800 


1724 


1803 


1753 


1825 


1784 


1S38 


1791 




1750 


1824 


1784 


1862 


1752 


182 L 


1750 


1806 


1730 


1789 


1737 


1813 


1794 




1808 




1S04 




1791 


1813 


1746 


1817 


1802 




1761 


1819 


1804 


1860 


1780 


1855 


1768 


1845 


1770 


1846 


1808 


1858 


1768 


1811 


1788 




1745 


1813 


1663 


1738 


1794 


1858 


1798 




1774 


1842 


1756 


1825 


1802 




1766 


1817 


1765 


1833 




325 


c. 186 B. 


C. 115 


1782 


1826 


1816 


1852 



1834 



1768 1844 
17S0 P 1823 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



51 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Ger. La Fontaine, Aug. J. H., author of 200 volumes miscellaneous 

Fr. Lafontaine, Jean de, an inimitable fabulist . . 

Ital. Lagrange, Joseph Louis, able mathematician . . 

Fr. La Gueronniere, Louis E. A., viscount de, publicist . 

Fr. Laharpe, John Francis de, dramatist, critic, &c. 

Scot. Laing, Malcolm, historian .... 

Fr. Lalande, Joseph J. le Francis de, astronomer . 

Amer. Lamar, Mirabeau E., second president of the republic of Texas 

Fr. Lamarck, J. B. A. P., naturalist 

Fr. Lamarque, Maxim., general of the revolution of 1789 

Fr. Lamartine, Alphonse de, poet, historian, traveller, and states 

man ..... 

Eng. Lamb, Charles, poet and essayist . 

Eng. , Lady Caroline, novelist 

Ital. Lamballe, Marie, princess of, victim of the revolution . 

Eng. Lambert, A. B., botanist 

Eng. , Daniel, noted for corpulency, 789 pounds . 

Fr. Lammenais, F. R., abb$ de, theological and political writer 

Fr. Lamoriciere, Christ. L. J. de, general 

Fr. Lamotte Fouque, Fred., baron de, novelist ' Undine' 

Eng. Lancaster, Josep"h, founder of system of education . . 

Amer. Lander, Fred. W., military officer (k. at Ball's Bluff) . 

Eng. , Richard and John, travellers in Africa . . 

Fr. Landon, C. P., author of works on the fine arts . 

Eng. , (Maclean), Letitia E., poet and novelist .. . 

Eng. Landor, Walter Savage, poet and essayist 

Eng. Landseer, John, engraver and author 

Eng. Lane, Edw. Wm., orientalist, author of ' Modern Egyptians,' &c. 

Amer. , James, general, U. S. senator for Oregon . 

Ger. Lange, commentator on scripture . . . 

Amer. Langdon, gov. New Hampshire, U. S. senator . , 

Ital. Langfranc, learned archbishop of Canterbury . . 

Eng. Langhorne, John, miscellaneous author 

Eng. Langton, Stephen, cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury 

Fr. Larmes, Jean, duke of Montebello, marshal of France 

Eng. Lansdowne, Henry Petty, marquis of, president of Council 

Eng. , William Petty, marquis of, premier 

Ital. Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art .... 

Fr. La Perouse, Jean F., count, navigator 

Fr. Laplace, Peter Simon, marquis of, eminent astronomer and geo 
metrician . 

Lappenberg, Johann M., historian • 

Irish. Lardner, Dionysius, writer on physical science 

Eng. , Nathaniel, a learned dissenting divine . , 

Fr. Larrey, Dominique J., baron, surgeon and author . 

Fr. La Salle, Robt. C, sieur de, navigator and author . . 

Span. Las Casas, Barth de, missionary and historian . 

Fr. » biographer of Napoleon, &c. . . . 

Nor. Lassen, Chris., oriental philologist and historian . 

Eng. Latimer, Hugh, a prelate, martyred for being a reformer 

Eng. Latham, John, ornithologist .... 

Eng. , Robert G., philologist and ethnologist 



ORN. 


DIED. 


1756 


1831 


1621 


1695 


1736 


1813 


1816 




1739 


1793 


1762 


1818 


1732 


1807 


1798 


1859 


1732 


1807 


1770 


1832 


1802 




1776 


1834 


1785 


1828 


1748 


1792 


1761 


1842 


1770 


1809 


1782 


1854 


1806 


18C6 


1777 


1843 


1771 


1839 


1822 


1862 




' 1834 




1826 


1802 


1839 


1775 


1864 


1769 


1S52 



1867 



1739 


1819 


1605 


1689 


1735 


17— 




1228 


1769 


1809 


1780 


1863 


.1737 


1805 


1732 


1810 


1741 


1789 


1749 


1827 


1794 




1793 


1859 


1684 


1768 


1760 


1842 


1635 


1687 


1474 


1566 


1762 


1843 


1800 




1470 


1555 


1740 

1812 


1857 



.VJ 



tiiic WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



nation. NAME ami pnOFBKUOK, 

ion; Laud, William, prolato, famed tor iii« tyranny and superstll 

Booti Lauder, Sir Thot. Dlok, writer on Natural History 

amor. Laurens, John, lieutenant oolonel In Revolutionary war 

Amor. ■ •—, Henry, patriot and statesman 

Kr. Lavolette, M. 0., count de, military oommaudor 

Kr. La Valllero, E\ L., duohessa do, mistress of Louis xiv 

Swiss. Lavnter, John Caspar, celebrated physiognomist . 

Kr. Lavoisier, Anthony L lobrated chemist . 

Soot. Law, John, flnanoier of the 'Mississippi Hubble' . 

Ens;. », Wm,, religious and mystical author . . 

v t ■ > . ■ i Lawrenoe, Abbott, merchant and diplomatist . 

Ahum-. , Ainu;, merohanl and philanthropist 

Aini'i-. , James, oaptain in \7i S. Navy 

Bug, Layord, Austen 11., traveller and explorer of n Inevoh 

Aiin-r. Lea, Isaac, naturalist and publisher . . . 

Ens;, Leake, Wm> M., traveller and philhellenist 

A.mer. Leer, Tobias, secretary to Washington, diplomatist 

li'r. l,i'linm, PontlUS D. 10., pOQt . . 

Swiss. Loolero, John, eminent orltlo . . 

\ih.-i. Le Oonto, John, naturalist . . . 

a hum-. , iiniin L. m. D.| naturalist, (son of preceding) 

Ami'i. .John, M. D., naturalist, (Georgia) 

Kr. Lodru>Rollin, Alex (V.., jurist and politician . . 

\nii -r. Ledy&rd, John, Intrepid and enterprising statesman 

Anu'i Leo, Arthur, M.D., statesman 

Amor, — , Oharles, officer in the Revolution . • 

\ni.r. , Ellsa R. miscellaneous wilier . . . 

Amor. , Prnnols Llghtlbot, signer Deo. Independence . 

Eng, — , Harriot, Miss, (sister of Sophia), novelist . 

Ani(-r. ' — , Henry, general Is Revolutionary V^ar . 

Amor. , Robert E., oommandor In ohlef of rebel armies 

Amer, — , Richard Henry, pros, of Congress 

Kni*. — , Samuel, D. iv, oriental soholar . 
Bag, , Sophia, Miss, novelist . . • 

Eng, Leeoh, John, humorous artist in Punoh, Ac, . . 

Kr. LofVbvro, Franco t Joseph, duke of Dantatok, marshal of Pi 

Amer. Logare, Hu«li S., jurist, statesman nod litterateur 

Kr. Logontlro, Ailrlnu M., iiiiil-hematlotan 

Amer, Loggett, William, polltioal and tnisoellaneons writer 

(!,, r . Lelbnlta, Godfrey William, able :><»>i learned philosopher 

B k Leloestor, Robert Dudley, earl of, favorite of Queen Elisabeth 

Eng, Loiooster, T. W. Coke, earl of, agrlouKurlst 

Soitioh, Lotghton, Robert, able prolate 

Amer. Lolslvr, Jacob, .polltioal adventurer . 

\ ,ii,i Leland, Uharlos Qt, t essayist and humorist . 

Kiih. , John, emlnenl divine and author . . 

Irish, , Thonjas, eminent divine and author . . 

Pol, Lelowol, Joachim, historian . . . 

Kr. LemattrOi Fred., aotor .... 

Engi Lemon, Mark, humorist, editor of ' Punoh ' 

Kug. Lemprlero, John, biographer and lexicographer . 

Fr. L'Euolos, Ninon, denoted courtesan 



IIOItN, 


iiii-n. 


H.7:t 


1646 


1784 


ISIS 


1768 


1782 


1724 


L782 


1760 


1880 


1614 


17IO 


17-11 


1SII1 


1748 


1794 


1U71 


17'^.t 


1686 


176] 


17!>2 


1866 


1788 


I B69 


1781 


1818 


1SI7 




17!>2 




1777 


1860 


1700 


1820 


172B 


1807 


1667 


1730 


1784 




LS36 




ISIS 




1SOS 




17.M 


1788 


17111 


1789 


1780(7) 


1782 


aht.) 1800 




1784 


17!>7 


ITflO 


1894 


1700 


1SHS 


1808 




1732 


1701 


17S3 


1869 


17. Ml 


1894 


1S17 


ISO! 


e 17M> 


1890 


17!'7 


IS It 


17M 


1888 


ISO?, 


1840 


1646 


1710 


IS3I 


1688 


1789 


1649 


1618 


1634 




169] 


IBM 




1691 


1700 


1770 


178,'. 


17SC. 




17DS 




1809 




1894 




1616 


103S 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 

NATION. NAMK ANI> I'lloKKMHlON. 

Dutch. Lonnop, David J. van, jurist nud poot . . , 

Dutch. , Jan van, poot and, novelist . . , 

Hiin. Lennox, Charlotte, authoress, (born in N. Y.) . . 

Fr. Lenormand, Marie A., fortune toller and biographer 

Leo, the name of twelve popes and hIx Byzantine emperors 

j tul. Leo X, pope (John do Medlol), a patron ofinjustloe and the arts. 

Gor. Leo, Henry, historian ..... 

Or. Leonldas I., king of Sparta, the hoiH) of Thermopylae . f. n 

(icr. Leopold I, king of the Belgians , 

Gor. — — I, emperor of Germany .... 

Ger. Vl, " " 

Ger. J I, " 

Rom, Lepldus, noted Roman family . . , u, 

Gor. Lepalus, Karl Rich., traveller and Egyptologist . 

Rush. Lermontoif, Michael, poet ..... 

Kr. Leroux, Pierre, philosopher and soolallst . 

Kr. Leroy do Hi. Aruqudj Ji a., marshal of EVanoe, ^onurai in chief 

Kr. LoHu^o, Aiuin Bene, novelist and dramatist, 'Gil Bias' . 

ling, Leslie, Charles Robt,, artist and author . . , 

Hoot. , John, bishop, theologioaj writer . , , 

Hoot. , John, mathematician and natural phiioHophor , 

Fr. Lesseps, Ferdinand do, diplomatist , . , , 

Ger. Lessingi Gotthbld E,, oritio and author . . , 

Amor. Lester, Charles E., miscellaneous author . , . 

Eng. L'Estrange, Sir Roger, politioal writer . •, , 

I'r. Louret, Frauds, anatomist .... 

Fr. Le Vulllant, Frano, tnivollor and ornithologist . . 

Irish. Lever Cbas, JaSi, novcllHt ..... 

Amur. Levorett, Fred. I*., classical soholar and author . . 

Fr. Leverrier, Urbain J. J., astronomer . . , 

Amor. Lo Vert, Octavia W., authoress .... 

Scot. Lovlssac, Hlr John, mathematician and natural phlloHophcr 

Eng. Law6s, George Henry, miscellaneous author . . 

Amor. Lewis, Francis, signer of the Declaration of [ndependenoe 

Amor. , Mnjor-Oon. Morgan, military commander, Jurist, A&o, 

Eng. , Matthew Gregory, mlscollaueous writer, Monk Lewis 

Amcr, , Meriwether, soldier, explorer, and author . 

Amor. , Hainuel, educationist .... 

Eng. , Hir George Cornwall, author and statesman 

Amcr. , Taylor, classical scholar and author 

Scot. Ley don, John, author . . . 

Kr. LMIopltal, Michel do, chancellor of France 

Gor. Llehtenberg, George 0., experimental philosopher 

Amor. Lleber, Franeis, publicist, political philosopher (born In Berlin) 

Ger. Lleblg, Justus, baron, ohemist 

Rush. Lleven, Dorothea, princess of, diplomatist 

Eng. Llghtfoot, John, learned divine and author 

Dutch. Ligne, Charles Joseph, military officer and author . 

Ital. Liguori, AlfonsM, de, saint and theological writer , 

Eng. Lilly, George, dramatist . . 

Eng, , John, the Euphulst dramatic writer 

Eng, , William, astrologer . . 





58 


BORN. 


DIED. 


1771 




1802 




1710 


ISM 


1772 


L848 


1478 


1,1 ! 1 


LTOfl 




0, 401 




litii) 


180- 


HMD 


1705 


11.17 


1702 


17!)7 




:. 200 


86 


1811 




1811 


1841 


IT08 




1801 


1854 


teas 


1717 


1704 


I860 


1,70 


1(171 


1700 


1682 


L800 




1720 


1781 


1810 




leia 


1704 


1797 


I8S1 


1768 


1824 


1800 




1803 


1880 


ifsi l 




1820 






1813 


1817 




1718 


1808 


1751 


1832 


1778 


1818 


1771 




1701) 


1854 


1800 




1802 




1775 


1811 


l.Mi.l 


1678 


1742 


1700 


1800 




1808 




1784 


18,17 


17115 


1814 


1 7:;:, 


IKIl 


1006 


17S7 


1608 


17:.!) 


1688 


1600 


1602 


lost 



54 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



MATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. 

Dutch. Limborch, Philip, theologian and author . . . 1683 

Amer. Lincoln, Abraham, statesman, 16th president of the U. S. . 1809 

Amer. , Benjamin, major-general in the Revolutionary War . 1733 

Amer. , Levi, attorney-general of the U. S. (from Mass.) . 1749 

Amer. , Levi, governor of Massachusetts . . , 1782 

Swe. Lind, (Goldscbmidt) Jenny, vocalist , . . 1821 

Eng. Lindley, John, botanist ..... 1799 

Eng. Lindsay, Alexander W. Crawford, lord, author of Travels, &c. 1812 

Scot. , Sir David, poet .... (abt) 1490 

Swe. Ling, Peter E., physiologist and poet . . . 1776 

Eng. Lingard, John, author of ' History of England' . . 1771 

Fr. Linguet Simon N. H., political writer and historian . . 1736 

Swe. Linnasus, Charles von, the most celebrated of naturalists . 1707 

Lipsius, Justus, critic ..... 1547 

Eng. Lister, Thomas Henry, novelist and biographer of Clarendon 1801 

Eng. Liston, John, comic actor . .... 1776 

Hung. Liszt, Francis, performer on piano . . . 1811 

Eng. Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist , . 

Ger. Littrow, John J., writer on mathematics and astronomy 1781 

Amer. Livermore, Abiel A., clergyman, journalist and author . 1811 

Eng. Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, earl of, premier . 1770 

Amer. Livingston, Erockholst, soldier and jurist , . . 1757 

Amer. , Edward, jurist, diplomatist, and statesman . 1764 

Amer. , Philip, signer of the Declaration of Independence . 1716 

Amer. , Robert R., statesman and jurist . . 1747 

Amer, , William, governor of New Jersey and poet . 1723 

Scot. Livingstone, David, traveller and missionary in Africa . 1816 

Rom. Livius, or Livy, Titus, celebrated historian . , . b. c. 59 

Span. Llorente, Don Juan, antiquary, historian, &c. , , 1756 

Eng. Lloyd, Henry, soldier and author .... 1729 

Fr. Lobau, count, marshal of France . . • . 1770 

Eng. Locke, John, eminent philosopher and metaphysician . . 1632 

Scot. Lockhart, J. G., critic and novelist, editor of Quarterly' . 1794 

Eng. Lodge, Edmund, herald and antiquary, ' Portraits' . . 1756 

Ind. Logan, English name of a famous Indian chief 

Amer. , James, colonial statesman and author . . . 1674 

Amer. , John A, major-general in Sherman's campaign, M. C. 

Eng. Lofft, Capel, author ...... 1751 

Irish. Lola-Montez, Maria, countess of Lansfeldt, adventurer , 1824 

Lollard, Walter, Protestant martyr at Cologne . . 

Buss. Lomonozoff, Michael V., poet and historian . . 1711 

Irish. Londonderry, Robert Stewart, marquis of, statesman . . 1769 

Amer. Long, Stephen H., engineer, traveller, and author , 1784 

Amer. Longfellow, Henry W., poet and novelist . , . 1807 

Gt. Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, critic and philosopher , f. B. c. 250 

Eng. Longman, Thomas, founder of the publishing house . . 1699 

Amer. Longstreet, Aug. B., jurist and author , . . 1790 

Amer. , James, rebel general .... 

Fr. Longueville, Anne G., duchess, politician . . ♦ 1619 

Amer. Longworth, Nicholas, extensive wine manufacturer . , 1782 

Amer. Loomis, Elias, physicist, astronomer . . , 1811 

Span. Lope de Vega, Carpio Felix, poet and dramatist , . 1562 



DIED. 

1712 
1865 
1810 
1820 



1555 
1839 
1851 

1794 
1778 
1606 
1S42 
1846 

1481 
1840 

1828 
1823 
1836 
1778 
1813 
1790 
1866 
).. 17 
1823 
1783 
1838 
1704 
1854 
1839 
1780 
1751 

1824 
1861 
1S22 
1765 
1£22 



1679 
1865 



1635 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Fr. Lorraine, Charles de, cardinal and politician 
Atner. Lossing, Benson J., historian and artist 
Scot. Loudon, J. C, voluminous writer on horticulture 
and architecture 

Eug_ , Mrs. Jane "W\, horticultural writer . 

French.LOUIS, the name of eighteen kings of France 

Louis I., the Debonnaire . . . 

" IX., Saint 

" XL, 6th of house of Valois 

" XII., 8th " " 

" XIII., 2d Bourbon . . . 

" XIV., 3d " 

" XV., 4th " 

" XVI. 

" XVII. .... 

" XVIII. .... 
Fr. Louis, baron, eminent surgeon . . . 

Tr. Phi. ippe, king of the French . 

Fr. Napoleon. See Bonaparte. 

Scot. Lovat, Simon Fraser, lord, executed for treason 
Amer. Lovejoy, Owen, statesman and abolitionist . 

Amer. , Rev. E. P., abortionist journalist 

Irish. Lover, Samuel, novelist and song writer 
Irish. Lowe, Sir Hudson, general, jailor of Napoleon 
Amer. Lowell, Charles, clergyman and author 

Amer. , James Russell, poet and critic 

Amer. , John, lawyer and philanthrop'st . 

Amer. , John, jr., founder of Lowell Institute 

Amer. -, Mary, Mrs. Putnam, of Boston, learned writer 

Amer. Lowndes, Rawlins, statesman, opposed the Union 

Amer. , "William J , statesman 

Eng. , William Thomas, 'Biblio-Manual' . 

Eng. Lowth, Robert, eminent divine and author 
Span Loyola, Saint Ignatius de, founder of the Jesuits 
Eng. Lucan, G-. C. Bingham, earl of, general in Crimea 

Rom. , Marcus Annseus, Latin poet . . 

Gr. Lucian, celebrated writer . . 

Rom. Lucilius, the earliest Roman satirist . . 

Ger. Lucke, Gott 0. F., theologian . . 

Rom. Lucretius, Caius Titus, eminent poet 

Rom. Lucullus, wealthy warrior . 

Eng. Ludlow, Edmund, republican judge of Charles L 

Span. Lully, Raimond, ' the enlightened doctor' 

Amer. Lundy, Benjamin, abolit'onist . . 

Amer. Lunt, George, poet, essayist, and journalist 

Ger. Luther, Martin, the parent of the Protestant reformation 

Irish. Luttrell, Henry, poet 

Fr. Luxemburg, duke of, military officer . 

Gr. Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator . 

Eng. Lydgate, John, poet (Benedictine monk) 

Scot. Lyell, Sir Charles, geologist and traveller 

Amer. Lynch, Thomas J., signer of the Declaration of Independence 



55 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1524 


1574 


1813 




, agriculture, 




1783 


1813 


1800 


1858 


77S 


840 


1215 


1270 


1423 


14S3 


1462 


1515 


1601 


1643 


1638 


1715 


1710 


1774 


1754 


1793 


1785 


1795 


1755 


1824 


. . 


1837 


1773 


1850 


1667 


1747 


1811 


1864 


1802 


1837 


1797 




1769 


1844 


1782 


1861 


1819 




1769 


1840 


1799 


1836 


iter . .1810 




1722 


1800 


1782 


1861 


. . 


1843 


1710 


1787 


1491 


1556 


1800 




, , 


37 


120 


210 


b. c. 148 


B. c. 191 


1792 


1855 


b. c. 95 




B. C. 115 


b. c. 49 


1620 


1693 


1235 


1315 


1789 


1839 


mation . 14S4 


1546 




1851 


1628 


1695 


. . b. c. 898 




1375 


1461 


1797 




dependence . 1749 


1779 



56 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Lynch, 'William P., captain U. S. navy, author of ' Dead Sea,' &o 

Eng. Lyndhurst, lord, statesman and jurist (born in Boston) 

Amer. Lyon, Mary, teacher and philanthropist 

Amer. , Matthew, politician 



Amer. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Eng. 



-, Nathaniel, Union general, fell at Wilson's Creek 



Lysander, famous Spartan general 
Lysias, orator . . 

Lysimachus, one of Alexander's generals 
Lyttleton, George, lord, poet and historian 





BORN. 


DIED. 


,' &0. 


1805 

1772 






1797 


1849 


, 


1746 


1822 




1819 


1861 
b. c. 395 


B. 


c. 459 




B 


c. 360 


b. c. 2S1 




1709 


17C3 



m. 

Fr. Mabillon, Jean, ecclesiastical author .... 

Scot. Macadam, John, originator of Macadamized roads . . 

Irish. Macartney, Geo., earl of, diplomatist .... 

Eng. Macaulay, T., Babington, essayist, historian, critic and statesman 

Eng. Macaulay, Zschary, anti-slavery statesman 

Eng. Macauley, Catherine, miscellaneous writer 

Scot. Macbeth, chieftain of the 11th century . . 

Irish. MacClintock, Sir F. L., Arctic navigator 

Irish. MacClure, Sir R. J., discoverer of North-west passage 

Amer. Macconnell, John L., novelist 

Amer. Maccorst, David J., political writer 

Scot. Maccosh, James, clergyman and author 

Scot. Macculloch, J. R., political economist and statistician 

Amer. McClellan, Geo. B.,commandeivin-chief Union armies . 

Amer. McCook, father and three sons from Ohio, generals in Union Army 

Eng. McCulloch, John, M. D., geologist, &c. 

Scot. Macdiarmid, John, author .... 

Scot. Macdonald, Flora, adventurous heroine 

Fr. Macdona'd, S. T. A,, marshal of France 

Amer. Macdonougb, Thos., commodore in U. S. Navy, victor on Lake 

Champlain . 

Amer. McDowell, Irwin, commander Union Army 

Amer. Macduffie, Geo., U. S. senator from South Carolina . 

Scot. Macgillivray. "Wm., naturalist . , , 

Scot. Macgregor, John, statistical and political author 

Ital. Machiavel, Nicholas, celebrated writer on politics 

Scot. Mackay, Charles, poet and miscellaneous writer 

Amer. Mackean, Thos., jurist, statesman, signer of Dec. of Ind. 

Amer. Mackenzie, A. Slidell, naval commander, author of travels 

Scot. Mackenzie, Henry, the Addison of the North . 

Irish. Mackenzie, Robt. S., journalist, &c. 

Amer. Mackintosh, Maria J., novelist . . . (abt.) 

Scot. Mackintosh, Sir James, celebrated literary character . , 

Irish. Macklin, Charles, actor and dramatist , , 

Scot. Macknight, James, divine and author . 

Aust. Mack von Liebenich, Karl, baron, general , 

Amer. MacLane, Louis, statesman and diplomatist 

Scot. Maclaurin, Colin, mathematician . 

Amer. Maclean, John, statesman, judge of U. S. Supreme Court 

Eng. MacLean, L. E. L., (Miss Landon), poet and novelist 



1632 


1707 


1756 


1836 


1737 


1806 


1800 


1859 


1768 


1838 


1733 


1791 


1819 




1807 




1826 




1797 


1855 


1810 




1789 


1864 


1826 




1773 


1835 


1779 


1808 


1720 


1790 


1765 


1840 


1783 


1825 


1818 




178S 


1851 


1796 


1852 


1797 


1S57 


1469 


1527 


1812 




1734 


1817 


1803 


1849 


1745 


1S31 


1S09 




1S10 




1766 


1S32 


1690 


1796 


1721 


1800 


1752 


1S2S 


1786 


1857 


1698 


1748 


1785 




1804 


1S33 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



57 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Irish. Maclise, Daniel, historical painter .... 

Amer. Macleod, Alex., clergyman and author . . 

Amer. Macleod, Xavier Donald, miscellaneous writer . . 

Scot. Maclure, William, geologist, &c . , 

Fr. MacMiihon, M. E. P., duke of Magenta, marshal . 

Scot. MacNab, Sir Allan, Canadian Statesman . 

Irish. MacNeven, Wm. J., patriot and physician, (died at 1ST. Y.) 

Amer. Macomb, Major-General Alex., military commander 

Amer. Macon, Nathaniel, member of Congress for N. Carolina 37 years 

Scot. Macpherson, James, miscellaneous writer . 

Amer. Macpherson, Jas. B., Union general in rebellion 

Eng. Macready, "Wm. Chas., tragedian .... 

Scot. Macrie, Thomas, D.D., clergyman and author, biographer of Knox 1772 

Eng. Madden, Sir Fred., antiquarian author 

Ger. Maddler, Johani! Henry, astronomer .... 

Amer. Madison, James, 4th president of United States 

"Welsh. Madoc, prince, said to have discovered America 

Span. Madoz, Pascuale, statesman and author . . . 

Rom. Mascenas, Caius C, minister of Augustus and patron of literature 

Ital. Maft'ei, Franc S., marquis, author of 21 vols. 

Amer. Maffitt, John Newland, noted Methodist preacher . 

Irish. Magee, "Wm., arcnbishop Dublin, (on Atonement) . . 

Port. Magellan, Ferdinand, celebrated navigator . . 

Fr. Magendie, Francis, physiologist .... 

Irish. Maginn, William, classical and miscellaneous writer and critic 

Fr. Magnan, Bernard Pierre, marshal of France 

Amer. Magoon, Elisha L., clergyman and author 

Sar. Mahomet, or Mohammed, founder of the religion which bears his 
name ...... 

Turk. Mahomet II., 7th Turkish Sultan, conqueror of Constantinople 

Fr. Maimbourg, Louis, historian .... 

Jew. Maimonides, Moses, celebrated rabbi . . . 

Fr. Maintenon, Frances d'Aubigne, queen 

Ital. Maio, Angelo, discoverer and editor of Latin classics 

Ital. Maistre, Joseph de, statesman and author . . . 

Eng. Maittaire, Michael, bibliographer, <fcc. . . . 

Heb. Malachi, the prophet ..... 

Swiss. Malan, Caesar H. A., theologian and author . . 

Amer. Malcom, Howard, clergyman and author 

Scot. Malcolm, Sir John, 'History of Persia and India' . 

Fr. Malebranche, Nicholas, metaphysician 

Fr. Malesherbes, C. G. de, statesman, (executed) 

Ital. Malibran, M. F., Madame, vocalist 

Fr. Malherbe, Franc de, poet .... 

Scot. Mallet, David, miscellaneous writer .... 

Swiss. Mallet, Paul Henri, historian .... 

Eng. Malroesbury, Jas. Harris, earl of, diplomatist . 

Eng. , Jas. H. H., (son of above), statesman . . 

Eng. , William of, historian .... 

Eng. Malone, Edward, dramatic commentator . 

ItaL Malphighi, Marcellus, naturalist and anatomist 

Eng. Maltby, Edw., bishop of Durham, philologist 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1811 




1774 


1833 


1S21 




1763 


1840 


1S07 




1798 




1763 


1841 


1782 


1S41 


1757 


1837 


1738 


1796 


18vIS 


1S64 


1793 




: 1772 


1835 


1801 




1794 




1751 


1836 


12th cent. 


1806 






B. c. 9 


1675 


1755 


1794 


1850 


1765 


1831 




1521 


1783 


1855 


1793 


1842 


1791 


1864 


1810 




569 


632 


1430 


1480 


1610 


1686 


1131 


1204 


1635 


1719 


1753 


1821 


1668 


1747 


B. C. 


5th cent. 


1787 


1864 


1799 




1769 


1833 


1638 


1715 


1721 


1794 


1808 


1836 


1555 


1628 


1702 


1765 


1730 


1807 


1746 


1820 


1807 






1143 


1741 


1812 


1628 


1694 


1770 


1859 



58 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION, 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Eng. 

Pers. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Fr. 

Rom. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Pers. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ger. 

Dan. 

Fr. 

Aust. 

Span. 

Ital. 

Span. 

Ger. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Rom. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Malte Bran, Conrad, poet and geographer . 

, M., geographer . . . 

Malthus, T. R., political economist . . 

Mamiani, Terenze, count, statesman and author 
Mandeville, Sir John, traveller and author 
Manes, or Manichaeus, founder of the Manichasan sect 
Manfred, prince of Tarentuin, king of Two Sicilies 
Mmin, Daniele, Venetian statesman . 
Mann, Horace, statesman and educationist . 
Manning, Henry E., clergyman and author 
Mansel, Henry L., metaphysician and theologian 
Mansfeld, Ernest of, warrior . 
Mansfield, Jos. K., Union general . 

, "Win. Murray, Earl of, jurist and statesman 

Mantell, G. A., geologist 

Manutius Aldus, celebrated printer and author 

, the Younger, printer and author . 



Paulns, (son of Manutius), printer 



BORN. 

1775 

1766 
1799 
1300 
239 
(abt.) 1231 
1804 
1793 
1812 
1815 
1585 
1803 
1705 
1790 
1447 
1547 
1512 
1784 
1754 
B. c. 237 
1256 
1786 

1492 
1-.'J9 



Manzoni, author of T. Promessi Sposi . . 

Marat, John Paul, infamous revolutionist . 

Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, general . . 

Marco Polo, Venetian traveller . . 

Marcy, Wm. Learned, statesman . . . 

Mardonius, Persian general in Greece . 

Margaret of Angouleme, queen of Navarre 

Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI. of England 

Margaret of Austria, daughter of Max'mil. I. and Mary of Burgundy 14S0 

1353 
1552 
1787 
1806 
1574 
1537 
1717 
1782 
1755 
1821 
1810 



Margaret, queen of Denmark, &c, 'Semiramis of the North' 

Margaret of Valois, queen of Henry IV. of France . 

Maria Louisa, empress of France, afterwards Duchess of Parma 

Maria Christina, queen dowager of Spain, (born at Naples) 

Maria de Medici, queen of Henry IV. of France . . 

Mariana, John, celebrated historian . . . 

Maria Theresa, empress of Germany . . . 

Marie-Amelie, queen of the French, (Louis Philippe) . 

Marie Antoinette, queen of France, (Louis XVI) . 

Mariette, Aug. E., Egyptologi-t and explorer . 

Mario, Giuseppe, m;irquis of Candia, vocalist . , 

Marion, Francis, distinguished officer in the Revolution 

Marius, Caius, famous general and demagogue 

Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of, able warrior 

Marmont, A. F. V., duke of Ragusa, marshal of France and 

traveller ...••• 
Marmontel, John Francis, celebrated writer . 
Marlowe, Christ, or Kit, dramatic poet • . 

Mapes, James J., agriculturist . 

Marquette, Jacques, early explorer of the Mississippi . 

Marrast, Armand, journalist and politician . . . 

Mars, Mademoiselle, actress .... 

Marsden, oriental traveller and historian . . 

Marsh, Anne, novelist .... 
Marsh, Geo. Perkins, philologist and diplomatist 



b. c. 153 
1650 

1773 
1723 
1564 

1637 
1800 
1778 
1755 
(abt.) 1800 
1S01 



DIED. 

1828 



1S3- 



1372 
27 



1S57 
1859 



1626 
1862 
1793 
1S5- 
1517 
1597 
1574 

1793 
b. c. 208 
1323 
1857 
b. c. 479 
1549 
1481 
1530 
1412 
1612 
1847 

1642 
1624 
1780 

1793 



1722 

1852 
1799 
1593 
1865 
1675 
1852 
1847 
1836 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



59 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Marsh, Herbert, bishop of Peterborough, theological writer 

Amer. Marsh, James, metaphysician 

Amer. Marshall, John, chief-justice- of U. S., biographer 

Eng. Marshman, Joshua, missionary in India, and author . 

Eng. Marston, John, poet and dramatist . 

Horn. Martial, Marcus Valerius, epigrammatist 

Eng. Martin, Benj., optician and author 

Er. Martin, Bon Louis Henry, historian . 

Amer. Martin, Francis Xavier, jurist and historian . . 

Eng. Martineau, Harriet, miscellaneous authoress . 

Eng. , James, (brother of Harriet), clergyman and author 

Prus. Martos, Ivan P., sculptor .... 

Span. Martinez de la Rosa, don Franc, statesman and litterateur 

Cter. Martius, C. F. P. von, botanist and traveller . . 

Eng. Martyn, Henry, missionary in India and Persia . 

Martyr, Justin, Christian apologist . . 

Ital. , Peter, reformer and theologian 

Eng. Marvell, Andrew, author and statesman 

Eng. Mary I., first queen regnant of England . . 

Eng. ■ , II., queen regnant with Wm. of Orange 

Boot. Stuart, queen of Scots .... 

Eng. Marryatt, Captain, novelist and traveller . . 

Eng. Maseres, Francis, 'baron,' mathematician . 

Eng. Maskeleyne, Nevil, astronomer .... 

Amer. Mason, George, statesman .... 

Amer. , Jeremiah, lawyer and statesman 

Amer. , John, maj. gen. Connecticut colonial forces 

Eng. , John, divine and author . 

Amer. , John M., eminent divine 

Amer. , John, M., senator from Virginia, rebel . . 

Amer. , John Y., statesman and minister to France 

Amer. , Lowell, musical teacher and. composer . . 

Eng. , William, divine and poet . . . 

Ind. Massasoit, sachem of the Wampanoags . . . 

Fr. Massena, Andrew, one of the ablest of Napoleon's marshals 

Eng. Massey, Gerald, poet .... 

Fr. Massillon, John Baptist, eloquent divine . 

Massinissa, king of Numidia .... (abt' 

Scot. Masson, David, biographer and essayist 

Eng. Maunder, Samuel 'Treasury of Knowledge' . 

Amer. Mather, Cotton, divine and author , . . 

Amer. , Increase, clergyman and author . . 

Irish. Mathew, Theobald, ' Apostle of Temperance ' 

Eng. Mathias, Thomas, author of ' Pursuits of Literature' . 

Eng. Matthew of Westminster, historian 

Eng. Matthews, Charles, actor and humorist 

Amer. ' Matthias ' (Robert Matthews), religious impostor . . 

Fr. Matter, Jacques, philosopher and. historian . . 

Irish. Maturin, Charles Robert, divine, dramatist and poet 

Eng. Maundrell, Rev. Henry, traveller in the East . 

Fr. Maupertuis, Peter L. M., geometrician and astronomer. 

Hoi. Maurice, Count of Nassau, and Prince of Orange, stadtholder 



BOKN. 


DIED. 


1758 


1839 


1794 


1847 


1755 


1835 


1767 


1^37 


(abt,) 1570 


1634 


40 


100 


1704 


1782 


1704 


1782 


1810 




1764 


1846 


1800 




1753 


1835 


1786 




1781 


1812 


103? 


167? 


1500 


1561 


1621 


1678 


1515 


1558 


1662 


1C94 


1542 


1587 


1792 


1848 


1731 


1824 


1732 


1811 


1726 


1792 


1768 


1S48 


1600 


1672 


1706 


1763 


1770 


1829 


1795 


1859 


1792 




1725 


1797 




1661 


1758 


1817 


1828 




1663 


1742 


) b. c. 240 b 


c. 148 


1823 




1790 


1849 


1663 


1728 


1639 


1723 


1790 


1856 


1750 


1835 


13th 


cent. 


1776 


1835 


(abt) 1790 


183- 


1791 




1782 


1825 


1650? 


1710 


1698 


1759 


1567 


1625 



60 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION 

Eng. 
Eng. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Gcr. 

Eug. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Rom. 

Eng. 

Amcr. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer. 
Fr. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Maurice, Jno. Fred. D., clergyman and author 

> Thos. Rev., history of Hindustan, &c. 

Maurieius, Flavius Tib., Byzantine emperor 

Maury, Matthew F., naval officer, astronomer, rebel, &c. 

, John Sift'rein, cardinal and statesman 

Mavor, Rev. Wm., writer and compiler, voyages, &c. 
Mavrocordato, statesman . . . 

Mawe, Joseph, mineralogist and conchologist . 
Maximilian I., emperor of Germany 

, prince, emperor of Mexico 

Maximums, Caius J. V., emperor of Rome 
Maxwell, Wm. E., 'Life of Wellington,' &c. . 
Mayer, Brantz, lawyer and historical writer 
Mayer, Johann T., astronomer 

Mayhew, Henry, Edward, Thomas, and Horace, brothers 
morous and miscellaneous writers 
, Jonathan, clergyman and author 



Ital. 



Mazarin, Julius, cardinal, able statesman 
Mazeppa, John, prince of the Cossacks 
Mazzini, Giuseppe, democratic politician (Genoa) . 
Amer. Meade, Geo. G., commander army of Potomac 

Amer. , Wm., episcopal bishop of Virginia and author 

I.Amer.Meagher, Thos. F, gen. in Union armies, gov. Idaho 
Eng. Medhurst, Walter H., oriental scholar and missionary 
Medici, Hippolytus, cardinal ... 

, Cosmo de, the Great, first Gd Duke Tuscany 

' pater patriae,' Florence 



Ital. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Turk. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer, 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. Melville, Andrew, religious reformer 

Amer. , Herman, author of travels, romances 

Scot. 

Gr. 

Ger. 

Gcr. 

Port. 

Span. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Russ. 

Buss. 

Ger. 

Ger. 



, Lorenzo de, poet, gov of Florence, and patron of arts 

, Pietro, successor of Cosmo, patron of arts 

Mehemet-Ali, pasha of Egypt 
Meiners, Christopher, historian 
Melanchthon, Philip, celebrated reformer 
Melbourne, Wm. Lamb, Viscount de, statesman 
Me lien, Grenville, poet . 

Melmoth, Wm., 'Letters,' translation of Cicero, &c 
' Religious Life ' 



-, Sir Jas., soldier, statesman, and author 
Menander, comic poet ... 
Mendelssohn, Bartholdy Felix, musical composer 

» Moses, Jewish scholar and philosopher 

Mendez-Pinto, Fernam, adventurer, unjustly famed for lying 
Mendoza, Diego H. de, scholar, author, and statesman 
Mengs, Anton Rafael, painter and writer on art 
Meninski, Francis M., learned orientalist . 
Mentchikoft; Alex., prince, statesman 
-, Alex., S., admiral 



Menno-Simonis, reformer, founder of 'Mennonites' 
Menzel, Wolfgang, critic and historian 

Dutch. Mercator, Gerard, geographer 

Amer. Mercer, Hugh, general in the Revolutionary war 





BORN. 


DIED. 




1805 




. 


1755 


1821 




539 


602 


. 


1806 






1740 


1817 




1758 


1S37 




1790 






1755 


1829 




1459 


1519 


(shot) 


1834 


1867 
238 




1795 


1851 




1809 






1723 


1762* 


a, hu- 






. (abt) 


1812 






1720 


1766 




1602 


1661 
1709 




1809 




. 


1815 






1789 


1S67 




1796 


1857 




1511 


1535 




1519 


1574 




1389 


1464 


ts 


1448 


1492 
1469 




1769 


1849 




1747 


1810 




1497 


1560 


. 


1779 


1848 




1799 


1841 




1710 


1799 




1666 


1743 




1545 


1622 




1819 






1535 


1607 


. B. 


342 B. 


c. 290 




1809 


1847- 




1729 


1786 


lg . 


1510 


1580 




1503 


1575 




1728 


1779 




1623 


1698 




1672 


1769 




1789 


1561 




1798 




. 


1512 


1594 




1720 


1777 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



61 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Meigs, Return J., revol. officer 

Amer. Meriam, Eben, statistician and meteorologist 

Fr. Merimee, Prosper, novelist 

Eng. Merivale, Charles, historian . . 

Eng. , John Herman, poet 

Swiss. Merle d'Aubigne, J. H,, D. D., historian 

Fr. MerovtEUs, founder Merovingian dynasty 

Fr. Mery, Joseph, poet and novelist 

Ger. Mesmer, Fred. A., founder of ' Mesmerism ' 

Ital. Metastasio, Peter B., celebrated poet . , 

Eng. Metcalfe, Charles T., baron, gov. in India and Canada 

Rom. Metellus, the name of several famous plebeians 

Aust. Metternich, Prince, statesman, and diplomatist 

Dutch. Meursius, John, erudite critic . . . 

Ger. Meyerbeer, musical composer 

Eng. Meyrick, Sir Saml. R., antiquarian author 

Fr. Mezerai, Francis de, historian 

Ital. Mezzofanti, Cardinal, celebrated linguist . 

Gr. Miaulis, naval commander . . 

Heb. Micah, the Prophet . . 

Ital. Micari, Guiseppe, historian . . 

Ger. Michaelis, John David, learned orientalist and critic 

Fr. . Michaud, Joseph, historian 

Fr. Michaux, Andre, botanist, (' Sylva Americana ') 

Fr. Michel, Francisque, archaeologist 

Fr. Michelet, Jules, historian . , 

Ger. Michelet, Karl Ludwig, philosophical -writer 

Pol. Mickiewicz. Adam, poet .... 

Eng. Mickle, William J. poet, translator of ' Lusiad,' &c. 

Eng. Middleton, Conyers, divine and elegant writer 

Amer. , Arthur, patriot and statesman 

Eng. , Thomas, dramatist .... 

Amer. Mifflin, Thomas, general in Revolutionary war , 

Fr. Mignet, F. A., historian ..... 

Port. Miguel Don, rival of Don Carlos to the throne of Portugal 

Amer. Milburn, "William Henry, ' blind preacher ' and author 

Scot. Mill, James, historian of British India and political econom 

Eng. , John Stuart, political philosopher 

Eng. Millais, John Everett, ' pre-Raphaelite ' painter 

Amer. Miller, James, general at Chippewa, &c,, (' Pll try, sir') 

Eng. , Joseph, comic actor, putative parent of jests 

Scot. , Hugh, geologist 

Amer. , William, .founder of the ' Millerites,' or second adventist 

Fr. Milleroye, Charles Hubert, poet .... 

F/r. Millin, Aubin Louis, naturalist, &c 

Eng. Millman, Henry Hart, Rev., poet and historian 

Fr. Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, historian 

Eng. Mills, Charles, historian 

Fr. Milne-Edward, Henri, naturalist .... 

Eng. Milnes, Richard Monckton, poet and statesman . . 

Eng. Milner, Joseph, author of 'Church History ' . 

Amer. Milnor, James, D. D., episcopal clergyman . . 



BORN. DIED. 

1740 1S23 

1794 1864 
1800 



1779 
1794 

411 
1798 
1734 
169S 
1783 

250 
1773 
1579 
1791 
1783 
1610 
1774 
1772 



457 

1815 
1782 
1846 
09 
1859 
16i9 



1717 

1767 
1740 
1809 
1798 
1801 
17t»> 
1734 
1683 
174o 

1744 

nr> 

1802 
1823 
1775 
1806 
1829 
1776 
1684 
1802 
1781 
1782 
1759 
1791 
1726 
1788 
1800 
1809 
1744 
1773 



1848 
1682 
1849 
1835 
f. b. o. 750 
1839 
1791 
1839 
1802 



1855 
1788 
1750 

1787 
1627 
1800 



1851 
1738 
1856 
1849 
1S16 



1785 
1826 



1797 
1844 



62 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION, 

Gr. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Amer, 

Rom. 

Mex. 

Span. 

ex. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Turk. 

Bar. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Scot. 

Fr. 

Hoi. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Span. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Swiss 



Amer. 

Ger. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ger. 

Fr. 

Fr. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. BOEN. 

Miltiades, illustrious Athenian general ... b. 

Milton, John, the Homer of Britain .... 1608 

Minie, Claude E., inventor of the Minie rifle-bullet . . 1810 

Minot, George R., historian ...... 1758 

Minutius-Felix, Marcus, christian writer ... 3d cent, 

Miramon, Miguel, military leader .... (abt.) 1830 

Miranda, Francis, revolutionary general . . . 1750 

Miiabeau, H. G. Riquetti, count de, celebrated character in the 

Revolution and author ..... 1749 

Mirbel, Charles F. B. de, naturalist .... 1776 



Mitchel, Ormsby M., astronomer and patriotic general 
Mitchell, Donald G., essayist 

, Maria, astronomer .... 

, Samuel L., celebrated physician and naturalist 

-, Thomas, classical scholar and critic . 



Mitford, Mary "Russell, novelist and essayist 

, Rev. John, editor of poets, .... 

, William, historian and philologist . 

Mithridates, king of Pontus, warrior .... 
Mitscherlich, E., chemist ..... 

Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist and statesman 
Mohammed-Ali, Pasha of Egypt, (See Mahomet and Mehemet) 

Ben Abd Al Wab, sheik, founder sect "Wahabites 

Mohler, Johann Adam E., catholic theologian 
Mohs, Frederick, mineralogist .... 

Moir, David Macbeth, miscellaneous writer . . 

Molle, M. L., comte, statesman .... 

Molescbott, Jacob, physiologist and naturalist . . 

Molesworth, Sir William, statesman and author 
Moleville, Anthony F. de Bertrand, count de, historian 
Moliere, John Baptist, celebrated dramatist 
Molina, Luis, Jesuit theologian and author 
Monboddo, lord, judge and philologist . . . 

Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, statesman . . 

Monk, George, duke of Albemarle, military officer . 

Monod, Adolphe, ' reformed pastor' and author . . 

, Dr. Frederick, 'reformed pastor 'at Paris . . 

Monroe, James, statesman, 5th president United States 
Monse, Gaspar, eminent geometrician 

Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, chronicler . . . 

Montagu, Basil, lawyer and author 

, Elizabeth, author of ' dialogues,' &c. . 

Lady Mary Wortley, elegant writer 

Montague, Charles, earl of Halifax, statesman and poet 
Montaigne, Michel de, eminent essayist 
Montalembert, Charles F., count, statesman and author 
Montcalm, Louis, marquis de, general in Canada 
Montebello, John Lannes, duke of, marshal . . . 

Montecuculi, Raimond, warrior .... 

Montespan, Franc, marquise de, mistress Louis XIV. . 

Montesqieu, Charles baron de, able writer . . 

Montez, Lola, female adventurer . . . 



1810 
1822 
1818 
1763 
1783 
1786 
1781 
1734 

c, 123 
1794 
1787 
1769 

f. 1650 
1796 
1774 
1798 
1781 
1822 
1810 
1754 
1622 
1585 
1714 

1608 
1802 
1794 
1759 
1746 
1390 
1770 
1720 
1690 
1661 
1533 
1810 
1712 
1769 
1609 
1641 
1689 
1824 



DIED. 

C. 489 
1674 

1802 

1867 
1816 

1791 
1854 
186- 



1831 
1845 
1855 
1859 
1827 
!. 64 
1863 

1850 



1839 
1851 
1855 

1855 
1817 
1673 
1600 
1799 
1265 
1670 
1856 
1863 
1831 
1818 
1453 
1851 
1802 
1762 
1715 
1592 

1759 
1809 
1681 
1707 
1755 
1861 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



63 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Hex. Montezuma I, tie greatest of Mexican sovereigns . 

Mex. II, last Atzec emperor . . . 

Fr. Montfaucon, Bern, de, archaeologist and author 

Eng. Montgomery, James, poet .... 

Ainer. , Richard, intrepid military officer 

Eng. , Robert, poet .... 

Fr. Montholon, comte, secretary and biographer of Napoleon 

Fr. Montmorenci, Anne de, constable of France . 

Ital. Monte, Vincent, poet .... 

Fr. Montmorency, noble family of France . , . 

Fr. Montpensir, Madame, author of Memoirs &c 

Scot. Montrose, Jas. Grahame, marquis of, military leader , 

Amer. Moore, Geo, H., author .... 

Amer. , Frank H , author . . . 

Amer. , Clement C., writer of verses, &c. , , 

Amer. , Jacob Bailey, journalist and author . 

Scot. — , John, miscellaneous author 

Scot. , Sir John (son of above,) general, killed at Corunna 

Ital. Morata, Olympia, Prot. writer 

Eng. More, Hannah, poet, essayist and moralist, . , 

Eng. . , Henry, mystical divine and philosopher 

Fr. Moreau, John Victor, celebrated general , , 

Amer. Morfit, Campbell, chemist and author 

Amer. Morgan, Daniel, brig, gen., in revolutionary war - , 

Amer. , Jno. Henry, rebel fillibuster general 

Eng. , Lady Charles, author of novels, travels <fec. 

Eng. , Sir Henry J., buccaneer 

Eng. Morier, James, novelist, ' Hajji Baba ' &c. 

Eng. Moruington, G. Wellesley, earl of, musical composer 

Fr. Morny, Chas. A. count of, minister of Napoleon III. . 

Amer. Morphy, Paul Charles, famous chess-player 

Eng. Morrell, Thos., lexicographer and classical writer . 

Amer. Morris, Geo, P., poet and journalist 

Amer. — — , Gouverneur, distinguished statesman . . 

Amer. -, Lewis, signer of the Declaration of Independence 

Amer. , Robert, signer Declaration Independence and financier 

Eng. Morrison, Robert, Chinese traveller and philologist 

Eng. , Robert D. D., missionary and philologist 

Amer. Morse, Jedediah, geographer and statistical writer 

Amer, , Samuel F. B., artist and inventor of telegraph 

Amer. , Sidney E., journalist and geographer . 

Fr. Mortier, marshal of France, killed by Fieschi . 

Scot. Morton, Jas. Douglas, earl of, regent , 

Amer. , John, signer of Declaration of Independence 

Amer. •, Samuel Geo., anatomist and ethnologist 

Amer. , Win. T. G. dentist, discoverer of the use of ether (?) 

Heb. Moses, lawgiver of the Jews 

Ger. Mosheim, John Lawrence, ecclesiastical historian . 

Scot. Motherwell, "William, poet 

Amer. Motley, John Lothrop, historian 

Amer. Mott, Lucretia, minister of ' Friends' and philanthropist 

Amer. , Valentine, surgeon and author 



BOKN. 


DIED. 




1471 


1480 


1520 


. 1655 


1741 


1771 


1854 


1737 


1775 


1807 


1S55 


1783 


1853 


1493 


1567 


1753 


1828 


10th to 19th century 


1627 


1693 


1612 


1051 


1779 


1863 


1797 


1853 


1728 


1802 


1761 


1809 


1526 


1555 


1744 


1833 


1614 


1687 


1763 


1813 


1820 




1736 


1802 


1780 


1859 


1637 


1690 


1780 


1849 


1720 


1784 


1811 


' 1865 


1837 




1703 


1784 


1802 


1S64 


1752 


1816 


1726 


1798 


icier 1703 


1806 


1782 


1834 


1782 


1834 


1761 


1827 


1791 




1794 




1768 


1835 


1530 


1581 


(Penn) 1724 


1777 


1799 


1851 


?) . 1819 




. B. c. 1571 B. 


C. 1451 


1695 


1755 


1797 


1835 


1814 




1793 




1785 


1865 



64 



THE WOELD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION, 

Fr. Motte, Cadillac, Ant de la, founder of Detroit 

Ger. Moschus, bucolic poet . . . , f. b. 

Amer. Moultrie, Wm,, general and statesman , . 

Mouradgea, D'Ohason, Armenian historian , , 

Amer. Mowatt (Ritchie), Anna Cora, actress and authoress . (a 

Ger. Mozart, C. "W. T., eminent composer 

Eng. Mudie, Robert, author of various works on Natural History, &c 

Ger. Muller, C. O., historian, archaeologist classical scholar . 

Swiss. Muller, John von, celebrated historian, ' Universal History ' 

Ger. , John, physiologist , . ., 

Ger. Munchhausen, J. C. F., proverbial for 'stories' , 

Eng. Manden, Jos. S., comedian , , , 

Fr. Murat, Joachim, intrepid marshal and king of Naples , 

Ital. Muratori, Louis Anthony, historian . . , 

Irish. Murphy, Arthur, dramatist and translator 

Scot. Murray, Alex., self-taught linguist 

Scot. , Hugh, geographer (Encyclo) 

Scot. -, or Moray, Jas. Stuart, earl of, regent , 

Eng. ■ -, John, the elder, eminent publisher 

Amer. ■ , Lindley, grammarian , 

Amer. -, Wm., Vans, statesman , . 

Gr, Musaeus, Athenian poet . , , 

Fr. Musset, Louis C. A, de, poet . . 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1660 


1717 


C. 160 




1731 


1805 


1740 


1807 


bt> 1826 




. 1756 


1792 


1777 


1842 


1797 


1840 


1752 


1809 


1801 


1858 


1720 


1797 


1758 


1832 


1771 


1S15 


1672 


1750 


1727 


1805 


, 1775 


1813 


1779 


1846 


1531 


1570 


X778 


1843 


. 1745 


1826 


1761 


1803 


0. 1243 




1810 


1857 






Pers. 

Heb. 

Irish. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Pers. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Dutch, 

Pers. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Gr. 

Chald. 

Fr. 

Swiss. 



N. 

Nabonassar, first king of the Chaldeans , , 

Nabopolassar, king of Babylon , , 

Nadir Shah, or Thainas Kouli Kahn, warrior and king . 
Nahum, prophet .... 

Napier, Chas. Jas., general in India, &c, , . 

-, John, baron, inventor of logarithms , 

, Sir Charles, admiral . . , , 

Napoleon I., (Bonaparte) , , , 

, II., king of Rome, (see Bonaparte) , , 

— , III,, (Louis Napoleon), emperor . 

N ares, James, musical doctor, composer , , 

, Rev. Edmund, ' Thinks I to myself 

Narses, warrior in the service of Justinian I., the emperor 
Narvaez, don Ramon, duke of Valentia, statesman . 
Nash, Richard, styled ' Beau Nash ' , . . 

Nassau, prince Maurice of, able general , . 

Nassir Eddyn, celebrated astronomer . , . 

Navarrete, Martin F. de, ' Collect of Voyages ' 
Neal, Daniel, author of the ' History of the Puritans,' &c 

, John, novelist .... 

, Joseph C, litterateur , 

Neander, J. W. Augustus, ecclesiastical historian . 
Nearchus, admiral and voyager . . . 
Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon . . . 
Necker, James, eminent financier and statesman , 
, Madame J. C, wife of James, essayist , 



fl. B. c r 747 




. fi, b. c. 626 




1688 


1747 


, f. B, c. 


7th cent. 


, 1782 


1853 


1550 


1617 


1786 


1860 


1769 


1821 


1811 


1832 


1808 




1715 


1783 


1762 


1841 




567 


1795 




1674 


1761 


, 1567 


1625 


t 1201 


1274 


, 1765 


1844 


. 1678 


1743 


1794 




1S07 


1848 


1789 


1850 


. B. C. 


4th cent, 




B. c, 462 


1732 


1804 


1739 


1794 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



65 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Neele, Henry, poet and miscellaneous writer . . 

Neff, Felix, apostle of the Alps . . . . 

Nehemiah, governor of Judea .... 

Nelson, Horatio, viscount, celebrated admiral 

Nepos, Cornelius, historian .... 

Nero, infamous emperor .... 

Nerva, emperor ..... 

Nesselrode, Charles E., count, statesman and diplomatist . 

Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, founder of Nestorians 

Neukomm, Sigism. chevalier, composer 

Neuwied, Maximilian, prince of, traveller in North America, &c, 

Newton, John, Calvinistic divine and writer 

, Sir Isaac, the greatest of philosophers 

, Thomas, learned prelate, (on Prophecies) . 

Ney, Michael, marshal, ' the bravest of the brave ' 
Nicephorus, Greg., Byzantine historian 
Nicholas I., emperor, (1825-55) 
Nichols, John Bowyer, printer and archaeologist . 
Nicholson, Peter, architect and political mechanic 

-, William, writer on natural philosophy and chemistry 



Heb. 

Eng. 

Bom. 

Rom. 

Bom. 

Russ. 

Gr. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Gr. 

Buss. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. Nicklin, P. H., bookseller and miscellaneous writer 

Ger. Nicolai, Chris. Fred., bookseller and author 
Nicolas, Sir Harris, antiquary 
Niebhur, B. G., statesman and historian 
, Carsten, celebrated traveller 



Eng. 
Ger. 
Ger. 
Pol. 

Eng. 



Niemcewiez, Julius U., military commander and author 
Nightingale, Florence, practical philanthropist 

Amer. Niles, Hezekiah, journalist 'Register ' 

Swe. Nilston, Sven, zoologist ..... 

Amer. Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, politician and author . 

Ger. Noehden, G. H., grammarian and miscellaneous writer 

Fr. Nodier, Charles, novelist .... 

Ger. Am. Nordheimer, Hebrew scholar and author 

Eng. Normanby, C. G. Phipps, marquis of, novelist and statesman 

Eng. North, Francis, 1st lord Guilford, ' lord keeper ' 

Eng. , Frederick, lord, prime minister of George III. . 

Eng. Northcote, James, artist and biographer . 

Amer. Norton, Andrews theological, Unitarian author 

Eng. , Hon. Mrs., poetess .... 

Amer. Nott, Abner Kingman, remarkable Baptist preacher . 

Amer; , Eliphalet, D. D., president of Union College and author 

Eng. , John, poet and translator 

Ger. Novalis, or Fred, von Hardenberg, author 

Eng. Novello, Vincent, musician (life by Mrs. Clarke) 

Amer. Noyes, Wm. Curtis, jurist and patriot 

Irish. Nugent, lord, author of ' Life of Hampden,' &c. 

Rom. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome . . f . 

Span. Nunez, Alva C. de Vaca, explorer . . . 

O. 

Eng. Oates, Titus, infamous pretender of the ' Popish plot ' . 
Fr. Oberlin, John Fred., philanthropist 

5 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1798 


1828 


1798 


1829 


b. c. 444 




1758 


1805 




B. c. 30 


37 


68 


32 


98 


1780 


1862 




439 


1778 


1857 


c. 1782 




1725 


1807 


1642 


1727 


1704 


1782 


1769 


1815 


14th cent. 


1796 


1855 


1807 


1863 


y 1753 


1815 


1786 


1842 


, 1733 


1811 


1799 


1848 


1776 


1830 


1733 


1815 


1756 


1841 


1777 


1839 


1787 






1851 


1770 


1826 


1783 


1844 


1797 


1863 


1637 


1685 


1732 


1792 


1746 


1837 


1790 


1835 


1834 


1859 


1773 


1866 


1751 


1826 


1772 


' 1801 


1781 


1861 


1805 


1864 




1850 


b. c. 714 






1564 


1619 


1705 


1740 


1826 



66 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION, 

Irish. 

Irish. 

Irish. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Arab. 

Fr. 

Bar. 

Dan. 

.Eng. 

Irish. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Amer, 

Span. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Arab. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Gr. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

Span. 

Fr. 
Fr. 

Eusb. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Gr. 

Irish. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Port. 

Scot. 

Egypt. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Rom. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

O'Brien, Fitz-James, poet .... 

, Wm, Smith, political agitator . , 

O'Connell, Daniel, political agitator . . . 

O'Connor, Fergus, chartist orator . 

Ockley, Simon, orientalist 

Odenatus, warrior, husband of Zenobia 

Odilon-Barrot, C. H., statesman . . 

Odoacer, Gothic king of Italy 

Oersted, Hans Ch., discoverer of electro-magnetism 

Oglethorpe, J. E., founder of Georgia 

O'Keefe, John, dramatist 

Oken, Louis, naturalist .... 

Olbers, H. W. M., astronomer 

Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham 

Olin, Stephen, D. D, Methodist theologian and author 

Olivan, don Aless., publicist .... 

Olmsted, Denison, professor, astronomer, &c. 

Olshausen, Hermann, protestant theologian . . 

Omar I., caliph, captor of Jerusalem . . 

O'Meara, Barry, surgeon to Napoleon and author 

Onslow, Arthur, speaker House Commons 

Opie, Mrs. Amelia, writer on morals and education 

Oppian, poet ..... 

Orange, "William I., of Nassau, prince of, founder of Dutch republic 1533 



■, William II., prince of, stadtholder . 

, William III., prince of, stadtholder, and king of England 

Orfila, M. J. B., chemist and toxicologist . . 

Origen, one of the fathers of the church . . 

Orleans, L. J. P., duke of ' Egalite,' guillotined 

, Fer. P. L., duke of, heir of Louis Philippe 

Orloff, Gregory, count, favorite Catherine II. . . 

Orme, Robert, historian of India .... 
Ormond, James Butler, duke of, statesman 
Orpheus, poet, sometimes styled the ' father of poetry ' 
Orrery, Charles, 4th earl of, natural philosophy 

, Roger Boyle, 1st earl of, statesman and author 

Orton, Job, dissenting divine and author . . 

Osgood, Frances, poetess . . . . 

, Samuel, D. D, Unitarian divine and author 

Osorio, Jerome, philosopher, historian, and theological writer 
Os6ian, Gaelic bard, supposed to have lived in the 3d century 
Osymandias, king of Egypt .... 

Otis, James, patriot and statesman . . 

, Harrison Gray, statesman and jurist . . 

Otho I., king of Greece (born in Bavaria) 

Ottley, "Wm. Young, writer on art . . 

Otway, celebrated dramatist, ' Venice Preserved ' 

Oudinot, Charles N., marshal of France ... 

Ouseley, Sir Gore, diplomatist . . . 

Overbeck, Fred., founder of modern religious school of art 

Overbury, Sir Thos., (poisoned in the Tower) . 

Ovid, Publius Naso, poet .... 



BORN. 


DIED. 




1863 


1806 


186- 


. 1775 


1847 


1795 


1855 


1678 


1720 




267 


1791 






493 


1777 


1851 


1698 


1785- 


1748 


1833 


1778 


1S51 




1S40 


1360 


1417 


1797 


1851 


1791 


1859 


1796 


1839 


581 


644 


1778 


1836 


1691 


1768 


1771 


1853 


f. 150 




public 1533 


15S4 


1626 


1650 


dand 1650 


1702 


1787 




185 


253 


1747 


1793 


1810 


1842 


1734 


1783 


1728 


1801 


1610 


16SS 


1676 


1731 


1621 


1679 


1717 


1783 


1812 


1850 


1812 




1502 


1580 


(abt.) 1500 




1725 


1772 


1767 


1848 


1815 


1867 


'1771 


1836 


1651 


1685 


1767 


1847 


1769 


1844 


1780 




1581 


1C13 


b. c. 43 


17 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



67 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Span. Oviedo, J. G., bishop of, author of ' Voyages in the West Indies ' 

Amer. Owen, David Dale, geologist .... 

Eng. . , John, independent theologian . • 

Eng. •, Richard, surgeon and naturalist . , . 

Welsh. ■ , Robert, political theorist . . . . 

Amer. , Robert Dale, statesman and author . 

Eng. Oxford, Horace Walpole, earl of, author . 



P. 

Amer. Paine, Elijah, jurist ..... 

Amer. , Elijah (son of above), jurist . . 

Amer. , John Howard, dramatist, ' Home, Sweet Home ' 

Amer. , Robert Treat, lawyer and patriot . 

Amer. , Robert Treat, son, poet, . . . 

Eng. , Thomas, political and deistical writer . . 

Fr. Paixhan, general, inventor of guns bearing his name 
Ven. Paez, military commander and president Venezuela . 

Ital. Paganini, Nicolo, famous Violinist . , . 

Eng. Paley, William, eminent divine and author . 

Eng. Palgrave, Sir Francis, antiquarian author . . 

Fr. Palisset de Montenoy, Charles, satirist . . . 

Fr. Palissy, Bernard, 'the Potter' . ... 

Ital. Pall adio, Andrew, architect .... 

Pruss. Pallas, Peter Simon, traveller and naturalist . . 

Eng. Palmerston, Henry Temple, viscount, statesman . . 

Ger. Panzer, G. W. F., bibliographer . . • . 

Ital. Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot and general . . 

Can. Papineau, L. J., politician and patriot . . 

Rom. Papinian, jEmilius, civil lawyer .... 
Swiss. Paracelsus, A. P. T. B. de H., alchemist ,. . 

Eng. Pardoe, Julia, Miss, novelist ' 
Fr. Paris, count of, Louis Ph. Al., grandson of Louis Philippe 

Eng. , Matthew, historian .... 

Scot. Park, Mungo, celebrated traveller 

Amer. Parker, Theodore, Unitarian preacher and oriental scholar . 

Eng. Parkes, Samuel, chemist and author . 

Ital. Parma, Alexender Farnese, duke of, regent of the Netherlands 

Irish. Parnell, Thps., poet and divine . . 

Eng. Parr, Samuel, learned divine and philologist , . 

Eng. , Thomas, lived 152 years . , 

Eng. Parry, Capt. Edward, Arctic navigator . . . 

Amer. Parsons, Theophilus, jurist .... 

Amer. — , Theophilus (son), jurist .... 

Amer. Parton, James, biographer, historian, and essayist . 

Amer. , Mrs. Sarah, ' Fanny Fern,' authoress . . 

Fr. Pascal, Blaise, eminent geometrician and writer . 

Rusa. Paskewitsch, Ivan F., prince of "Warsaw, general . , 

Eng. Pasley, Gen. Sir Chas. "W., engineer . . . 

Fr. Pasquier, Etienne D., count, chancellor of France . 

Ger. Passow, Francis L. C. F., philologist and lexicographer (Greek lex.) 1786 

Rom. Paterculus, Caius Velleius, historian . . (abt.) b. c. 20 



ORN. 


DIED. 




1540 


1807 


1860 


1616 


1683 


1771 


1S60 


1717 


1797 



1757 


1842 


1796 


1853 


1791 


1851 


1731 


1814 


1773 


1811 


1736 


1809 


1782 


1854 


1787 




1784 


1835 


1745 


1805 


1788 


1861 


1730 


1815 


1510 


1590 


1518 


1580 


1741 


1811 


1784 


1865 


1729 


1812 


1726 


1806 


1789 




145 


212 


1493 


1541 


1812 


1862 


1838 






1259 


1771 


1804 


1810 


1860 


1759 


1829 


1546 


1592 


1679 


1717 


1746 


1S25 


1483 


1635 


1790 


1855 


1750 


1813 


1811 




1623 


1662 


1782 


1856 


1781 


1861 


1767 


1862 


1786 


1833 



68 



THE "WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Patmore, Coventry, poet .... 
Irish. Patrick, St., apostle of Ireland . . . 

Eng. , Simon, bishop of Chichester, Bible commentary 

Paul, Father, (see Sarpi) 

Ileb. , St., Apostle to the Gentiles 

Fr. , St. Vincent do, Catholic missionary . 

Amer. Paulding, James Kirke, novelist and essayist . . 

Rom. Paulus-^Emilius, Lucius, fell at Cannas . . 

Gr. Pausanias, spartan commander 

Gr. , topographical writer 

Eng. Paxton, Sir Joseph, horticulturist and architect 
Eng. Payne, Roger, noted book-binder . . . 

Amer. Payson, Edward, D. D., congregational divine . 
Amer. Peabody, Eliz P., educational writer 

Amer. , O. W. B., reviewer and biographer , 

Eng. Peacock, George, dean of Ely, mathematician 
Eng. Pearson, John, bishop of Chester, ' On the Creed ' 
Port. Pedro, V., king of Portugal, (son of Donna Maria II.) 

Port. , don, claimant to the throne of Portugal 

Eng. Peel, Sir Kobert, 1st baronet, cotton manufacturer 

Eng. , Sir Robert, 3d baronet, statesman 

Eng. Peele, George, poet, (Life by Dyce) . 

Brit. Pelagous, monk, founder of a sect . 

Span. Pelayo, first king of Asturias 

Fr. Pelissier, A. J. J., duke of Malakoff, marshal 

Ital. Pellico, Silvio, poet and patriot 

Gr. Pclopidas, illustrious Theban general 

Pr. Pelouze, Theodore Jules, chemist 

Eng. Pembroke, Mary Sidney, countess of 

Eng. Penn, Granville, author 

Eng. , "William, admiral, father of founder of Pennsylvania 

Eng. , "William, founder and legislator of Pennsylvania 

Eng. Pennant, Thomas, naturalist and antiquary 

Ital. Pepe, "William Florestan, general . . . 

Amer. Pepperell, Sir William, general . . 

Ital. Pepoli, Charles, litterateur .... 

Eng. Pepys, Samuel, secretary to Admiralty, author of ' Diary' 

Eng. Perceval, Spencer, prime minister, assassinated 

Amer. Percival, James Gates, poet, geologist and critic 

Eng. Percy, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, ' Religious Ant, Poetry' 

Fr. Perefixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, historian 

Eng. Pereirea, Jonathan, M. D., 'Materia Medica' . . 

Ital. Pergolese, John B., musical composer . . 

Gr. Pericles, able Athenian orator and statesman 

Amer. Perit, Pelatiah, merchant and philanthropist 

Eng. Perkins, Hugh, eccentric preacher and roundhead (executed) 

Amer. , Jacob, inventor of steam-gun, &c. 

Eng. , Thomas H., eminent merchant and philanthropist 

Fr. Perouse, John F. Galaup, circumnavigator . . 

Fr. Penier, M. Casimir, statesman . . . 

Amer. Perry, Matthew G., commodore, ('Japan') 
Amer. , Oliver Hazard, commodore U. S. navy . 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1823 




372 


493 


1626 


1707 


1552 


1623 




65? 


1576 


1669 


1779 


1860 


B 


c. 216 


B. 


o. 470 


f. (abt.) 120 


1802 


1865 


1739 


1797 


1783 


1827 


1S02 




1799 


1848 




1858 


1613 


1686 


1837 


186- 




1834 


1750 


1830 




1850 


1552 


1598 


S54 






757 


1794 


1864 


1789 


1854 


B 


c. 364 


1807 






1621 


1T61 


1844 


1621 


1670 


1644 


1718 


1726 


1798 


1780 


1855 


1697 


1759 


1S01 




1632 


1703 


1762 


1812 


1795 


1857 


1728 


1811 


1605 


1670 


1804 


1853 


1710 


1736 


b. c. 490 B. C. 429 


1785 


1864 


1599 


1660 


1766 


1849 


1764 


1854 


1741 


1788 


1777 


1832 


1795 


1858 


1785 


1S19 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



69 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Fr. Persigny, Jean G. V., politician and diplomatist . . 

Bom. Persius, Flaccus Aulus, satirist . - . 

Ger. Perthes, Christian Frederick, bookseller, (life by son) , 

Rom. Pertinax, emperor ..... 

Swiss. Pestalozzi, Henry, introducer of a new system of education 

Russ. Peter I., the great, statesman and warrior 

Fr. the Hermit, first mover of the crusades , , 

Eng. Peters, Hugh, ' fanatic ' , , 

Eng. Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, earl of, warrior . , 

Ger. Petermann, August H., geographer , . , 

Amer. Petigrew, James Louis, of S. C, Union statesman , , 

Petion, Alexander, mulatto, president Hayti 

Ital. Petrarch, Francis, one of the four greatest of Italian poets , 

Fr. Peyronnet, Pierre D., count de, minister of CharleB X. and his 

Ger. Pfeiffer, Ida, traveller and author . , 

Rom. Phsedrus, fabulist , , 

Fr. Philidor, Andrew, writer on chess . • 

Philip II., king of Macedon, warrior . . , 

St., of Neri, founder of the Oratory . , 

Eng. Phillimore, John G, author on law , , 

Eng. Phillips, Ambrose, poet and dramatist , . , 

Eng. ————, John, poet ' Splendid Shilling ' , , 

Eng. , Sir Richard, bookseller and compiler , , 

Jew. Philo-JudaauB, learned Jewish writer of Alexandria , 

Gr. Philopcemen, celebrated general . . , 

Eng. Phipps, Sir William, colonial governor Massachusetts 

Gr. Phocion, eminent Athenian general , , , 

Photius, learned patriarch of Constantinople . 

Amer. Physic, Philip Syng, M. D. . . . , 

Ital. Piazzi, Joseph, astronomer . . , 

Fr. Pioard, Louis Benedict, dramatist and novelist . . 

Fr. Pichegru, Charles, eminent general . 

Amer. Pickering, Timothy, distinguished statesman 

Amer. — . — <■ — , John, philologist . . • . 

Swiss. Pictet, Benedict, theological and historical writer , 

Eng. Pictou, Sir Thomas, general . , , 

Amer. Pierce, Franklin, general, 14th president U, S. , 

Rom. Pilate, Pontius, Roman governor of Judea 

Amer. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, general and diplomatist 

Amer. — ■ , William, distinguished orator and diplomatist 

Gr, Pindar, the greatest of lyric poets 

Scot. Pinkerton, John, fertile and eccentric author , 

Span. Pinzon, Vincent Tanez, navigator, discovered Brazil 

Amer. Piozzi, HeBter L., miscellaneous writer, friend of Dr. Johnson 

Fr. Piron, Alexis, poet dramatist, and wit , , 

Gr. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens 

Amer. Pitkin, Timothy, historian and statistician 

Eng. Pitt, Christopher, poet and translator 

Eng. , William, 1st earl of Chatham, statesman 

En g- i William, celebrated statesman, son of Lord Chatham 

Gr. Pittacus, of Mitylene, one of the seven sages 

Ital, Pius IX., pope, (Giov. Mastai Ferretti) 



BOEN. 


DIED. 


1808 




34 


62 


1772- 


1843 


126 


193 


1745 


1827 


167'2 


1725 


1050? 


1115 


1599 


1600 


160S 


1735 


1789 


1803 


1770 


1818 


1304 


1374 


storian 1778 


1854 


1795 


1858 


. f. 30 




1726 


1795 


B, c. 383 B. 


c. 336 


1515 


1595 


1809 


1865 




1749 


167G 


1708 


1768 


1840 


f. A. 


d. 40 


, b. c, 253 b, 


c. 183 


1651 


1695 


B. c. 400 b. 


C. 318 


,815 


891 


1768 


1837 


1746 


1826 


1769 


1824 


1761 


1804 


1746 


1829 


1772 


184Q 


16.35 


1724 


, 


1815 


1804 




. 


3S? 




1825 


1765 


1822 


b. c. 522 b. 


c, 442 


1758 


1826 


f. 1500 




1789 


1821 


1689 


1773 


. B. 


C. 527 


1765 


1S47 


1699 


1743 


1708 


1778 


1759 


1S06 


B. c. 650 B. 


C.570 


1792 





10 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Span. Pizarro, Francis, conqueror of Peru . , 

Eng. Platoche, James R., dramatist and miscellaneous 'writer 

Or. Plato, illustrious philosopher, founder of the Academic sect 

Rom, Plautus, comic poet .... 

Eng. Playfair, John, eminent mathematician and natural philosopher 

Eng. , Lyon, chemist, (born in Bengal) . 

Eom, Pliny, the elder, or C. P. Secundus, author of natural history 

Rom. , the younger, warrior and author 

Egypt. Plotinus, Platonic philosopher .... 

Irish. Plunket, "W. C, lord chancellor of Ireland . . 

Gr. Plutarch, celebrated biographer . . . 

Ind. Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, of Va. , . 

Eng, Pocock, D. E., learned critic and commentator . . 

Eng. — — — , D. R., learned prelate and traveller . , 

Amer. Poe, Edgar A., poet, critic and novelist . . . 

Ger. Poggendorf, John Chris., physicist and chemist 

Amer. Poinsett, Joel R., statesman, diplomatist, and author . 

Fr, Poisson, D. S., mathematician , . . 

Eng. Pole, Reginald, cardinal archbishop of Canterbury . 

Fr. Polignac, J. A. M,, prince, minister of Charles X. * 

Fr, , Melchior de, cardinal and statesman . . 

Amer. Polk, Jas. Knox, president U. S. , . 

Amer. . Leonidas, Bp. of La., and rebel general . , 

Eng. Pollok, Robt., poet, « Course of Time ' . , 

Ital. Polo, Marco, celebrated Venetian traveller , . 

Gr. Polybius, eminent historian 

Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, Christian martyr and author . 

Port. Pombal, Seb., marquis of, statesman . 

Eng. Pomfret, John, poet . . . . 

Fr. Pompadour, J. A. P., Marchioness of . 

Rom. Pompey, Cneus, statesman and warrior . (' The Great.') 

Span. Ponce de Leon, discoverer of America 

Pol. Poniatowski, Joseph, prince, general, marshal of France , 

Pol. , Stanislaus Aug., last king of Poland 

Ind. Pontiac, Indian chief ..... 

Eng. Poole, John, author of ' Paul Pry,' &c. . , 

Eng. , Matthew, able divine and author . , . 

Eng. Pope, Alexander, celebrated poet 

Amer. J John, Union general, com. army Potomac aud 4th mil. dist. 

Porphyry, Platonic philosopher , . • 

Eng. Porson, Richard, eminent hellenist and critic . 

Ital. Porta, John Baptist, natural philosopher . . 

Eng. Porter, Anna Maria, novelist . . . 

Amer. , David, commodore, U. S. Navy . • 

Amer. , David D., rear-admiral , . . . 

Eng. , Jane, novelist, .... 

Eng. , Sir Robert Ker, author of ' Travels,' &c. . 

Eng. Porteus, Beilby, eminent prelate 

Amer. Potter, Alonzo, D. D., epis. bp. of Pennsylvania, and educa- 
tional author ..... 1800 18G2 

Amer. , Horatio, D. D., episc. bishop of New York . . 

Eng. , John, archbishop of Canterbury. ' Gr. Antiq.' , 1674 1747 






BORN. 


DIED. 


1475 


1541 


1796 




B. o. 430 


b. c. 347 


b. c. 227 


B. C. 184 


r 1749 


1819 


1819 




23 


79 


61 


115 


203 


270 


1765 


1854 


50 


120 


, 


1617 


1604 


1691 


1704 


1765 


1811 


1856 


1796 




1773 


1851 


1781 


1840 


15C0 


1558 


1780 


1817 


1611 


1741 


1795 


1849 


1S06 


1864 


1799 


1827 


1250 


1323 


b, c. 205 


b. o. 123 




169 


1699 


1782 


1667 


1703 


1772 


1704 


B. C. 106 


B. C. 48 


1460 


1521 


1763 


1813 


1732 


1798 


1712 


1769 


1624 


1779 


1688 


1744 


1823 




233 


304 


1759 


1808 


1540 


1616 


17S1 


1832 


1780 


1843 


1776 


1850 


17S0 


1842 


1731 


1808 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



11 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Potter, Robert, divine, poet, aud translator . 

Eng. Pottenger, Sir Henry, diplomatist 

Irish. Power, Tyrone, comic actor . . . 

Russ. Pozzo di Borgo, diplomatist 

Eng. Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, poet . . 

Amer. Pradt, Abbe Dominique de, political writer 

Amer. Preble, Edward, commodore in the U. S. Navy 

Amor. Prentiss, Sargent S , lawyer and politician, famed for eloqu 

Amer. Prescott, Wm. Hickling, historian 

Amer. Preston, Wm. C, U. 8. senator for South Carolina 

Eng. Price, Dr. R., writer on civil liberty 

Eng. ■ , Sir Uvedale, writer on the Picturesque 

Eng. Prideanx, Humphrey, learned divine, 

Ger. Priessnitz, Vincent, founder of Hydropathy 

Eng. Priestley, Joseph, eminent philosopher and writer 

Amer. Prince, Rev. Thos., historian of N. England 

Eng. Pringle, Thos., poet and traveller . , 

Eng. Piinsep, Chas. R., political economist , 

Eug. Prior, Mathew, poet and statesman 

Eng. Pritchard, J. C„ ethnologist, * Natural History of Man 

Rom. Pro-bus, Marcus Aurelius, emperor 

Ital. Procida, John of, patriot . . , 

Gr. Proclus, a Platonic philosopher „ . 

Procopius, historian . . , , 

Rom. , Anthemius, emperor . , 

Eng. Proctor, Miss Ade aide A„ poetess . . 

Eng. , Bryan W, (' Barry Cornwall '), poet and critic 

Rom. Propertius, Sextus Aurelius, poet , 

Fr. Proudhon, Pierre Jos., political theorist and socialist 

Eng. Prynne, learned lawyer, political writer, and antiquary 

Fr. Psalmanazar, George, literary impostor 

Egypt. Ptolemy, Claudius, eminent astronomer and geographer 

Ger. Puckler-Muskau, H. E. H., prince of, author of Travels, &c 

Ger. Puffendorf, Samuel, baron de, publicist and historian. 

Eng. Pugin, Augs. Welby, architectural writer 

Pole. Pulaski, Casimir, count, genl. in the U. S. service . 

Ital. Pulci, Louis, poet .... 

nung. Pulszky, Franz, politician and author . . 

Eng. Purcell, Henry, musical composer . . 

Eng. , Thos., musical composer . 

Eng. Purchas, divine, editor of "Voyages and Pilgrimage 

Amer. Pursh, Fred., botanist .... 

Eng. Pusey, Edward Bour, D.D., founder of ' Puseyites ' 

Amer. Putnam, Israel, distinguished officer in the Revolution 

Amer. , Rufus, pioneer settler of Ohio 

Eng. Puttenham, George, poet and critic, ' Art of Eng. Poesie 

Eng. Pye, Henry James, poet laureate 

Eng. Pym, John, republican politician . 

Amer. Pynchon, Wm., founder of Springfield, Maps. 

Gr. Pyrrho, philosopher, founder of Sceptic Sect 

Pyrrhus, king of Epirus . . . 

Gr. Pythagoras, celebrated philosopher 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1721 


1804 


1T87 


1856 


1795 


1841 


1768 


1842 


1802 


1839 


1759 


1837 


1761 


1807 


1810 


1850 


1796 


1859 


1794 


1860 


1728 


1791 


1747 


1829 


1648 


1724 


1799 


1851 


1733 


1804 


1687 


1758 


1789 


1834 


1788 


1864 


1664 


1721 


1785 


1848 


232 


282 


1225 


1303 


410 


487 


410 


487 




472 




1864 


1787 




. C. 52 b 


C. 12 


1809 


1865 


1609 


1669 


1679 


1763 


70 




1785 




1632 


1794 


1811 


1852 


1747 


1779 


1432 


14S7 


1814 




1658 


1695 




1682 


1577 


1628 


1774 


1820 


1800 




1718 


1790 


1738 


1824 




1600 


1745 


1813 


1584 


1643 


1591? 


1662 


c. 300 




B. 


c. 272 


0. 586 B. 


c. 497 



12 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. B 

Eng. Quain, Jones, M. D., anatomist • • . . 

Eng. Quarles, Francis, poet, author of 'Emblems' , . 

Fr. Quatremere, E. M., orientalist .... 

Quekett, John, microseopist .... 

Fr. Quesne, Abraham du, admiral .... 

Quesnel, Peter, 'History of Jesuits' . . 

Belg. Quetelet, L. A., mathematician and statistician . . 

Span. Quevedo de Villegas, Francis, poet . . , 

Eng. Quin, James, actor ...... 

Fr. Quinault, Philip, lyrical dramatist . . , 

Amer. Quincy, Josiah ex-pres. Harvard Univ., and author . . 

Amcr. . , Josiah, Jr., ex-mayor of Boston, and financier . 

Fr. Quinet, Edgar, litterateur ... 

Span. Quintana, Jose Manuel de, poet and historian , , 

Rom. Quintilian, Marcus Fabius, celebrated orator . , 

Rom. Quintus-Curtius, historian . . , f, time Vespasian 

Amer. Quitman, John A., general and gov, of Mississsipi , 

R 

Fr. Rabelais, Francis, wit and satirist . , 

Fr. Racine, John, eminent dramatist . 

Fr Rachel, Eliza Rachel Felix, actress . . 

Eng. Radeliffe, Anne, romance writer, ' Mysteries of Udolpho 

Aust. Radetzky, Joseph, count, commander in Italy 

Eng. Raffles, Rev. Thos., independent minister and collector 

Eng. — — , Sir Thos. Stamford, author of ' History of Java 

Amer. Rafinesque, S. C. J, botanist 

Dan. Rafn, C. C, historian and antiquary . 

Eng. Raglan, J. H. Fitzroy Somerset, lord, general in Crimea 

Amer. Raguet, Condy, political economist . 

Eng. Raikes, Robt, printer, founder of ' Sunday schools ' 

Eng. Raleigh or Ralegb, Sir Walter, ' a man illustrious in 

literature' ... . . 

Hind. Rammohun, Roy, philanthropist . . 

Scot. Ramsay, Allan, poet .... 

Amer. — ■ ■, David, historian . . . 

Span. Ramusio, John Bapt, ' Collect, of Voyages' 
Amer. Randolph, John, of Roanoke, eccentric statesman 

Amer. — ■ , Peyton, first president of Congress , 

Ger. Ranke, Leopold, historian . . , 

Fr. Raoul, Rochette, archaeologist and traveller , 

Heb. Raphall, Morris J., learned rabbi and preacher 
Fr. Rapin de Thoyras, author of ' History of England' 

Rapp, Geo., founder of ' Sect of Harmonists , 
Dan. Rask, E. C, philologist and lexicographer . 

Fr. Raspail, F. V., chemist and radical statesman 
Pruss. Rauch, Fred. A., metaphysician , 

Ger. Raumer, Fred. B. G. von, historian , . 

Amer. Rawle, William, jurist .... 



&c 



and 



OEN. 


DIED. 




1865 


1592 


1644 


1782 


1857 


1815 


1861 


1G10 


1688 


1099 


1774 


1796 




1580 


1645 


1G93 


1766 


1635 


1668 


1772 


1864 


1802 




1803 




1772 


1857 


42 


122 




1st Cent. 


1799 


1858 


1483 


1553 


1589 


1699 


1820 


1858 


1764 


1823 


1766 


1858 


1788 


1863 


1781 


1826 


1784 


1842 


1795 




1788 


1855 


1784 


1842 


1785 


1811 


1552 


1618 


1776 


1833 


1685 


1758 


1749 


1812 


1485 


1557 


J773 


18S3 


1723 


1775 


1795 




1790 




1798 




1661 


1725 


1770 


1847 


1784 


1832 


1794 




1806 


1841 


1781 




1759 


1836 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



IS 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Rawlinson, Sir Henry C, geographer and orientalist 

Eng. Ray, John, naturalist and author 

Fr. Raynal, "William Thomas Francis, historian and philosopher 

Soot. Reach, Angus B., journalist and author 

Amer. Read, Geo. Campbell, admiral 

Eng. Reade, Charles, novelist . . 

Fr. Recamier, Mme Jane F. A. . ' 

Eng. Redding, Cyrus, journalist and author 

Amer. Redfield, William C, meteorologist 

Red Jacket, Thayendanega, Indian Chief . 

Amer. Reed, Henry, metaphysician and essayist 

Eng. , Isaac, critic and editor . , 

Amer. , Joseph, general in revolution . 

Amer. — — , "Wm. B., politician and author . 

Eng. Rees, Dr. Abraham, editor of an encyclopedia &c. 

Eng. Reeve, Clara, novelist, 'Old English Baron' , 

Eng. , John, comic actor 

Eng. , Lovell A., conchologist and publisher 

Fr. Regnard, John Francis, comic writer 

Fr. Reguault, Henry Vict., chemist . . 

Ger. Reichenbach, Charles, baron de, naturalist 

Irish. Reid, Capt. Mayne, novelist 

Scot. , Col., Sir Wm., engineer andmetereologist, ' Use of Storms 

Amer. — ^— *, Samuel C, naval commander 

Scot. -^—- , Thomas, celebrated metaphysician . 

Ger. Reinhard, Francis V., (founder of Christ.) 

Fr. Remusat, J. P. A., historian and linguist . 

Fr. Rene> duke of Anjou, king of Sicily . 

Eng. Rennel, Major J., geographer and traveller 

Scot. Rennie, John, eminent engineer and architect 

Amer. Reno, Jesse In, general in Union army 

Eng. Repton, Humphrey, landscape gardener 

Turk. Reschid Pasha, statesman, premier of Turkey 

Fr. Retz, John F. P., de Gondi, cardinal de, minister of Louis XV. 

Ger. Retzsch, Fred., A. M., printer and designer 

Amer. Reynolds, John F., Union general, killed at Gettysburg 

Eng. Ricardo, David, •writer on political economy and finance 

■ — , Joseph Lewis, (on International law) . 

Fr. Ricaut, Sir Paul, traveller and historian . 

Eng. Rich, Obadiah, bibliographer . . . 

Eng. Richard I, Coeur de Lion, king of England . 

Eng. III, king, killed at Bosworth 

Eng. Richardson, Charles, philologist (Eng. Diet.) 

Scot. , James, traveller in Africa 

Eng. , Samuel, eminent novelist 

Scot. , Sir John, naturalist and Arctic explorer 

Fr. Richelieu, A. J., du Plessis, cardinal and duke, statesman 

Ger. Richter, John Paul Frederick, novelist &c. 

Eng. Ridley, Nicholas, bishop and prot. martyr . . 

Span. Riego y Nunez, Raphael de, patriot . . 

Ital. Rienzi, Nicholas Gabrino de, political reformer . 

Ital. Ristori, Adelaide, actress . . . 



1810 


DLL', LI. 


1628 


1705 


1713 


1796 


1821 






1862 


1777 


1849 


1785 




1789 


1857 


1759? 


1830 


1808 


1854 


1742 


1807 


1748 


1785 


1743 


1825 


1723 


1803 


1799 


1838 


1814 


1865 


1647 


1709 


1810 




1788 




1818 




1791 


1858 


1783 


1861 


1710 


1796 


1753 


1812 


1788 


1832 


1409 


1480 


1742 


1S30 


1761 


1821 


1825 


1862 


1752 


1818 


1802 


1858 


1614 


1679 


1779 


1859 


1820 


1863 


1772 


1823 


1812 


1862 




1700 




1850 


1157 


1199 


1450 


1485 


1775 


1865 




1851 


1689 


1761 


1787 


1865 


1585 


1642 


1763 


1825 


1500 


1555 


1783 


1825 


1313 


1354 


1821 





u 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Ritchie, Leitch, journalist and author . , 

Amer. Ritchie, Thomas, journalist, * Richmond Enquirer ' 

Eng. Ritson, Joseph, lawyer, antiquary and critic . 

Amer. Rittenhouse, David, philosopher and astronomer . 

Ger. Ritter, Aug. H., 'History of Philosophy' . . 

Ger. , Charles, geographer 

Span. Rivas, Angel de Saavedra, duke of, soldier, statesman, poet 

Amer. Rives, M. C. (of Va.) statesman and diplomatist 

Amer. Rives, John C, journalist, ' "Washington Globe ' 

Amer. Riviugton, Jas., royalist printer of N. T. . 

Scot. Roberts, David, landscape painter and author . 

Scot Kobertson, William, celebrated historian 

Fr. Robespierre, F. M. J. L., ' the terrorist' of the revolution 

Amer. Robinson, Edward D. D., biblical geographer and philologist 

Scot. Rob Roy (Robert Macgregor) highland freebooter . (abt) 

Fr. Rochambeau. J. B. D., count de, marshal 

Fr. Rochefoucauld-Li ancourt, F. A. F., duke de la . 

Fr . Eochejacquelin, H. de la, royalist leader . 

Amer. Rodgers, John, commodore U. S. navy 

Eng. Rodney, Geo. Brydges, lord, able admiral . 

Eng. Roebuck, John Arthur, statesman . . . 

Eng. Rogers, Henry, theologian and critic 

Amer. , Henry Darwin, naturalist, professor in Glasgow 

Eng. , Samuel, poet .... 

Eng. Roget, Peter Mark, physiologist and philologist 

Fr. Roland de la Platriere, J. M., revolutionist and author 

Fr. , M.J. P., Madame, martyr of the revolution 

Fr. Rollin, Charles, celebrated historian . 

Eng. Romaine, "William, divine and author . . 

Eng. Romilly, Sir Samuel, jurist and statesman . 

Rom. Romulus, founder and first king of Rome . . 

Ger. Ronge, Johannes, educational and religious reformer 

Eng. Rooke, Sir George, admiral .... 

Span. Rosa, don Francisco Martinez do la, statesman, poet, historian &c, 

Span. Rosas, don Juan, Manuel de, ruler of Buenos Ayres 

Rom. Roscius Quintus, actor of proverbial talent 

Eng. Roscoe, Henry, biographer .... 

Eng. — , William, "biographer and miscellaneous writer 

Eng. Roscommon, Dillon Wentworth, earl of, poet . 

Ger. Rose, Gustave, chemist .... 

Eng. , Hugh James, ' Biograph. Diet.' . 

Eng. , Wm. Stuart, translator of Ariosto . . 

Ital. Rosellini, Hypolito, author of ' Monuments of Egypt,' &c, 

Amer. Rosecrans, W. S., gen. in Union army . 

Ger. Rosenkranz, Jonas K. F., metaphysician and professor of phil 

osophy ..... 

Ger. Rosenmuller, E. F. G, orientalist . . 

Ital. Rosetti, Gabriele, poet, artist and critic . 

Eng. Ross, Admiral Sir John, Arctic navigator . 

Eng. , Sir James Clark, Arctic explorer . . 

Eng. Rosse, Wm. Parsons, earl of, astronomer . 

Ital. Rossini, Joachim, musical composer . . 



>ORN. 


DIED. 


1800 


1865 


1778 


1854 


1752 


1803 


1731 


1796 


1791 




1779 


1859 


1791 




1796 


1864 


1724 


1802 


1796 


1864 


1721 


1793 


1759 


1794 


1794 


1864 




1763 


1725 


1807 


1747 


1827 


1773 


1794 


1771 


1838 


1717 


1792 


1802 




1806 




1763 


1855 


1779 




1733 


1793 


1754 


1793 


1661 


1741 


1714 


1795 


1757 


1818 


B 


o. 716 


1813 




1650 


1708 


1789 




1793 




B. 


c. CI 


1800 


1836 


1751 


1831 


1633 


1684 


1795 




1795 


1838 


1775 


1843 


1800 


1843 


1819 




1805 




1768 


1835 


17S3 


1854 


1777 


1856 


1800 


1862 


1800 




1792 





BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



15 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Ger.Jw.Rothschild, Meyer Anselm, founder of the great banking-house 

, Anselm at Frankfort, Nathan at London (d 1836) and 

SolomoD, sons of Meyer Anselm Rothschild 
Ger. Rotteck, Chas. "W". R. von, historian . 
Fr. Rousseau, John Baptist, poet . . . . 

Fr. , John James, eloquent and paradoxical writer 

Eng. Rowe, Nicholas, poet laureate and dramatist . . 

Ital. Rubini, Jno. Baptist, tenor vocalist . 
Ger. Ruckert, Frederick, poet .... 

Amer. Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, count, officer (in foreign service 

philosopher ..... 

Amer. Rumsey, James, inventor . 

Ger. Rupert, prince, warrior . . . . 

Amer. Ruschenberger, W. S. W., author of voyages and scientific wor 
Amer. Rush, Richard, diplomatist .... 

Eng. Rushworth John, ' Historical Collections ' . . 

Amer. Busk, Thos, J., U. S. senator from Texas . . 

Eng. Ruskin, John, writer on art .... 
Eng. Eussel, Lady Rachel (wife of lord Wm.), author of ' Letters 

Eng. , Tjord "William, one of the martyrs of liberty 

Scot. Russell, John Scott, engineer, builder of ' Great Eastern ' . 

Eng. , Lord John, now Earl Russell, statesman and author 

Scot. , William, historian of modern Europe 

Irish. , William H., Times correspondent and author . 

Amer. Rutledge, Edward, statesman .... 

Amer. , John (brother of above), statesman . . 

Dutch. Ruyter, M. A. de, admiral .... 

Eng. Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, ' Federa ' . . 



S. 

Eng. Sabine, Major-General Edward, physicist . 

Eng. Sacheverell, Henry, tory divine, impeached for sedition . 

Fr. Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, translator of Bible 

Fr. , Sylvester, baron de, orientalist . . . 

Pers. Sadi, or Saadi, poet ..... 

Eng. Sadler, Sir Ralph, diplomatist and historian 

Turk. Said Pasha Mohammed, viceroy of Egypt . 

Fr. Saint- Arnaud, J. A. Leroy de, marshal . . 

Amer. St. Clair, Arthur, general in Revolution 

Fr. St. Hilaire, Auguste de, botanist , 

Fr. , Geoff. S., naturalist and anatomist 

Fr. St. Pierre, Bernardin de, author of 'Paul and Virginia,' &c. 

Ital. St. Real, Caesar Vichard abbi de, historian 

Fr. St. Simon, Claudius, count de, philosopher . 

Eng. St. Vincent, John Jervis, earl of, admiral . . 

Fr. Saintine, Xavier B., writer of tales 

Eng. Sala, Geo. Augustus, journalist and author 

Sar. Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, celebrated warrior 

Eng. Sales, George, historian and translator of the Koran 

Eng. Salisbury, Robert Cecil, earl of, statesman 

Rom. Sallust, Caius Crispus, historian . . . f. b. c 



BORN. 


DIED. 


3 1780 
L 


1821 


1775 


1840 


1670 


1741 


1712 


1778 


1673 


1718 


1795 


1854 


1789 




land 




1753 


1814 


1743 


1792 


1619 


1682 


•ks 1807 




1780 




1607 


1690 


1803 


1857 


1819 




1636 


1723 


1641 


1683 


1808 




1792 




1746 


1794 


1821 




1749 


1800 


1739 


1800 


1607 


1679 


1713 





1790 




1672 


1724 


1613 


1684 


1758 


1838 


1175 


1296 


1567 


1587 


1822 


1863 


1798 


1854 


1735 


1813 


1799 


1861 


1772 


1844 


1736 


1814 


1639 


16S3 


1760 


1823 


1734 


1823 


1790 




1827 




1137 


1193 


1680 


1736 


1550 


1612 


. 86 b. 


O. 35 



16 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Fr. Salmasius, Claudius, scholar and author . . ' 

Fr. Salvandy, N, A., comte de, statesman ... 

Fr. Salverte, miscellaneous writer . , • 

Heb. Samson, judge of Israel .... 

Heb. Samuel, last judge of Israel . . . 

Phoe. Sanconiatho, philosopher and historian . . 

Fr. Sand, George (Madame Dudevant), novelist . 

Amer. Sanderson, John, litterateur . . • . 

Amor. Sands, Robt. C, poet and litterateur . . 

Eng. Sandwich, Edward Montague, earl of, naval officer 

Fr. Sanson, Nicholas, geographer and engineer . 

Mex. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, general and ex-president 

Gr. Sappho, poetess ..... 

Chald. Sardanapalus, king of Nineveh 

Ital. Sarpi, Peter, better known as Father Paul, patriot and historian 

Heb. Saul, 1st king of Israel .... 

Fr. Sauley, Louis F. J., count de, antiquarian . 

Fr. Saumarez, James, lord de, admiral . . . 

Fr. Saurin, divine and sermon-writer . . . 

Fr. Saussure, H. B. de, naturalist and traveller . . 

Fr. , Nich. Theo. de, chemist, geologist, &c. . 

Eng. Savage, Richard, poet .... 

Fr. Savary, Nicholas, ' Life of Mahomet,' ' Letters on Egypt ' 

Ger. Savigny, Fred. C. von, historian of Roman law 

Ital. Savonarola, Jerome, monk, famed for zeal and eloquence 

Pole-Fr. Saxe, Maurice, count de, celebrated general in the French service 1696 

Ger. Saxe-Weimar, Bernard, duke of, warrior . . 

Dan. Saxo-Grammaticus, historian 

Fr. Say, Horace Emile, political economist, son of J. B. Say 

Fr. — , Jean Baptiste, writer on political economy 

Amer. — , Thomas, naturalist .... 

Ital. Scaliger, Joseph Justus, critic and historian 

Ital. , Julius Caesar, learned critic . . . 

Scandenberg (real name Geo. Castriot), Albanian prince and warrior 1404 

Ger. Scapula, John, lexicographer 

Eng. Scarlett, James, 1st lord Abinger, jurist . 

Fr. Scarron, P., comic poet and satirist . . . 

Ger. Schadow, Julien Gottfried, sculptor . . . 

Swe. Scheele, Charles "Wm., eminent chemist . • 

Ger. Schelling, Fred. Augs., novelist .... 

Ger. , Fred. "W. J., philosopher . . . 

Amer. Schenck, Robert C. statesman and general, (Ohio) . 

Pruss. Schill, Ferdinand von, intrepid and patriotic officer 

Ger. Schiller, John Frederic C, eminent historian and dramatist 

Schimmelpenninck, Mary A., ' Mem. Port Royal' 

Ger. Schlegel, A. W. von, critic and essayist 

Ger. , Fred. C. W. von, critic and historian 

Ger. Schliermacher, F. D. E., classical philologist and theologian 

Ger. Schlosser, M. S. F., historian . . . 

Ger. Schmidt, Michael Ignatius, historian 

Amer. SchoikOd, major-general and governor Virginia . . 

Ger. Scholl, historian ...... 1766 1833 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1588 


1653 


1795 


1856 


1771 


1839 


. b. c. 12th Cent. 


B. c. 11th Cent. 


f. B. 


C. 760 


1804 




1785 


1844 


1790 


1832 


1623 


1672 


1600 


1667 


1798 




f. B. C. 606 




B. C 


. 876? 


rian 1522 


1623 


B. 


c. 1055 


1807 • 




. 1757 


1836 


1677 


1730 


1740 


1799 


1767 


1845 


. 1697 


1743 


1750 


1788 


1779 


1861 


1452 


1498 


ervice 1696 


1750 


1600 


1639 


1134 


1208 


1794 




1767 


1832 


. 1787 


1834 


1540 


1609 


1484 


1558 


varrior 1404 


1467 


1540 


1600 


1769 


1844 


1610 


1660 


1764 




1742 


1786 


1766 


1839 


1775 


1854 


1773 


1809 


1759 


1805 


1778 


1856 


1767 


1845 


1772 


1829 


1768 


1834 


1776 


1861 


1736 


1794 



BORN. 


DIED 


1619 


1690 


1804 


1865 


1793 


18G4 


1770 


1838 


1615 


1667 


1661 


1747 


1780 


1S50 


1747 




1731 


1804 


1771 


1820 


1800 


1852 


1576 


1649 



BIOGEAPHICAL INDEX. 17 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Dutch. Schomberg, Armand Frederick, warrior .' . 

Ger. Schomburgk, Sir Robert H., naturalist and traveller 

Amer. Schoolcraft, Henry R., traveller and historian of the Indians 

Ger. Schopenhauer, J. F., novelist . . 

Dutch. Schrevelius, Cornelius, lexicographer . . , 

Ger. Schullembourg, John Matthias, warrior , , 

Dutch. Schumacher, H. C, astronomer , 

Ger. Schutz, C. G., critic and litterateur . . . 

Amer. Schuyler, Philip, general officer in Revolution . 

Ger. Schwartzenberg, Chas. Ph., prince, general . , 

Ger. , prince F., premier of Austria , 

Ger. Scioppius, Gaspar, philologist and grammarian , 

Rom. Scipio, jEmilianus Publius, able warrior, (minor) . b. c. 188 

Rom. , Publius Cornelius, surnamed Africanus, able warrior, (major) b. c. 189 

Scot. Scott, Michael, philosopher, supposed magician , , 1291 

Eng. , Thomas, divine and bible commentator , . . 1747 1821 

Scot. , Sir "Walter, one of the most eminent, voluminous and popular 

writers of modern times , . , 

Amer. , "Winfield, lieutenant general commander.in.chief U, S. 

Fr. Scribe, Eugene, dramatist , , . , 

Fr. Sebastian, count Horate, marshal of France, statesman 

Eng. Seeker, Thomas, eminent prelate . , 

Dutch. Secundus, John, Latin poet , , - , 

Amer. Sedgewick, Catharine M., Miss, novelist and philanthropist 

Amer. , John, (of Conn.) Union general , 

Amer. 1 Theodore, statesman and political economist 

Amer. ■ > Theodore, (son) lawyer and writer , . 

Eng. Sedley, Sir Charles, poet . , , 

Fr. Segur, count Louis de, diplomatist and writer 

Eng. Selden, John, antiquary and historian « . , 

Scot. Selkirk, Alexander, seaman and adventurer , 

Scot. Selwyn, George Augustus, (Life by Jesse) . , 

Chald. Semiramis, queen of Assyria ... 

Rom. Seneca, Lucius Annaaus, philosopher, statesman and moralist 

Eng. Senior, Nassau W., political economist , , 

Ger. Sennefelder, Aloys, of Munich, inventor of lithography 

Span. Sepulveda, John Ginez de, historian . , 

Amer. Sergeant, John, jurist and statesman . , 

Rom. Sertorus, Quintus, warrior and naval commander , 

Span, Servetus, Michael, polemical writer against Calvin 

Egypt. Sesostris, king of Egypt .... 

Fr, Sevigne, Mary de, marchioness of, epistolary writer 

Eng. Seward, Anna, poetess, (Letters) . . , 

Amer. — , William H., statesman, U. S. senator from N. Y., s< 

Eng. Shadwell, T., poet laureate 

Eng. Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl of, statesman 

Eng. -, Anthony A. Cooper, 3d earl, ' Characteristics ' 

Eng. Shakespeare, John, orientalist 

Eng. — ■ , William, the greatest of dramatic poets 

Eng. Sharp, Granville, philanthropist . , , 

Scot. , James, archt. St. Andrews, assassinated . 

Eng. Shaw, George, naturalist , , 



1771 


1832 


army 1786 


1866 


1791 


1861 


1775 


1851 


1693 


1768 


1511 


1536 


1790 


1867 


1815 


1864 


1780 


1839 


1811 


1859 


1639 


1701 


1753 


1830 


1584 


1654 


• 


1723 


f. b. o. 1250 




t a. c. 2 


63 


1790 


1864 


1771 


1834 


1490 


1572 


1779 


1852 


, B. 


c. 73 


1509 


1553 


f. B, o, 1500 




1627 


1696 


1747 


1809 


of state 1801 




1640 


1692 


1621 


1683 


1671 


1713 


1774 


1858 


1564 


1616 


1734 


1813 


1618 


1679 


1751 


1813 



18 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PEOFESSION. 

Amer. Shays, Daniel, leader in Shay's rebellion . . 

Amer. Shedd, "W. G„ D. D., theologian, historian, and critic 

Eng. Sheepshanks, John, founder of picture gallery . . 

Eng. Shelley, Mary W. widow of P. B., the poet, novelist . 

Eng. , Percy Bysshe, eminent poet and atheist 

Eng. Shenstone, "William, poet .... 

Amer. Sheridan, Philip H. general, and governor military department 

Eng. , Richard Brinsley, dramatist and orator 

Eng. —, Thomas, actor, and author 

Eng. Sherlock, Thomas, bishop of London ' . 

Amer. Sherman, Roger, patriot and self-taught statesman . . 

Amer. , John, U. S senator from Ohio . . , 

Amer. ■ — , "William T., general . . . 

Eng. Sherwood Mrs., novelist .... 

Irish. Shiel, Richard Lalor, statesman and dramatist , . 

Eng. Shirley, James, dramatist . . , 

Eng. Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, able naval officer . . 

Amer. Shubrick, John Templar, naval officer . . 

Amer. , William B., rear admiral 

Eng. Shuckford, Rev. Samuel, ' Connect. Oldand New Tesament 1 

Eng. Sibbes, Richard, theologian, 'Bruised Reed' 

Eng. Siddons, Sarah, the most eminent of tragic actresses 

Eng. Sidmouth, viscount, (H. Addington) statesman . 

Eng. Sidney, Algernon, martyr of liberty and author . . 

Eng. -, Sir Philip, accomplished officer and author . 

Ger. Siebold, Ph. F. Von, naturalist and botanist . . 

Amer. Sigel, Franz, general in Union army, war 1861-65 . 

Amer. Sigourney, Lydia H., poet and essayist . . . 

Amer. Silliman, Benjamin, chemist and geologist . , 

Amer. , Benjamin (son), chemist and geologist 

Eng. Simeon, Rev. Charles, theological writer and editor .■ 

, Simon Stylites, Syrian Ascetic 

Amer. Simms, William Gilmore, novelist and poet . . 

Gr. Sim onides, of Amorgus, Iambic poet . . 

Gr. , of Eos, lyric poet .... 

Scot. Simpson, Robert, mathematician . . . 

Eng. , Thomas, " . . • 

Eng. Sinclair, Catharine, authoress 

Hind. Sing, M, rajah Runjeet, chief of Lahore and Cashmere . 

Swiss. Sismondi, J. C. L., historian . . . 

Eng. Skelton, John, poet laureate to Henry VIII 

Ger. Sleidan John Philipson, historian 

Eng. Sloane, Sir Hans, eminent naturalist 

Scot. Smith, Adam, celebrated writer on morals and political economy 

Scot. , Alex, poet ..... 

Eng. , Charlotte, poet .... 

Amer. j General Samuel, military commander and statesman 

Eng. , Horace, poet, 'Rejected Addresses,' &e. . 

Eng. , James, poet, " " . . 

Eng. , John, ' History Viginia' , . 

Eng. , John Pye, theological writer ... 

Amer. , Joseph , Mormon prophet . . . 



BOEN. 


DIED. 


1740 


1825 


1787 


1863 


1798 


1851 


1792 


1822 


1714 


1763 


1751 


1816 


1722 


178a 


1678 


1761 


1721 


1793 


1775 


1S52 


1792 


1851 


1594 


1666 


1650 


1705 


1778 


1815 




1754 


1577 


1635 


1755 


1831 


1757 


1844 


1620 


1683 


1554 


1586 


1796 




1824 




1791 


1865 


1779 


1864 


1759 


1836 


S92? 


461? 


1806 




B. C. 660 P 




550? 




1687 


1768 


1710 


1761 


1800 


1864 


1779 


1839 


1773 


1842 


1450 P 


1529 


1506 


1556 


1660 


1752 


y 1723 


1790 


1830 




1749 


1806 


1752 


1839 


1779 


1849 


1775 


1839 


1579 


1631 


1774 


1851 


1805 


1844 



NATION 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng, 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Pol. 

Ital. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Span. 

Heb. 

Gr. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Gr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Gr. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Span. 

Dutch. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 

NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Smith, Rev. Sidney, essayist, critic and moralist . . 

, Sir James E., botanist and naturalist . . 

, Sir William Sidney, military commander . , 

, T. South-worth, -writer on sanitary reform 

, William, classical scholar and author 

Smithson, James, founder of the Smithsonian Institute (U. S.) 

Smollett, Dr. Tobias, novelist and historian 

Smyth, Wm., Pr. of History at Cambridge, author, lecturer 

, Wm. Henry, admiral, scientific -writer . , 

Soane, Sir John, architect and virtuoso 

Sobieski, John III., king of Poland, warrior 

Socinus, Faustus, founder of the Socinian sect . 

Socrates, one of the greatest of ancient philosophers . 

, ecciesiastical historian . . . 

Solis, Antonio de, historian of Mexico . , ., 

Solomon, king of Israel and author of Proverbs . 

Solon, the illustrious legislator of Athens . . . 

Somers, Lord John, chancellor and political writer . 
Somerville, Mrs. Mary, astronomer . . . 

, Wm., poet, 'The Chase' . 

Sontag, Henrietta, countess de Rossi, vocalist . , 

Sophocles, eminent tragic poet , . . 

Sorbonne, R. de, theologian, founder of the S. College at Paris. 

Soule, Pierre, U. S. senator from Louisiana, and diplomatist 

Soulie, Frederick, novelist and dramatist . 

Soulouque, Eaustin, ex-emperor of Hayti . 

Soult, Nicholas J. de D., duke of Dalmatia, marshal of France 

and statesman .... 
South, Robert, eminent divine 

Southard, Samuel L., sec. navy, and senator TJ. S., N. Y, 
Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, (her sect not yet extinct) 
Southerne, J., dramatic writer and poet . . 

Southey, Mrs. Kobt., (Caroline Bowles), poet . . 

, Robert, poet, historian, biographer , 

Souvestre, Emile, essayist .... 

Soyer, Alexis, famous cook and writer on Cookery . 

Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian 

Sparks, Jared, historian and biographer . . 

Speke, Capt. John H., explorer, discov. source of Nile . 

Spelman, Sir Henry, historian and antiquary 

Spence, "Wm., entomologist 

Spencer, Ambrose, chief-justice of New York 

, earl of, statesman . 

, John C, jurist and sec. navy 

-, "Wm. R, translator . 

Spenser, Edmund, eminent poet . 

Spinola, Ambrose, marquis de, warrior 

Spinoza, Bened., metaphysician, (atheist?) . 

Spohr, Louis, musical composer 

Spooner, Shearjashub, {Diet of Painters) . 

Sprengel, Kent, botanist 

Spurgeon, Rev. Charles, popular Baptist clergyman 



19 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1768 


1845 


1759 


1828 


1764 


1840 


1790 


1861 


1814 






1835 


1721 


1771 


1764 


1849 


17S8 


1865 


1753 


1837 


1629 


1696 


1539 


1594 


B. c. 470 B 


c.400 


5th cent 


, A. D. 


1610 


1686 


• B. 


0. 975 


f. B. 


c. 598 


1650 


1716 


1790 




1692 


1743 


1804 


1854 


B. c. 495 B. 


c.404 


1201 


1274 


1800 


1847 


1789 




1769 


1851 


1638 


1716 


1787 


1842 


1750 


1814 


1662 


1746 


1787 


1854 


1775 


1843 


1806 


1854 


1800 


1858 




450 


abt.) 1794 


1866 


1S27 


1864 


1561 


1643 


1783 


1860 


1765 


1848 


1758 


1835 


1788 


1855 


1770 


1S34 


1553 


1598 


1571 


1630 


1633 


1677 


1783 




1766 


1833 


1834 





80 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Ger. Spurzheim, Dr., celebrated phrenologist, (died at Boston) 
Amer. Sprague, Charles, poet ..... 

Amer. • , Wm. B., D. D,, Presbyterian clergyman and historian . 

Amer. Squier, E. Geo., traveller and antiquary 

Eng. Stackhouse, Thomas, divine and author, ' Hist, Bible ' , 

Fr. Stael-Holstein, Anne L. G., baroness de, authoress , 

Er. , Madame, talented writer .... 

Eng. Standish, Miles, military leader Pilgrims in N. E. . . 

Eng. Stanfleld, Clarkson, marine painter .... 
Eng. Stanhope, Charles, earl, politician and inventor 
Eng. Stanhope, Lady Esther, eccentric traveller 

Eng. ■ , Phil., Hon., earl of, known as Lord Mahon, historian 

Amer. Stanton, Edwin M., secretary of war .... 
Amer. Stark, John, distinguished officer in the Revolution 
Rom. Statius, Publius Pepinus, poet .... 

Eng. Staunton, Sir Geo. L. ' Embassy to China ' . . , 

Irish. Steele, Sir Richard, essayist and dramatist , , 

Eng. Steevens, Geo., ' Comment, on Shakespeare ' , , 

Eng. Stephen, Henry, Prof. Hist., statesman and author , 
Fr. Stephens, Anthony, Charles, Robert and Henry, printers 

Amer. , John L., traveller and author . , , 

Eng. Stephenson, George, engineer .... 

Eng. , Robert, « , . . . , 

Scot. Sterling, "Wm., M. P., bibliographer and critic . , 

Ger, Sternberg, Alex., baron von, miscellaneous author . . 

Irish. Sterne, Lawrence, miscellaneous writer , , , 

Eng. Sternhold, Thos., versifier of Psalms , , , 

Pruss. Steuben, Fred. W. A , baron, who generously aided the American 

cause ...... 

Amer. Stevens, Robt. Livingston, inventor . , , , 

Amer. Stevenson, Andrew, of Va., minister to England 

Amer. Stewart, Charles S., Rev., chaplain in the U. S. Navy and author 

Scot. ^, Dugald, eminent philosopher and writer . . 

Amer. Stiles, Ezra, theologian and historian . . . 

Eng. Stillingfleet, Dr. E., hishop of "Worcester and author 

Amer. Stone, Wm. L., historian of ' Six Nations,' ' Brandt,' and ' Red 

Jacket' . . ... 

Russ. Storch, Henry F., political economist , , 

Amer. Story, Joseph, jurist and writer on jurisprudence , 
Eng. Stow, John, antiquary and historian , , 

Amer. Stowe, Calvin E., biblical critic . . , 

Amer. — ■ — , Harriet Beecher, Mrs., novelist , 

Eng. Stowell, lord, jurist . . . , 

Gr. Strabo, eminent geographer .... 
Eng. Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, earl of, statesman . 
Eng. Stratford do Redcliffe, viscount, diplomatist , 
Ger. Strauss, Dav. Fred., author of sceptical « Life of Jesus ' 

(}er. ■ — ■ , Ger. Fred. Alb., prof, of theology and author 

Eng. Strickland, Agnes, historian of ' Queens of England' 
Eng. Strype, John, theologian, biographer and historian 
Russ. Struve, Fred. Geo. "Wm., astronomer , . 

Scot. Stuart, Gilbert, historian . , , 



BOEN. 


DIED. 


1776 


1832 


1791 




1795 ' 




1820 




1680 


1752 


1766 


1S17 


1693 


1750 


1584 ? 


1656 


1798 


1867 


- 1758 


1S16 


1776 


1839 


1805 




1728 


1822 


61? 


96? 


1737 


1801 


1671 


1729 


1736 


1800 


1789 


1859 


16th cent. 


1805 


1S52 


1788 


1848 


1803 


1S59 


1806 


1S44 


1806 




1713 


1768 




1549 




1794 


1749 


J 838 


1784 


1857 


1798 




1753 


1828 


1727 


1795 


1633 


1699 


1793 


1S44 


1766 


1835 


1779 


1845 


1525 


1605 


1S14 




1746 • 


1836 


19 




1593 


1641 


1788 




1808 




1786 




1806 




1643 


1737 


1793 


1864 


1742 


1786 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



81 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Stuart, James, architect and author . . 

Amer. , James E. B., Confederate general . 

Amer. , Moses, theologian and philologist . 

Eng. Sturge, Joseph, philanthropist 

Ger. Sturm, Christopher C, theol. writer, ' Reflections,' &c. 

Dutch-Amer. Stuyvesant, Peter, last Dutch gov. N. Netherlands 

Fr. Suchet, Louis Gahriel, celebrated marshal . 

Eng. Suckling, Sir John, poet and dramatist . . 

Er. Sue, Eugene, novelist .... 

Rom. Suetonius, Paulinus, warrior .... 

Rom. , Tranquillus Caius, historian . . 

Dan. Suhm, Peter Fred., eminent historian . . 

Gr. Suidas, Greek lexicographer . . 

Amer. Sullivan, Jas., gov. Mass., political writer . 

Amer. , John, revolutionary general 

Amer. , Wm. LL. D., political writer 

Er. Sully, Maximilian de Bethune, duke of warrior and statesman 

Amer. , Thomas, portrait painter 

Amer. Summerfield, John, eloquent Methodist preacher 

Amer. Sumner, Charles, U. S. sen. from Mass., orator and philanthropist 

Amer. Edwin Vose, Union general . 

Eng. John Bird, archbishop of Canterbury and author 

Amer. Sumter, Thomas, Revolutionary gen. of S. C. 
Eng. Sunderland, Robt. Spencer, 2d earl, statesman . 

Eng. Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of, poet ■ . . 

Eng. Surtees, Robt., antiquary aud poet . , 

Eng. Sussex, Aug. Fred., duke of, son of Geo. III. . 
Eng. Sutton, Chas. Manners, arch, of Canterbury 

Russ. Suvaroff, or Suwarow, prince Alexander, celebrated and cruel war- 
rior .... , . 
Eng. Swain, Charles, poet .... 
Dutch. Swammerdam, John, naturalist and anatomist . , 
Swe. Swedenborg, Emanuel, founder of a sect , . 
Irish. Swift, Jonathan, celebrated satirist . . . 
Eng. Swinburne, Algernon, poet , 

Amer. Swinton, Win,, critic and historian, ' Army of Potomac' 
Eng. Sydenham, C. "W. Poulett, lord, gov. gen. of Canada, &c. 
Rom. Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, warrior and brutal usurper 
Eng. Syms, Michael Col., ' Embassy to Ava ' , 
Afric. Syphax, Numidian prince .... 



Rom. Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, eminent historian 

Rom. , Marcus Claudius, emperor 

Swe. Taglioni, Marie, dansuese . • . 

Eng. Talbot, Jno., 1st earl of Shrewsbury, gen. in France . 

Amer. , Silas, mil. and naval officer in Revolution . 

Eng. Talfourd, Thomas Noon, jurist, dramatist, and essayist 

Fr. Talleyrand, prince, statesman, and diplomatist 

Eng. Tallis, Thos., musical composer 

Amer. Tallmadge, Benj., RevoL officer . 

Fr. Talma, Francis Joseph, one of the greatest of actors 
6 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1713 


1788 


1832 ? 


1864 


1780 


1851 


. 


1859 


1740 


1786 


1602 


1682 


1772 


1826 


1613 


1641 


1S08 


1857 


37 




f. 100 




1728 


1798 


f. abt. 1000 




1744 


1808 


1740 


1795 


1774 


1839 


in 1560 


1641 


1783 




1798 


1825 


opist 1811 




1796 


1863 


1780 


1862 


1734 


1832 


1641 


1702 


1515 


1547 


1779 


1834 


1773 


1843 


1755 


1828 


ruel war- 




1730 


1800 


1803 




1637 


1681 


1689 


1772 


1667 


1745 


1793 


1841 


B. 0. 137 B. 


0. 78 




1809 


B. 


C. 201 


56 


135 


200 ? 


276 


1804 




1373 


1453 


1750 


1813 


1795 


1854 


1754 


183S 


1529 


1585 


1754 


1835 


1763 


1826 



82 



THE WOKLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION 

Tartar. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 



Eng. 

Swiss. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Bom. 



Amer. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Gr. 

Fr. 

Gr. 

Eng. 

Gr. 

Rom. 

Gr. 

Span. 

Eng. 

Gr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Fr. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Tamerlane, Timur Beg or Timoor, celebrated Tartar prince 
and conqueror . . , . 

Taney, Roger B., chief-justice U. S. . . 

Tannahill, Robt., poet .... 
Tapia, Eugenio, miscellaneous writer . 

Tarleton, Bannastre, royalist officer in America 
Tasso, Bamardo, poet, author of Amadis de Gaul 

, Torquato, one of the greatest of Italian poets 

Tauchnitz, Bernard, publisher at Leipsic 

, Karl, eminent publisher at Leipsic . 

Taylor, Bayard, traveller, poet, and lecturer . 

, Isaac, essayist .... 

, Jeremy, prelate and eloquent 'writer . 

, John, ' the Water Poet ' . . . 



-, Sir Robert, sculptor and architect 

-, Thomas, editor of Plato and other classics . 

-, Tom, dramatist 

-, Wm., miscellaneous writer. 

— , Zachary, major-general U. S. Army, victor in 



Mexico 



pres. U. S. . 
Tecumseh, Indian chief (k. at Tippecanoe) 
Telford, Thomas, civil engineer . . . 

Tell, William, one of the champions of Swiss liberty 
Temple, Sir "William, statesman and writer 
Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman and writer . 

— — — , Rev. Wm., famous for ' France ' . . 

, Sir Jas. Emerson, statesman and writer 

Tennyman, William T., ' Hist, of Philosophy' 
Tennyson, Alfted, poet laureate 

Tenterden, Chas. Abbott, lord, jurist, chief-justice K. B 
Terence, or Terrentius, comic writer . 

Tertullian, Q. S. F., one of the most learned of the Fathers of 
the Church ..... 

Terry, Alfred H., of Ct., Union general, victor at Fort Fisher 
Thackeray, Wm. Makepeace, writer and essayist . 
Thaer, Albert, writer on agriculture . 
Thalberg, Sigismund, pianist .... 
Thales, one of the seven sages, founder of the Tonic school of 

Philosophy .... 
Themistocles, eminent Athenian . . 
Thenard, chemist and statesman . . 
Theocritus, pastoral poet . . . . . f. b. 
Theobald, Lewis, comment, on Shakspeare . 
Theodoret, ecclesiastical historian . 
Theodosius, Flavius, Roman emperor and warrior 
Theophrastus, celebrated philosopher . . 
Theresa, St., Carmelite nun and mystical writer 
Thesiger, Sir Fred., attorney-general of England . 
Thespis, poet, said to be the inventor of tragedy 
Thibaudeau, A. C, count, historian . . 
Thierry, Jas. Nich. Augustine, historian . . 
, Am6d6e S. D., historian . . 



1777 


1864 


1774 


1810 


1754 


1833 


1493 


1569 


1544 


1595 




1836 


1825 




1787 


1865 


1613 


1667 


1580 


1654 


1714 


1788 


1758 


1835 


1817 




1800 


1849 


1784 


1850 




1813 


1757 


1834 




1354 


1628 


1698 


1703 


1764 


1705 


1777 


1804 




1761 


1S19 


1810 


1866 


1762 


1832 


0. 192 





160 



245 



1811 


1863 


1752 


1828 


1812 




C. 639 b. 


c. 513 


C. 535 b. 


c. 470 


c. 285 






1744 


386 


457 


346 


395 


c. 371 




1515 


1582 


1794 




c. 576 




1795 


1856 


1797 





BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



83 



NATION 

Fr. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Soot. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Amer. 

Dan. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

Eng. 

Rom. 

Rom. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Gr. 

Tart. 

Hind. 

Swiss. 

Rom. 

Eng.. 

Fr. 

Eng. 

Russ. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Irish. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Span. 

Irish. 

Amer. 



Amer. 
Amer. 

Eng. 
Fr. 

Eng. 
Rom. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Thiers, Adolphe, historian and statesman . 
Thiersch, F. "W"., Greek philologist, &c. . . 

Thirwall, Dr. Oonop, bishop of St. David's, historian 
Tholuck, Fred. Aug., theologian 
Thompson, Benj. See Rumford . 

. , Col. Thos. Peyronnet, political reformer and. author 

Thomson, Anthony T., medical and misc. writer 

, Chas., president of Congress 

, Dr. Thomas, chemist . . . 



, James, popular poet 

Thoreau, Henry D., naturalist, geologist and essayist . 

Thorwaldsen, Albert, sculptor . . . 

Thrasybulus, Athenian general 

Thucydides, historian .... 

Thurlow, Edward, lord, lord chancellor 

Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, warrior and emperor 

Tibullus, Aulus Albius, elegiac poet . 

Tickell, Thomas, poet and essayist in Spectator 

Ticknor, George, historian of Spanish literature . 

Tieck, Ludwig, poet and essayist . 

Tighe, Mrs. Mary, poetess, ' Psyche' . 

Tillotson, John, eminent prelate and archb. Canterbury 

Tilly, John F., count de, military commander . 

Timoleon, of Corinth, liberator of Syracuse 

Timour Beg. See Tamerlane . . . 

Tippoo-Saib, sultan of Mysore, Indian warrior . 

Tissot, Simon A., medical writer 

Titus, Sabinus Vespasianus Flavius, emperor, father of his people 

Tobin, John, dramatist, ' Honey Moon ' . 

Tocqueville, Alexis de, publicist and statesman 

Todd, Robt. B., ' Medical Cyclopaedia ' &c. ' . 

Todleben, Fr.Edw., gen. of engineers . . 

Tomline, Geo., prelate and writer, bishop of "Winchester 

Tompkins, Daniel D., vice-pres. U. S. . 

Tone, Theobald "Wolfe, gen. in Irish rebellion 

Tooke, John Home, politician and philologist . . 

, Thos., ' History of Prices ' . . 

, Wm,, miscellaneous writer . . . 

Toplady, Augustus M., eminent divine 
Torquemada, Thos. de, Inquisitor general 
Torrens, colonel, novelist and political economist 
Torrey, John, botanist and chemist 

Torricelli, Evangelista, mathematician, inv. of barometer 
Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, captor of Rome . 
Totten, Joseph G, military engineer 
Touro, Judah, Hebrew philanthropist 
Toussaint l'Ouverture, negro, pres. of Hayti 
Townsend, Geo., prebendary, ' Comment, on Bible ' 
Tracy, A. L. C. Dectutt, comte de, writer on Education and Phi- 
losophy ..... 
Traill, Thos. J., editor 'Encyclo. Britannica' . 
Trajan, Marcus U. C, able emperor and warrior 



BOB.N. 


SIED. 


1798 




. 1784 


1860 


1797 




1799 




r 1783 




1778 


1849 


1729 


1824 


1773 


1852 


1700 


1748 


1817 


1862 


1771 


1844 


B. 


o. 389 


b. c. 469 b c. 400 


1732 


1806 


b. c. 84 


37 


B. c. 30 




1686 


1740 


1791 




1773 


1853 


1774 


1810 


1630 


1694 


1559 


1632 


B 


C. 337 


1739 


1799 


1728 


1797 


pie 40 


81 


1770 


1804 


1805 


1859 


1810 


.1866 


1818 




1750 


1787 


. 1774 


1825 


1763 


1798 


1736 


1812 


1774 


1858 


. 1744 


1820 


1740 


1778 




1498 


1783 


1840 


1608 


1647 


. 


352 


1788 




1776 


1854 


1745 


1803 




1857 


1754 


1836 


1781 


1862 


52 


117 



84 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Tredgold, Thos., civil engineer and author 

Eng. Trench, Rev. Rich. Ohenevix, poet, philologist and theologian 

Ger. Trenck, Fred., baron de, celebrated for his adventures . 

Eng. Trimmer, Mrs. Sarah, misc. writer 

Fr Tristan, 1'Hermite, Francis, poet 

Eng. Trollope, Mrs. Frances, novelist and traveller , 

Dutch. Tromp, Martin H. van, celebrated admiral . , 

Amer. Troost, Gerard, chemist and geologist 

Amer. Trumbull, Col. John, statesman and hist, painter 

Amer. , lienj., historian of Connecticut . . 

Amer. ■ , Jonathan, statesman, gov. Connecticut . 

Amer. ■ , John, poet, born in Ot. 

Eng. Truro, Thos., baron (Sir T. Wilde), ex-lord-chancellor . 

Amer. Truxton, Thos., naval commander 

Eng. Tucker, Abraham, metaphysical writer 

Amer. • , Beverley, lawyer and novelist . . 

Amer. Tuckerman, Henry T., critic and essayist 

Amer. , Jos., writer and philanthropist 

Amer. Tudor, "Wm., editor N. Amer. Rev. and biographer 

Eng. Tupper, Martin Farquhar, poet and essayist 

Fr. Turenne, Viscount de, eminent warrior 

Fr. Turgot, Anne Robt. Jas., statesman . . 

Eng. Turner, Dawson, botanist and antiquary . . 

Eng. , Edward, 'Elements of Chemistry ' . 

Amer. , Samuel H., Rev., theologian and critic 

Eng. , Sharon, 'History of England' 

Amer. , "Wm. W., printer and philologist 

Turretin, Benedict, theologian, (Prof, at Geneva) . 

, Francis, (son) " " " 

, John A. (son) " " " 

Eng. Tusser, Thos., author of ' 500 points of Good Husbandry ' 

Amer. Twiggs, David E., rebel general . 

Eng. Twining, Rev. Thos., translator of Aristotle . 

Amer. Tyler, John, ex-pres. U. S., and rebel 

Eng. Tyndale, Wm., reformer and first translator of the Bible 
English . . . • ■ • 

Amer. Tyng, Stephen H., D. D., epis. divine and author . 

Eng. Tyrrell, James, historian .... 

Gr. TyrtaeuB, poet .... 

Scot. Tytler, Alex. Fraser, historical and misc. writer 

g co t } Patrick Fraser, historian, ' Life Mary Queen of Scots' 

y co t. j Wm., historical and misc. writer . 

HJ 

Ger. TJhland, Ludwig, poet .... 

Span. Ulloa, Don Anthony de, navigator and author 

Uncas, North American Indian chief (Mohegans) 

Eng. Upcott, William, autograph collector and historian 

Amer. Upshur, Abel P., of Va., judge and secretaiy of state . 

Scot. Ure, Andrew, M. D., chemist and author . . 

Dish. Usher, James, learned divine and historian 



BORN. 

1788 
1807 
1726 
1741 
1601 
1778 
1597 
1776 
1756 
1735 
1740 
1750 
1782 
1755 
1705 
1784 

1778 
1779 
1810 
1611 
1727 

1798 
1791 
1768 
1810 
1588 
1623 
1671 
1500 
1790 
1734 
1790 

1500 
1800 
1642 
. c. 668 
1747 
1790 
1711 



DIED. 

182D 

1794 

1810 
1655 
1863 
1652 
1850 
1843 
1820 
1809 
1831 
1853 
1822 
1774 
1851 

1840 
1830 

1675 

17S1 
1858 
1839 
1861 
1847 
1859 
1631 
1687 
1737 
1536 
1862 
1804 
1862 

1536 

1718 

1813 

1849 
1792 



1787 




1716 


1795 


1680 




1779 


1845 




1844 


1778 


1857 


1580 


1656 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



85 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Fr. Vailliant, Sebastian, eminent botanist , , , 

Dutch. "Valcknenaer, Louis Gaspar, able philologist and critic , 
Fr. Valdo, Peter, founder of the sect of Waldenses , 

Valentia, George A., viscount, ' Voyages and Travels ' 
Bom. Valerian, emperor , 

Horn. Valerius Flaccus, poet .... 

Bom. — Maximus, historian .... 

Ital. Valla, Laurence, eminent philologist 

Amer. Van Buren, Martin, president of the United States , 

Eng. Vancouver, George, navigator 

Eng. Vandenhoff, John, actor , , , • 

Amer. Vanderlyn, John, historical painter . . 

Dutch. Van Diemen, Anthony, governor of India , , 

Amer. Van Dorn, Earl, confederate general 

Eng. Vane, Sir Henry, advocate of republicanism . 

Amer. Van Ness, Cornelius P., jurist and diplomatist 

Amer. Van Bensselaer, Stephen, ' the Patroon 1 , , 

Bom. Varro, Marcus T., the most learned of the Romans 

Ital. Vasari, George, architect and biog., ' Lives of the Painters ' 

Ger. Vater, John Severinus, eminent physiologist 

Fr. Vattel, F. de, jurist, author of Law of Nations . 

Fr. Vaughan, S. le P. de, marshal, military engineer 

Eng. Vauban, Bev. Bobert, D. D., ' dissenting' divine and historian 

Span. Vega, Garcilasso de, poet .... 

Span. — =-=, Lopez de, dramatic poet ■ , 

Fr. Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., eminent surgeon , 

Fr. Vendome, Louis Joseph, duke of, warrior , - 

Eng. Venn, Bev. Henry, ' Whole Duty of Man * , , 

Ital. Verdi, Giuseppe, musical composer . , 

Eng. Vere, Sir Aubrey de, dramatic poet , , , 

Fr. Vernet, Horace, historical painter . , 

Eng. Vernon, Edward, admiral .... 

Eng. — — . — , Robert, founder of Vernon Gallery . 

Fr. Venra, Louis D6sire, author and journalist . , 

Amer. Verplanek, Gulian C, scholar and critic . 

Fr. Vertot, Ben6 Hubert, abbe de, historian . 

Eng. Vertue, George, engraver and antiquary 

Bom. Vespasian, Titus Flavius, warrior and emperor 

Ital. Vespucius, Americus, navigator, whose name was unjustly given 

to the new world .... 

Eng. Vestris, Madame (Mrs. Mathews), actress 
Ital. Victor Emanuel II., king of Italy 
Eng. Victoria Alexandrina, queen of Great Britain , 

Eng. Vicars, Hedley H., capt. , 

Ital, Vida, Mark Jerome, Latin poet . , , 

Fr. Vidocq, Eugene, French chief detective police 
Fr, Vieuxtemps, Henri, violinist . . , 

Fr. Vigny, Alfred, count de, poet and critio , , 

Fr. Villars, Louis Hector, duke of, able general 

Fr, Villemain, Abel, Fr. politician and author , 



BORN. 


DIED 


1C69 


1722 


1715 


1785 


f. 12th cent. 


1770 


1844 




2i;o? 




ss? 


f, 30 




1406 


1457 


1782 


1864 


1750 


1798 


1790 




1776 


1852 


1593 


1645 


1823 


1863 


1612 


1662 


1781 


1852 


1764 


1839 


B.C. 116 


b, c. 27 


1512 


1574 


1771 


1826 


1714 


1767 


1633 


1707 


1503 


1536 


1562 


1635 


1795 




1G54 


1712 


1725 


1797 


1814 






1S46 


17S9 


1864 


1684 


1759 


1774 


1849 


1798 




1655 


1735 


1684 


1756 




79 


1451 


1516 


1797 


1858 


1820 




1819 




1826 


1855 


1490 


1566 


1775 


1850 


1820 




1799 




1633 


1734 


. 1791 





86 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Eng. Vince, Samuel, eminent mathematician and astronomer 

Fr. Vinet, Ales. R., theologian 

Rom. Virgi I, or Publius Virgilius Maro, the greatest of Roman poets 

Ital. Visconti, Phil. Aur,, antiquary . 

Ital. Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, architect . i 

Ital. Vittoria Colouna, scholar . . 

Russ. Vladimir the Great, grand duke . . 

Dutch. Voet, John, jurist at Leydcn . , 

Dutch. , Paul, jurist at Utrecht , . 

Ger. Vogel, Dr. Edward, botanist . , 

Fr. Volney, count, celebrated writer . . 

Ital. Volta, Alexander, natural philosopher (Battery) 

Fr. Voltaire, Francis Marie Arouet, celebrated poet, 

and historian , , 

Gcr. Voss, J. G., historical painter . . 



>mer 


BOEN. 


DIED. 
1821 




1797 


1847 


oman poets 


b. c. 70 


B. c. 19 
1831 


f 


B. c. 27 




• 


1490 


1547 
1015 


. . 


1647 


1714 


. . 


1619 


1667 


, , 


1829 


1856 


. , 


1757 


1820 


, 


1745 


1826 


philosopher, 






, , 


1694 


1778 


. . 


1577 


1649 



w 

Ger. Waagen, Gustave Fried., art critic , . 

Amer. Wadsworth, James, wealthy philanthropist 

Amer. , James S. (son), patriotic general 

Ger. "Wagner, Rudolph, physiologist 

Amer. Wainwright, Jon. M., epis. bishop of New York . 

Eng. Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, political economist 

Eng. . Gilbert, scholar and critic . . 

Amer. Waldo, Daniel, rev., centenarian . , 

Fr. Walewski, Florian, count, statesman . . 

Eng. Walker, John, lexicographer 

Amer. , Robert J., politician, ex-secretary of treasury 

Amer. , William, ' filibustering' adventurer 

Amer. Wallace, Horace Binney, scholar and essayist 

Scot. , William, patriot and hero 

Irish. , William Vincent, musical composer . 

Ger. Wallenstein, A. E. V., celebrated general . 

Eng. Waller, Edward, elegant poet . 

Eng. , Sir William, parliamentary general . 

Eng. Walpole, Horace, earl of Oxford, author . 

Eng. , Robert, earl of Oxford, statesman . 

Amer. Walsh, Robert, author and journalist 

Eng. Walsingham, Sir Francis, statesman . 

Amer. Walworth, Reuben H., jurist, ex-chancellor of New York 

Eng. Walton, Brian, divine and orientalist . . 

Eng. , Izaak, angler and biographer 

Amer. Walworth, Reuben H., jurist, ex-chancellor of N. Y. 

Eng. Warburton, "William, eminent prelate and writer . 

Amer. Ward, Artemas, officer in the Revolution 

Scot. Wardlaw, Rev. Ralph, theologian 

Amer. Ware, Henry, rev., Unitarian theologian and author 

Amer. , Henry, rev., jr., Unitarian theologian and author 

Amer. , William, novelist, ' Zenobia,' &c. 

Amer. Warren, John Collins, eminent surgeon 

Amer. , Joseph, patriotic general, fell at Bunker Hill 



1794 




1768 


1844 


1807 


1864 


1805 




1792 


1854 


1796 


1862 


1756 


1801 


1762 


1864 


1810 




1732 


1807 


1801 




1824 


1860 


1817 


1852 


1276 


1305 


1815 


1865 


1583 


1634 


1603 


1687 


1597 


1688 


1718 


1797 


1676 


1745 


1784 


1858 


1586 


1590 


1815 


1865 


1600 


1661 


1593 


1683 


1789 




1698 


1779 


1748 


1800 


1780 


1853 


1764 


1845 


1794 


1843 


1797 


1852 


1778 


1856 


1741 


1775 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



87 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. "Warren, Mrs. Mercy, historian, ' American Review* 
Eng. , Samuel, jurist and novelist, ' 10,000 a Year * 

Sir John Borlase, naval officer 

Warton, Joseph, poet and critic 
, Thomas, poet and critic 



Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 



"Warwick, R. Neville, earl of, general and statesman, ' king 
Amer. Washington, Bushrod, justice of supreme court of U. S. 



Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Scot. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 



George, the father of his country 
Wm. Aug. officer in the Revolution 



"Waterland, Rev. Dr., theological and polemical writer 

"Watson, Elkanah, merchant, agriculturist, and historian 

Robert, historian 

, Richard, eminent prelate and writer . . 

Watt, James, celebrated natural philosopher and engineer 

, Robert, bibliographer 

Watts, Alaric Alex,, poet and journalist , , 

Dr. Isaac, divine, poet, and miscellaneous writer 

Amer. Wayland, Francis, D. D,, metaphysician, theol. and polit. econ 

Amer. Wayne, Anthony, distinguished officer in Revolution 

Eng. Weale, John, publisher and editor, engineering, &c, 

Amer. Webber, Charles W., naturalist and author 

Ger. Weber, Carl Maria von, eminent composer , 

Weber, Henry William, antiquary and critic 

Webster, John, dramatic poet , , 

, Daniel, statesman . , 

, Noah, author of English Dictionary 



Eng. 

Eng, 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Amer, 



Wedderburn, Alex,, earl Rosslyn, lord chancellor , 
Wedgewood, J., scientific manufacturer of porcelain , 
Weems, Rev, Mason L., author of school biographies 
Amer. Welby, Amelia B., of Kentucky, poetess , 
Irish. "Wellesley, marquis of, governor-general of India, and lord-lieut, 
of Ireland • , , . , 

Eng. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, mil , com. and statesman 
Amer. "Wells, David A,, editor, statistician, and author . 

Eng. , Edward, theologian and scholar , , 

Amer. , Horace, dentist, discoverer of anaesthesia 

Scot, Welsh, David, D, D,, founder of North British Review 



BORN. 

1728 
1807 
1754 
1720 
1728 

1759 
1732 
1752 
1683 
1758 
1730 
1737 
1736 
1771 
1799 
1674 
1796 
1745 
1792 
18i9 
1786 
1783 

17th 
1782 
1758 
1733 
1731 

1821 

17G0 
1769 

1663 

1815 
1794 



Eng- Am. Wentworth, Sir John, gov. of N. Hamp., also gov. of Nova Scotia 1736 



Eng. 
Ger. 
Ger. 

Eng, 
Eng, 
Eng 

Eng. 



-, Sir Thomas, Earl of Stafford 



Werner, Abraham Theophilus, mineralogist 

, Fred. L, Z., poet and dramatist 

Wesley, Rev, Charles, ' Hymns ' 

— — , John, founder of Methodist society 



1593 
1750 
1768 
1708 
1703 
1765 



Westall, Richard, historical painter 

Whateley, Richard, archbishop of Dublin, theological and edu- 
cational writer ...... 1787 

Amer. Wheatley, Phillis, negro poetess . . . , 1753 

Eng. — , Rev. Charles, on ' Book of Common Prayer • , 1686 

Amer. Wheaton, Henry, jurist, diplomatist and law commentator , 1785 

Eng. Wheatstone, Charles, electrician .... 1802 

Amer. Wheelock, Eleazar, D. D, founder of Dartmouth College , 1711 

Eng. Whewell, Rev. William, theol., scientific and educational writer 1795 



DIED. 

1S14 

1822 
1800 
1790 
1471 
1829 
1709 
1810 
1740 
1842 
1780 
1816 
1819 
1819 
1864 
1748 
1865 
1796 
1862 
1856 
1826 
1813 
cent, 
1852 
1843 
1805 
1795 
1825 
1852 

1842 
1852' 

1727 
1848 
1845 
1820 
1641 
1817 
1823 
1788 
1791 
1837 

1863 
1794 
1742 
1848 

1779 
1866 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Whipple, Edwin P., critic and essayist 

Amer. "Whistler, George Wm., engineer of Russian railways 



Whiston, "Wm., divine, mathematician and translator . 
"Whitby, David, learned divine, commentator of New Testament 
"White, Henry Kirke, poet .... 

, Rev. Joseph Blanco, priest and English author 

, William, one of the two first bishops of the P. E, church 

in United States .... 

Whitefield, George, founder of the Calvanistic Methodists . 
Whitney, Eli, inventor of cotton gin . . . 

Whittier, John Greenleaf, poet and essayist 



Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 



Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. Whittingham, Wm. E., epis. bp. of Maryland and author 

Eng. Whittington, Sir Richard, lord mayor of London. . " 

Eng. Wickliffe, or Wicklif, John, the morning star of the Reformation 

Ger. "Wieland, Christopher, able and fertile writer . . 

Eng. Wiffen, J. H., poet and historian . . . 

Eng. Wilberforce, Samuel, bp. of Oxford and author . , 

Eng. , William, statesman and philanthropist 

Amer. Wilde, Richard Henry, poet and litterateur . . 

Eng. Wilkes, John, celebrated political character . . 

Scot. Wilkie, Sir David, historical painter . . , 

Eng. Wilkins, John, bp. of Chester, mathematician and theologian 

Eng. , Sir Charles, oriental philologist , . 

Amer. Wilkinson, James, general in Revolution and author , 



Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 



, Sir John Gardner, Egyptologist 



Williams of Wykeham, arch-ecclesiast and statesman 
Williams, Eleazar, rev., alleged to be Louis XVII. 

, Helen Maria, miscellaneous writer . 

, John, missionary and author . . 

, Major-gen. Sir Fen wick, defender of Kars 

, Otho H., general 



En.Am. -, Roger, colonizer of Rhode Island . 

Amer. Williamson, Hugh, physician and historian of N. Carolina 
Amer. Willis, Nath. Parker, poet, novelist, essayist, critic and jour 
nalist . ..... 

Scot. Wilson, Alex., celebrated naturalist 

Eng. , Daniel, bishop of Calcutta . , . 

Eng. , Horace H., orientalist, professor of Sanscrit 

Scot. , John (Christopher North), poet, critic and essayist 

Eng. , Mrs. Cornwall Barron, author 

Ger. Winckelman, John Joachim, ' History of Art ' 

Aust. Windischgratz, Charles Alfred, prince de, generalissimo 

Eng. Windham, William, statesman 

Ger. Winer, George Bened., prot. theologian . . 

Swiss. Winkelried, Arnold von, patriot , . . 

En.Am. Winslow, Edward, governor of Plymouth colony . 

Eng. , Forbes, physician and writer on insanity . 

A mer . , , Hubbard, D.D,, editor and author 

Amer. ■ , Miron, D. D., missionary and orientalist . 

Eng. Winterhalter, Franz Xavier, ' court painter' 

En.Am. Winthrop, John, governor of colony of Mass. . , 

En.Am. , John (son), governor of Connecticut . 



BOB.N. 


DIED. 


1819 




1800 


1849 


1667 


1752 


1638 


1726 


1785 


1806 


1775 


1841 


1747 


1836 


1714 


1770 


1765 


1825 


1S08 




1805 






1419 


)n 1324 


1384 


1733 


1813 


1792 


1836 


1805 




1759 


1853 


1789 


1847 


1717 


1797 


1785 


1841 


1614 


1672 




1836 


1757 


1825 


1797 




1321 


1404 


1787? 


1858 


1762 


1827 


1796 


1839 


1800 




1748 


1794 


1606 


1683 


1735 


1819 


1807 


1S67 


1766 


1813 


1778 


1858 


1808 


1860 


17S5 


1854 




1846 


1717 


1768 


1787 


1862 


1750 


1810 


1789 


1S58 




1386 


1595 


1655 


, 1S10 




1800 


1S64 


1789 


1864 




1803 


, 1588 


1649 


1606 


1676 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



89 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Winthrop, Major Theodore, novelist and patriot 
Amer. Wirt, William, attorney-general U. S. and biographer 
Eng. Wiseman, Nicholas, cardinal, Roman catholic theol. and author 
Amer. Wistar, Caspar, eminent physician and anatomist 
Eng. Withers, George, poet .... 
Amer. "Witherspoon, John, able divine and patriot . 

Dutch. Witzius, Herman, theologian .... 

Scot. Wodrow, Robert, ecclesiastical historian 
Irish. Woffington, Margaret (Peg W.), actress . 
Eng. Wolcott, John, known as Peter Pindar, poet . 

Amer. , Oliver, patriot, signer of Declaration of Independence 

Amer. , Roger, colonial governor of Conn. 

Eng. Jew. Wolf, Dr. Joseph, missionary and traveller 

Ger. , Ered. Aug., classical author and critic . 

Eng. Wolfe, James, distinguished general . . 

Eng. , Rev. Charles, poet, ' Sir John Moore ' . . 

Ger. Wolff, John Christian, philosopher aud mathematician 
Eng. Wollaston, William Hyde, experimental philos. . ■ 

Eng. "Wolsey, Thomas, cardinal, celebrated statesman 
Eng. "Wollstonccroft, Mary (Mrs. Godwin), author . 
Eng. "Wood, Anthony, antiquary and biographer 

Eng. , Robert, archasologist and secretary of state . . 

Amer. Woodbury, Levi, statesman and jurist 

Eng. Woodfall, "William, newspaper publisher (Junius) 

Eng. Woodhouse, Robert, mathematician and astronomer . 

Scot. Woodhouselee, Alex. Fraser Tytler (see Tytler) historian 

Amer. Woods, Leonard, theologian .... 

Eng. Woodville, Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. . . 

Amer. Woodworth, Samuel, poet, 'Oaken Bucket ' 

Amer. Wool, John E., major-general TJ. S. army . 

Amer. Woolman, John (Quaker), philanthropist . . 

Amer. Wooster, David, Revolutionary general . . 

Eng. Worcester, Edward J., marquis of, ' Century of Inventions ' 

Eng. , Joseph E., geographer and lexicographer • 

Eng. Wordsworth, Rev. Christ., ' Ancient Greece ' . . 

Erig. —— , William, poet laureate . 

Amer. Worth, William J., major-general U. 8. army 
Eng. Wortley, Lady Emeline C. E., traveller and author 
Wotton, Sir Henry, statesman and poet 
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel W., traveller and historian 
Wren, Sir Christopher, celebrated architect 
Wright, Fanny (Madame Darusmont), ' Social Reformer' 

, Silas, governor of New York and senator TJ. S. 

, Thomas, antiquarian author . . 



Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Atist. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 



Wurmser, D. S., field-marshal in Austrian army . « 

Wyatt, Matthew Digby, architect and author . 

, Sir Thomas, poet and statesman . . . 

"Wycherley, William, dramatic poet . 
"Wycliffe, see Wickliffe, reformer . . , 

Wykeham, M., bishop of Winchester, statesman and philanth. 
Wyndham, Sir William, statesman 



BORN. 


DIED. 


1828 


1861 


1772 


1835 


r 1802 


1865 


1761 


1818 


1590 


1667 


1722 


1794 


1636 


1708 


1679 


1734 


1T19 


1760 


1738 


1818 


1727 


1797 


1679 


1767 


1795 


1862 


1759 


1824 


1726 


1759 


1791 


1823 


1679 


1754 


1766 


1828 


1471 


1530 


1759 


1797 


1632 


1695 


1716 


1771 


1789 


1851 


1745 


1822 


1773 


' 1827 


1747 


1813 


1770 


1851 




1486? 


1785 


1842 


1789 




1720 


1773 


1710 


1777 




1667 


1784 


1865 


1770 


1850 


1770 


1850 


1794 


1849 


1806 


1855 


1568 


1689 


1751 


1831 


1632 


1723 


1796 


1853 


1795 


1847 


1810 




1717 


1797 


1820 




1503 


1540 


1640 


1715 


1324 


1404 


1324 


1404 


1687 


1740 



90 



THE WORLD'S PEOGEESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PHOFESSION. 

Eng. "Wyse, Sir Thomas, M. P., writer on education 

Amcr. Wythe, George, eminent lawyer, statesman and patriot 



180S 



Fr. Xavier, St. Francis, 'Apostle to the Indies' 

Gr. Xenocrates, philosopher . . . 

Gr. Xenophanes, philosopher, founder of the Eleatics 

Gr. Xenophon, celebrated philosopher, historian and genera 

Pers. Xerxes I., king of Persia 

Pers. II., king of Persia 

Span. Ximenes, Francis, cardinal, eminent statesman 



Amer. Tale, Elihu, early patron of Tale College 

Eng. Tarrell, William, naturalist and author. . 

Eng. Touatt, William, author of works on the horse 

Amer. Toung, Alex., D. D., historian of Pilgrims . 

Eng. , Arthur, agricultural writer 

Amer. , Brigham, leader of the Mormons . . 

Eng. , Charles, actor 

Eng. , Edward, poet and miscellaneous writer 

Eng. , Thomas, physician and philosopher 

Gr. Tpsilanti, prince Alexander, leader in the Greek modern 

Span. T riarte, don Thomas de, eminent poet 



Ital. Zaccaria, Francis A., voluminous writer . 

Heb. Zechariah, the prophet ...» 
Ital. Zeno, Apostolo, eminent writer . . . 

Gr. Zeno of Elea, philosopher 
Gr. , founder of the sect of Stoics 

Zenobia, Septimia, queen of Palmyra, conqueror, and pa 
the arts .... 

Heb. Zephaniah, the prophet .... 
Ger. Zimmerman, E. A. W. von, naturalist 

Swiss. , John George, miscellaneous writer 

Ger. Zinzendorf, N. L., count, chief of the Moravians 
Swiss. Zolikofer, G. J., theologian . . . 

Zoroaster, famous Eastern philosopher 
Eng. Zonch, Thomas, theologian and biographer 
Gr. Zozimus, historian .... 
Ger. Zschokke, John Henry D., miscellaneous writer, ' Tales 
Swiss. Zuinglius, Ulric, enlightened reformer 
Ger. Zumpt, Karl, author of Latin Grammar . • 



1506 1552 

b. c. 406 b. c. 314 
f. B. c. 540 

b. c. 446 b. c. 360 
b c. 465 
b. c. 425 
1457 1517 



f. B. 



1648 
1784 
1777 
1800 
1741 
1801 
1777 
1681 
1774 
1792 
1750 



1714 
C. 520 

1668 
, c. 463 
o. 362 



o. 520 
1743 
1728 
1700 
1730 

1737 
f. 400 
1771 
1484 
1792 



1721 
1856 
1847 
1854 
1820 

1856 
1765 
1829 
1828 
1790 



1795 

1750 

C. 264 

300 

1815 
1795 
1760 
1788 

1815 

1848 
1531 
1858 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 



91 



A E T I S T S. 



PAINTERS— ENGRAVERS— SCULPTORS— ARCHITECTS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. B 

G-r. Agatharcus, inventor of perspective scenery in theatres. Painter. 

Gr. Ageldas ..... Sculptor, f. 

Gr. Agesander, sculptor of ' Laocoon and his Children ' Sculptor. 

Ital. Albano, Francis, ' the painter of the Graces ' . Painter. 

Ital. Alberti, Leo Baptist, a Florentine . Pa., Sc, and Archit. 

Ital. Albertinelli, Mariotto .... Painter. 

Gr. Alcarmenes (pupil of Phidias) . . Sculptor. 

Scot. Allan, Sir William . . . . Painter. 

Amer. Allston, Washington . . Port, and Histor. Painter. 

Ital. Andrea del Sarto .... Painter. 

Ital. Angelo, Michael (Buonarotti), a pre-eminent Pa., Sc, and Arch. 

Ital. Angelo, Michael (Caravaggio) . . . Painter. 

Gr. Apelles, the most celebrated of ancient painters . Painter. 

Gr. Apollodorus, an Athenian . . . Painter. 

Ital. Appiani, of Milan .... Painter. 

Gr. Aristides, of Thebes .... Painter. 

Fr. Audran, Gerard, celebrated . . Histor. Engraver. 

(Eight painters and engravers named Audran nearly contemporary.) 



;ORN. 


DIED. 


B. 


c. 480 


b. C. 6th Cent. 


b. c. 5th Cent. 


1578 


1660 


1400 


1490 




1520 


f. B. 


c. 450 


1781 


1850 


1779 


1843 


1488 


1530 


1471 


1563 


1569 


1609 


f. B. 


c. 380 


f. B. 


c. 408 


1754 


1817 


f. B. 


C. 240 


1640 


1703 



B 

Ital. Baccio-Della Porta, known as San Marco (Fra Bartolo- 

meo) . . . 

Eng. Bacon, John . ... 

Amer. Baker, Geo. A. (N". T.) 

Flem. Balen, Henry van . . 

Ital. Bandinelli, Baccio . . . 

Eng. Banks, Thomas 

Dutch. Barents, Dietrich 

Irish. Barker, Bobert, inventor of panoramas 

Irish. Barry, James . . . 

Eng. Barry, Sir Chas. 

Ital. Bartolini, Lorenzo . . 

Ital. Bartolozzi, Francesco . . 

Ital. Bartolomeo, Fra di San Marco 

Ital. Bassanio, Jas., Fran., Jerome, John, and Leander 

Ital. Batoni, Pompey . . . 

Ger. Bauer, Ferdinand. . . , 

Eng. Beechy, Sir William 

Amer. Beard, Wm. H. (N. T.) 

Eng. Beaumont, Sir George H. 

Ital. Bella, Stefano Delia, Florentine 



Painter. 


1469 


1517 


Sculptor. 


1740 


1799 


Port. Painter. 






Painter. 


1560 


1632 


. Sculptor. 


1489 


1559 


Sculptor. 


1745 


1805 


Histor. Painter. 


1534 


1582 


Painter. 


1740 


1806 


. Painter. 


1741 


1805 


Architect. 


1795 


1860 


Sculptor. 


1777 


1850 


. Engraver. 


1730 


1813 


Painter. 


1469 


1517 


lander Painters. 


16th Century. 


Painter. 


1708 


1787 


Botanical Painter. 




1826 


Landscape Painter. 


1753 


1839 


. Painter. 






Painter. 


1753 


1827 


. Engraver. 


1610 


1684 



92 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. 

Ital. Bellini, Giov., founder of the Venetian school . Painter. 1462 1512 
Ital. Bellini, Gentine .... Portrait Painter. 1421 1501 
Ital. Btnini, Giovanni L. . . Painter, Sculp'r, and Arch't. 1598 1680 
Flem. Berchem, Nicholas . . . Engraver. 1624 16S9 
Eng. Bewick, John, publisher of various works with, wood- 
cuts .... Wood Engraver. 1760 1795 
Amer. Bierstadt, Albert (N. Y.) . . Landscape Painter. 
Eng. Bird, Edward ..... Painter. 1772 1819 
Eng. Blake, William . . . Painter and Engraver. 1757 1826 
Flem. Bologna, John of (in Italy) . Sculptor and Architect. 1524 1608 
Eng. Bone, Henry . , . Enamel Painter. 1755 1834 
Ital. Bordone, Paris . . . . Painter. 1503 1588 
Dutch. Both, John and Andrew . . . Painters. 1610 1650, '56 
Fr. Bourdon, Sebastian . . Painter and Engraver. 1616 1671 
Swiss. Bourgeoise, Sir Francis (born in London). . Painter. 1756 1811 
Eng. Boydell, Jno. (printseller and lord mayor of London) Engraver. 1719 1804 
Dutch. Brentel, Francis .... Painter, f. 1635 
Ital. Bramanfe D'TTrbino, Francis I., (1st of St. Peter's 

Church) . . . . Architect 1444 1514 
Amer. Brevooit, J. B. (N. Y.) . . Landscape Painter. 

Dutch. Brill, Matthew . . . . Painter. 1550 1584 

Dutch. Brill, Paul . . . Landscape Painter. 1556 1626 
Amer. Brown, Geo. L. . . . . Painter. 

Amer. Brown, Henry Kirke .... Sculptor. 1814 

Flem. Bruges, John of, or John Van Eyck . . Painter. 1370 1441 

Ital. Brunelleschi, Ph., Pitti Palace at Florence . Architect. 1377 1444 
Ital. Buonarotti, see Angelo 

Eng. Burnett, James . . . Landscape Painter. 1788 1816 

C 

Ital. Oagliari, Paul, known as Paul Veronese, celebrated Painter. 1532 1588 

Ital. Cagliari, Benedict, Carlotto, and Gabriel, brothers and 
sons of Paul 

Eng. Calcott, Sir A. W. . Landscape Painter. 

ItaL Caldara, or Polydore Caravaggio . . . Painter. 

Gr. Calimachus . . . Sculptor and Architect. 

Ital. Cambiaso, Lucus, a Genoese . . . Painter. 

Ital. Canaletto, or Canale, Anthony, a Venetian Lands. Painter. 

Ital. Canova, Antonio .... Sculptor. 

Ital. Caracci, Ludovico , , . . Painter. 

Ital. Caracci, Agostino .... . . Painter. 

Ital. Caracci, Annibale t . . . . Painter. 

Ital. Caracci, Anthony .... Painter. 

Ital. Caravaggio, see Angelo . .. . 

Ital. Carpi, Ugo da, discoverer of the art of printing in Chiaro-oscuro 
with three plates to imitate drawings . . 

Fr. Casas, Louis Francis . . . Painter and Architect. 

Amer. Casilear, John W. (N. Y.) . . Lands. Painter. 

Span. Castilio y Saavedra, Anthony . . Painter. 

Ital. Cavendone, James ... . Fresco-Painter. 

Ital. Cellini, Benvenuto, Plorentino artist, author of auto- 
biography ..... Painter. 1500 1570 



1779 


1844 


1495 


1543 


f. B. 


C. 540 


1527 


1587 


1697 


1768 


1757 


1822 


1555 


1619 


1558 


1601 


1560 


1609 


1583 


1618 


1486 


1530 


1756 


1827 


1603 


1667 


1577 


1508 





BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 




93 


NATION 


NAME AND PROFESSION. 


BORN. 


DIED. 


Span, 


Cespedes.Paulde 


Painter, Sculptor, Architect. 


15S8 


1608 


Flem. 


Champagne, Philip de 


. . . Painter. 


1604 


1674 




, John Baptist 


... Painter. 


1643 


168S 


Eng. 


Chantry, Sir Francis 


. . . Sculptor. 


1781 


1841 


Amer. 


Chapman, John G. 


. Hist. Painter. 






Gr. 


Chares . 


... . Painter. 


f. B, 


c. 300 


Fr. 


Chaudet, Anthony Denis 


. . Painter and Sculptor, 


1763 


1810 


Amer. 


Church, Fred. E. 


Lands. Painter. 






Ital. 


Cignani, Carlo 


... Painter. 


1628 


1719 


Ital. 


Cimabue, Giov., Florentine 


. . . . Painter. 


1240 


1300 


Ital. 


Claude Gelee— called Claude 


Lorraine . . Painter. 


1600 


1682 


Gr. 


Cleomenes, an Athenian, (the 


Medicean Venus) . Sculptor. 


f. B. 


c. 180 


Amer. 


Clevenger, Shobal Vail 


Sculptor, 


1812 


1844 


Amer. 


Cole, Thomas . , 


Lands, and Hist. Painter. 


1802 


1848 


Eng. 


Collins, William 


Lands, and Fam. life Painter. 


1788 


1847 


Amer. 


Colman, Saml. (N\ Y.) 


, . Lands. Painter. 






Eng. 


Constable, John 


Painter. 


1776 


1837 


Eng. 


Cooper, Samuel . 


. Miniature Painter. 


1689 


1776 


Amer. 


Copley, John Singleton (born in Boston) , Painter. 


1737 


1815 


Ger. 


Cornelius, Peter von . 


Painter. 


1787 




Ital. 


Correggio, Ant,, founder of the Lombard school Painter. 


1493 


1534 


Dntch. 


Cort, Cornelius . 


, Engraver, 


1536 


1578 


Ital. 


Cortona, Pietro da, Tuscan 


. Painter. 


1596 


1669 


Eng. 


Cosway, Richard 


. . , Painter. 


1740 


1828 


Fr. 


Courtois, James, known as H 


Borgognone . Painter. 


1621 


1673 


Fr. 




Painter. 


1628 


1679 




Fr. 


Couture 


Painter. 






Fr. 


Couston, Nicholas (also his brother William) . Sculptor. 


1658 


1731 


Fr. 


, William 


Sculptor and Architect. 


1716 


1777 


Fr. 


Cousin, John , 


Paint., Sculp., etc. 


1500 


1590 


Eng. 


Cox, David. 


, . Lands. Painter. 


1T23 


1859 


Ger. 


Cranach, Lucas 


Engraver. 


1470 


1553 



Amer. Cranch, Christr. P. ... . Painter, 

Amer. Crawford, Thomas . , Sculptor. 1814 1857 

Amer. Cropsey, Jasper F. (N. T.) , . Lands. Painter. 

Dutch, Cuyp, Jacob G. . Lands, and Cattle Painter. 1568 1649 

Dutch. , Albert (son of Jacob) , Lands, and Cattle Painter. 1606 1667 

Dutch. , Benjamin .... Hist. Painter. 1650 



Eng. Danby, Francis . . . . . . Painter. 1793 1861 

Eng. Daniel, Thomas . ... . Lands. Painter. 1749 1840 

Eng. , Wm. ... . . Lands. Painter. 1769 1837 

Ger. Dannecker, John Henry, ' Adriadne,' <fcc. . Sculptor. 1758 1841 

Amer. Darley, F. O. C. . . . Painter and Designer. 1822 

Fr. David, James Louis .... Painter. 1750 1825 

Fr. — , Peter John, of Angers (founder of recent French 

school) ..... Sculptor. 1789 1856 

Fr. Delacroix, F. V. E. . . . . . Painter. 1798 1863 

Fr. Delaroche, Paul . . . . . Hist. Painter. 1797 1856 



94 



THE WORLD'S PEOGEESS. 



NATION. 

Ger. 

Dutch. 

Gr. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Fr. 

Amer, 

Dutch. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ger. 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Denner, Balthasar .... Port. Painter. 
De Witt, James .... Painter. 

Dinocrates, a Macedonian (builder of Alexandria, &c.) Architect. 
Dolci, Carlo .... Scripture Painter. 
Domenichino, Dominic Zampieri (excelled in expression) Painter. 



Donatello, or Donato 

Dore, Gustave 

Doughty, Thomas 

Douw, or Dow, Gerard 

Dubuffe, 

Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse 

Dunlap, William 

Durand, Asher B. (N. Y.) , 

Durer, Albert (and author) 



Florentine Sculptor. 

Painter and Designer. 

Lands. Painter. 

Familiar Life Painter. 

Hist. Painter. 

Painter. 

Hist. Painter. 

Painter and Engraver. 

Paint., Eng,, Sc, and Arch. 

E 



ORN. 


DIED. 


1685 


1747 


1695 


1747 


f. B. 


C. 330 


1616 


1686 


1581 


1641 


1383 


1466 


1793 


1856 


1613 


1674 


1611 


1665 


1766 


1839 



1471 



Eng. Eastlake, Chas. L. . . . Painter. 1793 1865 

Ger. Eberhardt, Conrad ... . . Sculptor. 1768 1859 

Eng. Eginton, Francis, restorer of the art of painting on 

glass . . . . , Painter. 1737 1805 

Amer. Ehninger, John "W. (N. Y.) , . . Painter. 

Amer. Elliott, Chas. L, (N. Y) . . . Port. Painter. 

Eng. Etty, Wm. . Painter. 1787 1849 

Gr. Eupompus (founder of school at Sicy on) . Painter. 

Dutch. Eyck, John van (said to have Invented painting in oil) Painter. 1370 1441 



Ital.Am.Fagnani, G. . . . Port. Painter. 

Eng. Fielding (Copley Vandyke) . . . Lands. Painter. 

Eng. Flaxman, John .... Sculptor and Artist. 

Eng. Finden, Wm. .... Engraver. 

Amer. Forbes, Edwin ..... Painter. 

Scot. Forrest, Robert .... Sculptor. 

Fr. Frere, Edouard . . . Genre Painter. 

Swiss. Fuseli, Henry (resided in England . . Painter. 

Swiss. , John G. . . . . . Painter. 

G 

Eng. Gainsborough, Thomas . . . Lands. Painter. 

Fr. Gerard, Fran. P. S,, baron . . . Painter, 

Fr. , John I. (Granville) . . , Caricaturist. 

Ital. Ghiberti, Lawrence . . . Florentine Sculptor. 

Eng. Gibbons, Grinling, famed for carving in oak 

Eng. Gibson, John .... 

Amer. Gifford, Sanford R. . 

Fr.Am. Gignoux, Regis 

Ital. Giordani, Luke (the Proteus of Painting) 

Ital. Giorgione, Barbarelli . . , 

Ital. Giotto (one of the earliest modern) 

Pr. Girardon, Francis 

Fr. Giiodet, Trioson Aim6 Louis 



Sculptor. 

Sculptor. 

Lands. Painter. 

Lands. Painter. 

Painter. 

, . Painter, 

Paint, Sculp, and Arch, 

Sculp, and Arch. 

Painter, 



1755 
1787 



1790 



1741 
1706 



1727 
1770 
1803 
1378 
1648 
1791 



1629 
1477 
1276 
1630 
1767 



1826 
1652 



1852 



1825 
1781 



1788 
1837 
1847 
1456 
1721 
1S67 



1704 
1511 
1336 
1715 
1824 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 



95 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 



Ital. 

Fi\ 

Anier. 

Amer. 

Amer, 

Fr. 

Ital. 

Ital. 



Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Flem. 

Eng. 

Swiss. 

Ger. 

Amer. 

Flem. 

Amer. 

Dutch. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

Dutcb. 



Giulio Romano (Pippi) . 

Goujon, John, the French Phidias 

Gray, Henry Peters 

Greenough, Horatio 

Greene, E. D. E. 

Greuze, Jean Baptiste 

Guercino, real name Francis Barhieri 



Painter. 

Sculptor. 

Port, and Hist. Painter. 

Sculptor. 

Port. Painter. 

Painter. 

Painter. 



Guido, Reni (excelled in beauty of expression and grace) Painter. 



H 

Painter. 

Painter. 

Painter. 

Landscape Painter. 

Architect. 

Historical Painter. 

. Painter. 

Engraver. 

. , Painter. 

Painter. 

Historical Painter. 

Landscape Painter. 

Painter. 

Portrait and Historical Painter. 



Harlow, Geo. Henry 

Hart, ¥m., b. in Scotland 

Hart, Jas. M. " 

Haseltine, W. Stanley 

Haviland, John . 

Haydon, R. B. 

Healy, Geo. P. 

Heath, Charles 

Hennessy, "W. I. 

Hicks, Thos. 

Hilton, William . 

Hobbema, Mynderhout 

Hogarth, William , 

Holbein, Hans 

Hollar, Wenceslaus, executed 2,400 plates . Engraver. 

Homer, "Wmslow .... Painter, 

Honthorst, Gerard (called Gherarda del Notte) . Painter. 

Hosmer, Harriet . . . . Sculptor. 

Houbraken, Jacob (600 portraits) . . . Ensrraver. 

Houdon (executed statue of Franklin) . Sculptor. 

Houel, John, Travels, &c. Picturesque Painter and Engraver. 

Hubbard, Rich. W. . . . . Painter. 

Hughes, Ball (b. in England) . . . Sculptor. 

Huntington, Dan. . . . Painter. 

Hunt, Wm. H. (Pre-Raphaelite) , . . Painter. 

Huysum, John van (flowers and fruit) . Painter. 

, Justus (The Old) , ' , . Painter. 

(The Young) . . Painter. 



BORN. 

1492 
1515 

1805 

1726 
1590 
1574 



1787 
1823 
1828 

1792 
17S6 
1808 



1S23 
1786 
1611 
1697 
1498 
1607 

1592 
1831 
169S 
1746 
1736 

1806 
.1816 
1827 
1682 
1659 
1684 



DIED. 

1546 

1572 

1852 

1S05 
1606 
1642 



1S52 
1846 



1849 



1839 
1699 

1704 
1554 
1677 

1660 

1730 
1828 
1813 



1749 
1716 
1706 



Amer. Inman, Henry 



Portrait and Landscape Painter. 1S01 



Amer. Jarvis, J. W. 

Amer. Johnson, Eastman (N. Y.) 

Amer. , David (N. Y.) , 

Fr. Johannot, Chas. H. A. 

Fr. , Tony (brother) 

Amer. Jones, Alfred, N. Y. 

Eng. , Inigo 

Amer. , Thos. D. 



Portrait Painter, 






Painter. 






Painter. 






Painter and Designer. 


1S00 


1S37 


Painter and Designer. 


1803 


1852 


Engraver. 






Architect. 


1572 


1052 


Sculptor. 







96 THE WORLD'S PKOGRESS. 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BOKN. DIED. 

Flem. Jordaens, Jacob .... Painter. 1595 1670 

Ital. Julio, Romano . . . Painter and Architect, 1492 1546 

K 

Swiss. Kauffman, M. A. Angelica C. (in England) Poetical Painter. 1747 I8r 

Amer. Kensett, John F. .... Painter. 1813 

Ger. Kiss, August .... Sculptor. 1S02 1865 

Ger. Kncller, Sir Godfrey (resided in England) . Painter. 1648 1 72:; 



Dutch. Lairesse, Gerard (excelled in expedition) Painter and Engraver. 1640 1711 

Er. Landon, C. P. . . Writer on Art and Painter. 1826 

Eng. Landseer, Chas. . . . Painter of Genre. 

Eng. , John .... Engraver. 1769 1852 

Eng. , Sir Edwin .... Painter. 1803 

Amer. Lang,. Louis (b. in Germany) . . . Painter. 1S14 

Eng. Lawrence, Sir Thos. .... Painter. 1769 1830 

Fr. Lebrun, Charles (painter to Louis XIV.) . . Painter. 1619 1696 

Eng. Leech, John . . . ■ Humorist Artist. 1816 

Gr. Lely, Sir Peter (painter to Charles II. of England) Painter. 1618 1680 

Fr. Le Sieur, Eustace (the French Raphael) . . Painter. 1617 1655 

Amer. Leslie, Chas. R. (resided in England) . . Painter. 1794 18C9 

Ger. Lessing, Carl Fred. .... Painter. 1808 

Amer. Leutze, Emanuel (b. in Germany) . . Painter. 1816 

Fr. Leyden, Lucas Dammesz . , Painter and Engraver. 1494 1533 

Eng. Liverseege, Henry .... Painter. 1803 1832 

Gr. Lysippus (made 600 statues) . . Sculptor. f. b. c. 324 

M] 

Amer. Malbone, Edward G. . . , Miniature Painter. 1777 1807 

Scot. Marshal], "VTm. C. . . . . Sculptor. 1813 

Amer. , Wm. C. . . . , Engraver. 

Eng. Martin, John ..... Painter. 17S9 1854 

Ital. Masaccio ..... Painter. 1402 1427 

Flem. Matsys, Quintin ..... Painter. 1400 1529 

Ger. Mayer , , Sculptor. 

Ital. Mazzuolo, Francis .... Painter, 1503 1540 

Amer. McEntee, Jervis .... Painter. 

Fr. Meissonier, Justus A. . Painter, Sculptor, and Architect. 

Fr. , Jean L. . . . . Painter. 

Ger. Mengs, Anthony R. (the Raphael of Germany) . Painter. 

Dutch. Metzu, Gabriel , . , Familiar Life Painter. 

Dutch. Mieris, Francis . . . Familiar Life Painter. 

Fr. Mignard, Peter .... Painter. 

Amer. Mignot, Louis R, .... Painter. 

Amer. Mills, Clark ..... Sculptor. 

Swiss. Mind, Gottfried ..... Painter. 
Ital. Morghen, Raphael .... Engraver. 

Amer. Morse, Samuel F. B. . . . . Painter, 

Amer. Mount, William Sidney . . . Painter. 

Eng. Moreland, George .... Painter. 

Span. Murillo, Bartholomew S. . . . Painter. 



1695 


1750 


1815 




1729 


1779 


1615 


1669 


1635 


1681 


1610 


1695 


1815 




1768 


1S14 


1758 


1833 


1S07 




1764 


1S04 


1613 


16S2 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 



97 



N 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. 

Dutch. Neefs, Peter . . . Architectural Painter. 1570 

Eng. Newton, Gilbert (Stuart) . . Historical Painter. 1785 

Nollekins, Joseph .... Sculptor. 1737 



Eng. 

Eng. Northcote, James 



Painter. 



1746 



DIED^ 

1651 

1835 
1S23 
1831 



Eng. Opie, John 
Dutch. Ostade, Adrian van (interiors) 
Dutch. Ostade, Isaac (winter scenes) 
Eng. Owen, William 



Painter. 

Familiar Life Painter. 

Painter. 

. Painter. 



1761 
1610 
1617 
1769 



1807 
1685 
1671 
1825 



Amer. 

Er. 

Ital. 

Span. 

Ital. 

Gr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Er. 

Ital. 



Page, Win. . . . 

Pajou, Augustin . . 

Palladio, Andrew 

Palomino de Castro y Velasco A. A. 

Pannini, Giov. Paolo 

Parrhasius, of Ephesus 



. . Painter. 

. Sculptor. 

, . Architect. 

Painter. 

Architectural Painter. 

Painter. 



Peale, Charles "W. . Historical and Portrait Painter. 

, Rembrandt .... Painter. 

Perrault, Claudius (designed the front of the Louvre; Architect. 



Bel. 

Bel. 

Bel. 

Gr. 

Eng. 

Er. 

Pr. 

Ital. 

Er. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Gr. 

Ital. 

Dutch. 

Er. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Er. 

Amer. 

Gr. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Er. 

Eng. 



Perugino, Peter (the master of Raphael) 
Petitot, John (excelled in enamel) 
Peters, Bonaventura . . . 

, Erancis Lucas . . • 

, John . . • 

Phidias (the most famous of ancient sculptors) 

Phillips, Thomas, R. A. . 

Picart, Bernard 

Pigalle, John Baptist 

Pietro, da Pietre . . 

Piles, Roger de 

Piranesi, John Baptist (16 volumes folio) 

Polidors, da Caravaggio . . .— 

Polycletus (statue of Juno at Argos) . : 

Pordenone, Regillo da . . . 

Potter, Paul (unequalled in animal painting) 

Poussin, Nicholas (excelled in landscape painting) 

Poussin, Gaspar (Dughet) 

Piombo, Sebastiano del 

Powers, Hiram . . 



Painter. 

Painter. 

Marine Painter. 

Painter. 

Marine Painter. 

Sculptor, b. 

Port. Painter. 

Engraver. 

Sculptor. 

Hist. Painter of Rome. 

Author and Painter. 

. Engraver. 



Painter. 
Sculptor, b. 
Painter. 
Painter. 
Painter. 



Pradier, Jacques 

Pratt, Mathew 

Praxiteles . 

Prout, Samuel . 

Prudhon, of Cluny 

Puget 

Pugia, Augustus A. W. 



. Landscape Painter. 

Painter. 

. . . Sculptor. 

. . 'Sculptor. 

Painter. 

Sculptor. 

Water-colorist.' 

Painter. 

Sculptor, Painter and Architect. 

. Architect. 



1811 

1730 

1518 

1653 

1091 
f. B. 

1741 

1778 

1613 

1446 

1607 

1614 

1606 

1635 
C. 49S B. 

1770 

1663 

1714 

1671 

1635 

1707 

1495 
c.430 

1484 

1625 

1594 

1613 

1485 

1805 

1798 

1734 
B. c. 350 

1783 

1760 

1622 

1811 



1809 
1580 
1726 
1764 

C. 420 
1827 
1860 
1688 
1524 
1691 
1652 
1654 
1677 

0.431 
1845 
1733 
1785 
1716 
1709 
1778 
1543 

1540 
1654 
1665 
1675 
1547 

1852 
1805 

1852 
1823 
1694 
1852 



98 



THE WOKLD'S PROGEESS. 



NATION. 

Ital. 

Ital. 

Ger. 

Dutch. 

Ger. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Ger. 

Er. 

scot. 

Er. 

Eng. 

Flem. 

Ital. 

Amer. 

Er. 

Er. 

Eng. 

Fiem. 

Scot. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

Eng. 



K 



NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Raphael, d' Urbino (real name Sanzio) A prominent Painter. 



Raphael*daRhegio (Raffaelino) 

Rauch, Christian David 

Rembrandt van Eyn, Paul Geritz 

Retsch, Moritz . . 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua . 

Richardson, Jonathan . 

Riedinger, John Elias 

Rober, Pleury . . 

Roberts, David 

Roland, Philip (Homer in the Louvre) 

Roniney, George 

Roos, Philip Peters . . 

Rosa, Salvator , 

Rossiter, Thomas P. . 

Roubilliac, L. F. 

Rousseau, James 



Hist, and Port. Painter. 
. . Sculptor. 

. . Art Designer. 

Painter. 

Writer on Art and Painter. 

Animal Painter. 

. > . Painter. 

. . Painter. 

• Sculptor. 

. Painter. 

. Painter. 

. Painter. 

. Painter. 

• Sculptor. 

Painter. 

Rowlandson, Th. (caricature— Dr. Syntax, &c.) Paint, and Eng. 
Rubens, Peter Paul .... Painter. 

Runciman, Alexander . . . Painter. 

Ruysdael, Jacob . . Landscape Painter. 

Ruysdael, Solomon .... Painter. 

Eyckaert, David .... Painter. 

Ryckaert, Martin . . Landscape Painter. 

Rysbraeck, Jeter . . . Landscape Painter. 

Rysbrach, John M. (works in Westminster Abbey) Sculptor. 



BORN'. 

14S3 
1552 
1781 
1606 
1779 
1723 
1665 
1695 
1797 
1796 
1746 
1734 
1655 
1614 

1695 
1630 
1756 
1577 
1736 
1636 
1616 
1615 
1591 
1657 
1694 



DIED. 

1520 
15S0 
1S59 
1669 
1859 
1792 
1745 
1767 

1864 
1816 
1802 
1705 
1673 

1762 
1693 
1S27 
1646 
1785 
1684 
1670 
1677 
1636 
1716 
1770 



S 

Ital. Salvi, John Baptist (Sassoferrato) . 

Ital. Salvi, Nicholas . . 

Ital. Sanmicheli, Michael . . 

Ital. Sarto, Andrea del, see Vanucchi 

Eng. Savage, James 

Ital. Seamozzi, "Vincent 

Pruss. Schadow, J. G-. 

Ger. Schadow, Godenhaus F. W. . 

Ger. Schadow, Rudolf . . . 

Dutch. Schalken, Godfrey (Candlelight Scenes) 

Ger. Scheffer, Ary 

Ital. Schidone, Bartolomeo ' . 

Gr. Scopas .... 

Eng. Sharp, William ... 

Amer. Shattuck, Aaron D. 

Eng. Shee, Sir M. A., president Royal Academy 

Eng. Sherwin, John Keyse . . . 

Amer. Smillie, James ... 

Amer. -, George H. . , . 

Amer. , James D. 



Painter. 1605 16S5 

Architect. 1699 1752 

Architect. 1484 1559 



. Architect. 


1778 


1852 


Architect. 


1550 


1616 


. Sculptor. 


1764 


1850 


. Painter. 


1789 . 




Sculptor. 


1786 


1S22 


Painter. 


1643 


1706 


. Painter. 


1795 


1S58 


Painter. 


1560 


1616 


. Sculptor, b 


C.460 B. 


C. 353 


. Engraver. 


1740 


1824 


. Painter. 






. Painter. 


1795 


1S50 


. Engraver. 


1751 


1790 


Engraver. 






. Painter. 






. Painter. 







iORN. 


DIED. 


1684 


1751 


]579 


1657 


1714 


17S1 


1746 


1822 


1589 


1656 


1636 


1689 


1721 


1792? 




1854 


1749 


1802 


1713 


178S 


1756 


1828 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 99 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Amer. Smybert, John (b. in Scotland) . . . Painter. 

Flem. Snyders, Francis . Landscape and Animal Painter. 

Fr. Soufflot, J. G-. (church of St. Genevieve at Paris) Architect. 

Dutch. Spaendonck, Gerradvan . . • Flower Painter. 

Span. Spagnoletto, Giuseppe Ribera la . . Painter. 

Dutch. Steen, Jan . ... Painter. 

Amer. Stone, William O. . , . Portrait Painter. 

Scot. Strange, Robert .... Engraver. 

Amer. Strickland, William . . . Architect. 

Eng. Stratt, Joseph, .... Author and Painter. 
Eng. Stuart, James, author of the Antiquities of Athens Architect. 
Amer. Stuart, Gilbert, pupil of Benjamin West . Port. Painter. 

Ger. Sunder, Lucas (see Cranach) . . , Engraver. 



Ital. Tenerani, Pietro 

Flem. Teniers, David, the elder (pupil of Rubens) 

Flem. Teniers, David, the younger (pupil of Rubens) 

Scot. Thorn, Jas. (Tarn O'Shanter, &c.) 

Eng. Thornhill, Sir Jas. . . . 

Dan. Thorwaldsen, Albert 

Ger. Tieck, Christ Fried . 

Gr. Timanthes (contemporary "with Parrhasius) 

Ital. Tintoretto (Venetian — pupil of Titian) 

Ital. , II (James Robusti) 

Ital. Titian, the greatest of the Venetian school 

Fr. Troyon, Constantino . . . 

Amer. Trumbull, John . . . 

Eng. Turner, J. W. M. . 

Eng. TJwins, Thomas, R. A. . . . Painter. 1783 1857 



Amer. Van Beest (b. in Holland p) . . Marine Painter. 

Eng. Vanbrugh, Sir John (Blenheim and Castle Howard) Arch't. 1672 1726 

Amer. Vanderlyn, John . . . Historical Painter. 1776 1852 

Dutch. Vander Neer, Arnold . . Landscape Painter. 1619 1683 

Dutch. Vandervelde, Adrian . . . Landscape Painter. 1639 1672 

Dutch. , the younger .... Painter. 1633 1707 

Dutch. , "Wm., marine and battle . . Painter. 1610 1693 

Dutch. Vanderwerf, Adrian . . Historical Painter. 1654 1718 

Flem. Vandyke, Sir Anthony, the greatest of portrait Painter. 1598 1646 

Dutch. Vaneyck, Hubert .... Painter. 1366 1426 

Dutch. Vaneyck, John, brothers (John of Bruges) . Painter. 1370 1441 

Ital. Vannucchi, or Andrea del Sarto . . . Painter. 1488 1530 

Ital. Van Vitelli, Louis, a Neapolitan . . Architect. 1700 1773 

Ital. Vasari, George, biographer of artists Architect and Painter. 1512 1574 

Sic. Vasi, Joseph . . Designer and Engraver. 1710 1782 



. Sculptor. 


1789 




. . Painter.! 


1582 


1649 


) . Painter. 


1610 


1694 


Sculptor. 


1790 


1850 


Historical Painter. 


1676 


1732 


Sculptor. 


1772 


1844 


Sculptor. 


1776 


1851 


Painter. 


f. B. 


c. 240 


Painter. 


1480 


1579 


Painter. 


1512 


1594 


. Painter. 


1480 


1579 


Painter. 


1813 


1865 


Historical Painter. 


1756 


1843 


. Painter. 


1775 


1851 






a 



100 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 

Span. Velasquez, Jas. R. de Sylvia y • . . . Painter. 

Flem. Verboeekhoven, Eugene . . Painter of animals. 

Amer. Ver Bryck, O. . . . . . Landscape Painter. 

Fr. Vemet, Horace . . Historical Fainter. 

Fr. Vernet, Joseph ..... Painter. 

Ital. Veronese, Paul (see Cagliari) 

Ital. Verrochio, Andrew, inventor of the method of taking 

features in a plaster mould . . Sculptor. 

Eng. Vertue, George (500 plates) . . . Engraver. 

Ital. Vignola, Jas., Caprarola palace and St. Peter's Architect. 

Ital. Vinci, Leonardo da . . . Painter. 

Gr. Vitruvius, contemporary of Augustus . . Architect. 

Ital. Volpato, John ..... Engraver. 

Fr. 



Vouet, Simon, founder of French school, contempora- 
ry of Charles I. 



BORN. DIED. 

1599 1660 

1799 

1813 1844 

1789 1863 

1714 1789 



1422 1488 

1684 175G 

1507 1575 

1452 1519 

f b. c. 30 
1733 1802 



Painter. 



1582 



1649 



W 



Fr. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Dan. 

Amer. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Scot. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Dutch. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 



"Wailly, Charles de 

Ward, J. Quincy A. 

"Warren, Charles, perfector of engravi 

Watteau, Antoine 

"Weir, Eoht. W. . 

, James F. 

"Wertmuller, (?) (painted in America) 
"West, Benjamin 
Westall, Richard . 

, William R. A. br. 

White, Edwin 

"Whittredge, Worthington . 

Wilkie, David 

Wilson, Richard 

Woollett, William 

Wouverman, Philip 

Wren, Sir Christopher (St. Paul's, &c.) 

Wyatt, James (Pantheon, Kew Palace, 

Wyatt, R. J. . 



Architect. 

Sculptor. 

ng on steel Engraver. 

Painter. 

. Painter. 

Painter. 

Port. Painter. 

Painter. 

Historical Painter. 

Designer. 

. . Painter. 

Landscape Painter. 

. Familiar Life Painter. 

Landscape Painter. 

Engraver. 

Painter. 

Architect. 

&c.) . Architect. 

Sculptor. 



1684 
1803 



1738 
17S1 
17S1 



17S5 
1713 
1735 
1620 
1632 
1743 
1795 



1798 



1823 
1721 



1820 
1836 
1856 



1841 

17S2 
17S5 
1668 
1723 
1S13 
1850 



Span. Ximenes, Fran. 



Painter. 



1666 



Flem. Yples, Charles de 



1563 



Ital. Zablia, Nicholas 

Gr. Zeuxis, celebrated ancient . 

Gor. Zincke 

Ital. Zuccaro, or Zucchero, Frederigo 

Ital. Zuccaro, or Zncchero, Taddeo 

Ital. Zuccarelli . 



Architect. 1674 1650 

. Painter, b. c. 490 b. c. 410 

Enamel Portrait Painter. 1684 1769 

. Painter. 1539 1639 

Painter. 1529 1566 

Painter. 1710 1788 



/^^a^w^?^^ 



